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SELECTIONS FROM HERODOTUS 






Herodotus 

From the bust in the National Museum at Naples 




SELECTIONS from HERODOTUS 

« 


SELECTED AND EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION, 
NOTES, AND VOCABULARY BY 

AMY L. BARBOUR 

PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN 
SMITH COLLEGE 



D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY 


BOSTON 

ATLANTA 


NEW YORK 
SAN FRANCISCO 
LONDON 


CHICAGO 

DALLAS 


u © 


^4 o o 

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Copyright, 1929 
By D. C. Heath and Company 
2 G 9 



PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 


©CH 12399 


SO 3 18 1528 


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PREFACE 


S 

This book of selections from Herodotus was designed 
primarily to provide reading in the second year for the student 
who has begun his Greek with Homer and who, presumably, 
has had no acquaintance with Attic Greek. It is, however, 
equally well fitted for the use of the student who has begun 
in the orthodox fashion with Attic Greek and followed it by 
Homer. 

The selections were made with a very definite plan: to 
carry out in a single volume the author’s own purpose of 
describing the course of the conflict between the East and 
the West, to reveal his deep conviction that sin and pre¬ 
sumption are bound to be punished, and to include as many 
of the incidental stories as possible, since to these, almost 
more than to his main narrative, Herodotus owes his reputa¬ 
tion as an unparalleled raconteur. 

The task of making the selection from such wealth .of 
material was difficult and some readers may miss their favorite 
parts. Much that seemed to the editor intrinsically.desirable 
was rejected because at variance with the main principle of 
selection. The whole of the fourth book was reluctantly 
omitted and no part of the ninth is included, because, in view 
of the general plan, the Battle of Salamis and the return, of 
Xerxes with the small remnant of his army seemed to furnish 
the best climax. 

The notes are intended to explain all the uses of the language 
that are not perfectly familiar to any student who has studied 
Greek for a year and are based on the assumption that at 
that early stage the student needs to be reminded of most 
grammatical rules. They are, therefore,, very full at first, 
less so as one proceeds, yet full enough, it is hoped, to give 
sufficient help to the student who does not read the text con¬ 
tinuously. The Syntactical Survey contained in the Intro¬ 
duction is intended to make the book practically self-sufficing 
and references in the Notes are to this and not to other gram- 


v 


VI 


PREFACE 


mars. The Summary of Dialectical Forms is fuller than is 
necessary for the student who knows only the Homeric 
dialect, but there, as elsewhere in the book, a previous or 
subsequent acquaintance with Attic Greek is assumed. 

Comments on matters other than the interpretation of the 
text have been introduced sparingly. To furnish an adequate 
commentary on Herodotus touching matters historical, archaeo¬ 
logical, and anthropological and to discuss perplexing ques¬ 
tions as to sources, accuracy, and credibility, would make the 
book far too large and cram it with material that may be 
obtained better elsewhere. The student will not be greatly 
troubled if not fully informed on these subjects, and the 
instructor may be trusted to fill in the gaps as he thinks best. 
If this book introduces a delightful story-teller to some who 
would otherwise not know him and if, by its use, they can 
learn to read Herodotus with ease and in considerable bulk, 
it will, in the mind of its maker, be justified. 

The text in the main is that of Hude as found in the Oxford 
text edition. The selections have been cut at the editor’s 
discretion, without indication in the text of such omissions, 
since the satisfaction felt by the student in reading continuous 
narrative outweighs whatever advantages there may be in his 
knowledge of the exact places where abridgment has occurred. 

In the preparation of the notes constant use has been made 
of the editions of Sayce, Macan, How and Wells, and above 
all of Stein. For the Syntactical Survey all the standard 
grammars published in this country have been consulted, but 
the greatest use has been made of Smyth’s Grammar for 
Schools and Colleges , whose arrangement and terminology 
have most often been followed. The editor acknowledges 
with gratitude Professor Smyth’s gracious permission to make 
whatever use of his Grammar seemed desirable. 

For permission to reproduce Professor William W. Goodwin’s 
Plan of Salamis contained in Vol. XVII of the Harvard Studies 
in Classical Philology , acknowledgment is made to the Harvard 
University Press. For permission to quote a portion of the 
translation of the Persae of Aeschylus by Arthur S. Way, 
thanks are due to the Macmillan Company. The photograph 
of Herodotus, which serves as frontispiece, together with the 


PREFACE 


vi l 

permission to reproduce it, was secured through the kindness of 
Professor Emily L. Shields of Smith College. . For suggestions 
and aid of various kinds during the preparation of this book, 
the editor is indebted to her colleagues in Smith College, 
Professors Julia H. Caverno, Sidney N. Deane, and Agnes C. 
Vaughan; to Dr. Natalie M. Gifford of Bryn Mawr College and 
Professor Louis Lord of Oberlin College; most of all to.Pro¬ 
fessor Florence A. Gragg of Smith College for valuable criticism 
and untiring patience in reading manuscript and proof and 
to Professor Shirley H. Weber of Princeton University, who 
read the entire book before its final revision and whose interest 
in its general plan has been a continual inspiration. 





















TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Preface . v 

Introduction . i 

Life of Herodotus . . .. I 

The History of Herodotus. 4 

The Style of Herodotus. 7 

The Dialect of Herodotus. 8 

Syntax of. Herodotus.13 

Bibliographical Note.47 

Selections from Herodotus. 49 

Notes. 2 °9 

Vocabulary. 3 21 

MAPS 

The Persian Empire, between .4^~49 

Greece at the Time of the War with Persia, facing 152 

Thermopylae, facing . ^5 

Athens and Salamis, facing . 19 0 


IX 





























# 
















« 





* 










INTRODUCTION 


LIFE OF HERODOTUS 

Herodotus, who is called the “ Father of History,” was also 
the first writer of literary Greek prose. In the literature of 
most peoples prose is later in developing than poetry, but 
Greece is exceptional in having brought to perfection nearly 
all forms of poetry before prose was attempted in anything 
but a rude form. Four centuries or more separated Herodotus 
from Homer, with whom he has much in common. Each com¬ 
bined history with legend, folk tales with adventure; each has 
the qualities of nobility and simplicity; each is master of a 
limpid and unaffected style. As Homer is the greatest story¬ 
teller among Greek poets, so Herodotus holds unchallenged the 
title of the greatest master of the story-telling art in Greek 
prose. 

Greek prose, like Greek poetry, originated in Ionia. Before 
Herodotus Ionic prose had been employed to some extent by 
writers on natural philosophy and theology and by the so- 
called sages for the expression of strings of sententious utter¬ 
ances or maxims. Toward the end of the sixth century it was 
used by writers known as logographers (\ oyoypa ( pot ,), writers 
in prose, as opposed to writers in verse ( eT 07 roioL ). These 
logographers compiled ancient myths and genealogies and 
combined an uncritical history with description of foreign 
countries. The most famous names among them are Hecatseus 
of Miletus ( ca . 500 b.c.), who wrote a Tour of the Earth , and 
Hellanicus of Mytilene, a contemporary of Herodotus, who 
wrote the history of a number of Greek states and foreign 
countries. No one of these had a conception of history as a 
whole or of any great movement in history. 

Herodotus was born shortly before the expedition of Xerxes 
into Greece, or about 484 b.c., and died early in the course of 
the Peloponnesian War, probably about 428 b.c. He was 
born and spent his early years in Halicarnassus in Caria in 
southwestern Asia Minor, a city founded by the Dorians, but 

1 


2 


HERODOTUS 


containing a large Ionian element, and subject to the king of 
Persia. 

We know tantalizingly little about the circumstances of his 
life. His father was named Lyxes, his mother Dryo. He had 
a brother Theodorus, and his uncle, Panyasis, was an epic 
poet of considerable reputation. It is quite certain that his 
family was one of distinction and prominence and he must 
have possessed considerable wealth to be able to devote himself 
to travel and research. He undoubtedly received the usual 
education of a cultivated Greek and would have been trained 
largely in the poets, especially Homer, the great national 
poet, whose poems formed the foundation of every boy’s 
education, and whose influence upon the work of Herodotus 
is evident to every reader. His literary aspirations may 
have been engendered and fostered by his uncle Panyasis. 
While Halicarnassus was a Dorian colony, it is certain that 
the Ionic dialect was used by at least a portion of its inhabi¬ 
tants during the lifetime of Herodotus, and he may have 
spoken a dialect essentially the same as that he uses in his 
work, although in its use he simply follows the precedent of 
the logographers. The Doric and Attic dialects must also 
have been familiar to him. 

At the time of his birth Halicarnassus was ruled, under 
Xerxes, by Artemisia, the wise and valorous queen whose 
audacity and resourcefulness are celebrated by Herodotus in 
his account of the Battle of Salamis. During his youth or 
early manhood the power was in the hands of Lygdamis II, 
perhaps the grandson of Artemisia, whose rule seems to have 
been oppressive. Herodotus and his uncle Panyasis belonged 
to a party in the city that rose against him, and in the conflict 
that resulted Panyasis lost his life while Herodotus, with 
others, was obliged to flee to the island of Samos, from which 
he afterward returned to assist in the expulsion of the tyrant. 
Somewhat later he again left his native city because of political 
differences and because, if we may trust Suidas and the 
evidence of his epitaph, he was regarded with jealous suspicion 
by his fellow citizens. 

It was probably during the period of his life in Halicarnassus, 
or about 454 b.c., that he began his travels, in the course of 


INTRODUCTION 


3 


which he collected materials for his history, whether or not 
the travel was undertaken for that purpose. He must have 
explored the greater part of the civilized portion of the shores 
of the Mediterranean; he visited Syria and Palestine, Egypt 
and Libya, Asia Minor and Thrace. He knew the islands of 
Rhodes and Cyprus, as well as the islands of the Aegean Sea. 
He probably sailed on the Black Sea as far east as Colchis 
and as far north as the Crimea; he knew the principal cities of 
Greece, southern Italy, and Sicily. Whether he actually saw 
Babylon and Susa and the ruins of Nineveh and penetrated 
into Egypt as far as the city Elephantine, as he would have 
us believe, is a matter of some doubt; but if he was not, as 
was formerly believed, the greatest traveler of his time, it is 
certain that no Greek before him made so good use of his 
travels or learned so much of the customs and doings of 
foreign countries. 

How much of his History was composed before he reached 
Athens, we do not know, but he is said to have given readings 
from it about 445 b.c. The details of his life thereafter are 
as meager as of any other period. He is believed to have 
been a friend of the tragic poet Sophocles, and we may be 
sure that he was acquainted with Euripides, Pericles, Socrates, 
and his younger contemporary and rival, Thucydides, as well 
as sculptors and painters who formed a part of the brilliant 
society of the time. Somewhat later he joined the newly 
founded colony of Thurii, settled by the Athenians in 444 
b.c. on the site of ancient Sybaris in ^outhern Italy, and 
became closely enough identified with it to be called by 
Aristotle a Thurian. Later he revisited Athens, where he 
saw the Propylsea, the colonnaded entrance of the Acropolis, 
completed in 432 b.c. His death probably occurred in 
Thurii, where he was buried. His epitaph, preserved to us 
by the grammarian, Stephanus of Byzantium, is as follows: 

'Hpo5oroi; Av^ecc KpvTrreL kovls f/8e davovra , 

’Ia5os apxcLirjs taTopirjs TjfvTaviv, 

Aoipiecov ftXaGTOVTOL Trarprjs fyro- r&v yap ar\r]Tov 
pcbpov vireKTrQo&yyu^&ovoiov ecrx* TTCLTprjv. 

“This dust conceals the body of Herodotus, son of Lyxes, 


4 


HERODOTUS 


prince of the realm of Ionian ancient history; sprung from the 
Dorians, he lies far from his country; for fleeing from their 
intolerable censure, he found in Thurii a country.” 

THE “HISTORY” OF HERODOTUS 

We possess in its entirety the work of Herodotus, which has 
come down to us divided into nine books, each bearing as 
title the name of one of the nine Muses. There is a story that 
he read his History at Olympia during a celebration of the 
great games and so captivated his hearers that they gave his 
work the names of the Muses on the spot. This story was 
probably invented to account for the division and the titles, 
which clearly were due, not to Herodotus himself, but to some 
scholar of the Alexandrian period. 

The work was undertaken, as we are told at its beginning, 
to perpetuate the great exploits of antiquity and in particular 
to give an account of the origin and course of the conflict 
between Greek and Barbarian, which began with Croesus, 
king of Lydia, and ended with the defeat and virtual annihila¬ 
tion of the army of Xerxes. In narrating the course of events, 
Herodotus takes a leisurely and somewhat devious course, 
turning aside to describe the customs and achievements of the 
various peoples with which his story is concerned and to insert 
many curious or romantic tales that formed a part of their 
traditions. The entire second book is a digression on the 
history, customs, and accomplishments of the Egyptians; the 
fourth is given largely to accounts of the strange and savage 
customs of the Scythians; here and there are digressions on the 
traditional or early history of the Greek states, especially 
Athens and Sparta. Kings, tyrants, slaves, peasants, con¬ 
spirators, thieves, wise men and foolish, jealous women, cruel 
stepmothers, faithful wives, brave and resourceful women, 
all these and many more move in lifelike fashion through his 
pages giving them color and vividness and affording to the 
reader never-ending entertainment. 

But in spite of these digressions the work is carefully 
planned and has essential ur^ty, both because Herodotus 
never loses sight of his main purpose and because his con¬ 
viction that the course of events everywhere reveals the 


INTRODUCTION 


5 


workings of a relentless fate furnishes a theme for his history. 
Its keynote may be found in such sayings as: Pride goeth 
before a fall; God cuts down all towering things; He suffers 
none but himself to be haughty. The downfall of Xerxes 
affords the best illustration of the certainty of punishment 
for overweening pride, but throughout the work are found 
lesser examples of this law of life as he saw it. Because of this 
it becomes a kind of prose tragedy. 

A work of this sort does not conform to modern standards 
of historical treatment, and Herodotus has been the target for 
shafts of criticism from ancient times to our own. His 
younger contemporary, Thucydides, a man of very different 
temper, often takes occasion in his own work to contradict 
statements of Herodotus, though without mentioning his 
name. Plutarch, in the first century of our era, wrote a tract 
on the Malice of Herodotus , and in modern times some have 
declared that his work is to be regarded as fiction, quite as 
much as the Iliad or Odyssey , while others less sweeping in 
their judgment have found the History so full of inaccuracies 
and marks of prejudice as to deserve no credence unless con¬ 
firmed by other evidence. It is precisely this confirmation 
that has gradually led to the belief that, in view of the dis-‘ 
advantages under which he labored, he is extraordinarily 
accurate and that, whenever he had the opportunity to learn 
facts, he has faithfully reported them. 

It must be remembered that he did not have the kind of 
evidence open to modern historians. For his account of 
foreign nations, he must have been dependent largely upon 
oral tradition, popular tales that came to him from such 
persons as priests, sacristans, and dragomen, doubtless through 
the medium of interpreters. While such tales are frequently 
untrue, they are enormously valuable as folklore and as 
perpetuating traditions that were current in his own time. 
But he was not a mere reporter of tales told him by others 
even in his accounts of foreign nations. His curiosity was 
such that we must believe that he got all possible information 
about things which he could not know directly and that where 
evidence was open to his own eyes he made use of it. In his 
account of Egyptian history, for instance, his chronology is 


6 


HERODOTUS 


often at fault, and the achievements of real kings have been 
attributed to imaginary persons. But the actual evidence of 
monuments has in recent times confirmed in their main out¬ 
lines many of his statements. 

For the ancient history of Greece he had the accounts of 
poets and logographers, the popular traditions, the sanctuaries 
with their rich offerings, and the explanations of their keepers. 
Even in narrating the course of the Persian Wars he was 
dependent in many details upon hearsay. The habit had not 
yet arisen of chronicling to any extent details of military or 
political happenings, and in the thirty odd years that had 
elapsed before the composition of his history many legends 
had grown up in regard to the great and spectacular achieve¬ 
ments of the war. He has told us what the Athenians of his 
own time said and believed about that great conflict; and, 
though his account is marked by inaccuracies as to topography, 
numbers, movements of forces, and the like, though conversa¬ 
tions are recorded that never took place, and though his state- 
ments.are sometimes colored by prejudice, the inaccuracies in 
general do not count, the conversations, if not to the same 
degree as those of Thucydides, are such as might have taken 
place in view of the situation and the character of the speakers, 
while the prejudice shown is merely the reflection of Athenian 
bitterness and bias before or in the early years of the Pelopon¬ 
nesian War. 

In general it may be said that Herodotus was singularly 
fair-minded and extraordinarily critical for his time. He 
often cites his authorities and distinguishes carefully between 
what he has seen or obtained at first hand and what came 
from more remote sources. Sometimes he gives without 
comment alternative versions of a matter, leaving to his 
readers the responsibility of a choice between them. Often 
he introduces or concludes a story with such words as: “This 
does not convince me,” or “I for my part do not believe it.” 
Even though we concede to his detractors that a great deal 
of inaccuracy and overcredulity and some measure of pre¬ 
judice are to be found in Herodotus, his work still remains 
a great contribution to our knowledge of Greek and Asiatic 
history. 


INTRODUCTION 


7 


THE STYLE OF HERODOTUS 

Herodotus is the leading representative of what is called 
by Aristotle the Xe£is eipopkvr] (fr. ei'pco, string ), or running style, 
where clauses are added loosely to one another like beads on a 
string, as opposed to the Xe£is Karearpappevr], the periodic or 
compact style. The running style is characteristic of the 
speech of childhood whether of an individual, a race, or a 
literature, and is one of the points where we see a likeness 
between Herodotus and Homer. But in Herodotus, as in 
Homer, this simplicity of structure has nothing of the crude¬ 
ness of childhood, but is rather a mark of the artist who suits 
his style to his subject and handles his medium with sureness 
and skill. 

Herodotus, like Homer, is seldom obscure. In the main 
his language is that of common speech, though colored to some 
extent by poetic words, usually those familiar to readers of 
Homer. He avoids monotony by varying words and construc¬ 
tions in the expression of similar ideas, uses sentences now 
short, now long. He observes carefully the connection of 
thought and employs various devices for showing that connec¬ 
tion, such as picking up words that occur in a clause or sentence 
by the same or similar words in a subsequent clause or sen¬ 
tence, repeating the verb in the form of a participle, and 
summing up participles with ourcos drj to show their common 
relation (usually causal) to a verb. He prefers direct quota¬ 
tion to indirect and in indirect discourse often ignores the 
difference between main and subordinate clauses by allowing 
an infinitive to represent the verb in each. In general it 
may be said that the distinction between main and subordinate 
clauses is slight in Herodotus. His habit of using no connec¬ 
tive when a sentence begins with a form of ovtos points to the 
fact that he did not differentiate it from a form of the relative 
pronoun. He is fond of ‘parataxis,’ that is, of parallel or 
coordinate clauses, where logically one is subordinate to the 
other. He delights in synonymous expressions and uses a 
large number of periphrases to express the idea of a single 
verb; for example: iroieiadai cnrovdrjv for crTevdew, to hasten; 
\6yov iroLelaOai for ^oy'^eadai, to consider; es \6yovs tkBeiv for 


8 


HERODOTUS 


dLaXeyeadai, to talk with; kv d&ixan dvai for Occpa^eLV, to wonder; 
lAvrinyv tXtw for fi^nvija’da i, to remember , and many more. 

Of figures of speech he is very sparing, except those that 
had already become current in the language and are familiar 
to readers of Homer or of Attic Greek. 

Here and there in the commentary other points of style are 
mentioned, peculiarities of order or other mannerisms, but 
for an appreciation of Herodotus few directions need be given 
other, than the obvious ones of careful attention to forms and 
their proper meaning. Given a good previous training in the 
elements of the language and a genuine desire to know him, 
any one may in a short time acquire facility in reading 
Herodotus and may be trusted without further guidance to 
appreciate the charm of his style. 

THE DIALECT OF HERODOTUS 

The dialect employed by Herodotus is the so-called New 
Ionic, which in its general character forms a bridge between 
the Old Ionic, or Epic, of Homer and the Attic, the standard 
literary dialect of the fifth and fourth centuries b.c. Its 
likeness to the Epic is shown by the use of rj for a of the Attic, 
the large number of uncontracted forms, and practically 
identical inflectional endings. On the other hand, the forms 
tend to become more stereotyped, and many non-Attic forms 
used by Homer have given place to those that were adopted 
by the Attic. In some points the New Ionic differs from both 
the earlier and later dialects, but these may be quickly learned, 
and the student who pays close attention to the peculiar 
dialectical forms in the first half-dozen pages should have no 
further trouble with the dialect. 

In the following summary the most striking characteristics 
of the dialect are enumerated. 

Letters and Sounds 

Consonants. 

i. k for 7r in all adjectives and adverbs from the pronominal 
stem 7ro- ; e.g. koZos , okoZos, kogos, okogos, Korepos , oKorepos , /cws, 
/core, kov, kt}, and the corresponding indefinites, /ccos, okqjs, etc., 
instead of iroZos, ottoZos, etc. 


INTRODUCTION 


9 


2. Absence of the aspirate (rough breathing). In the text 
the rough breathing is written over initial vowels, but a pre¬ 
ceding mute consonant remains unchanged; e.g. air-cKveopac, 
KCLT-op dco, cor’ 17s, instead of cupucv'eopai, naOopacc , cup r)S. 

3. Transfer of the aspirate; e.g. kvOevrev ( evrevdev ), ladcov 
(xi tuv). 

4. Smooth mute for rough mute in such words as turns 
(avdcs), b'enopai (Sexopat). 

5. v for yv in yLvopai (717 vopac), yivcovKu (yiyvcocncai ), etc. 
Vowels. 

6. 17 for a (of the Attic): 

(<z) In endings of a-stems; e.g. x&PV, alriy, etc. (In Attic 
such stems retain d after €, 1, p; cf. also in Homer 6 ed and some 
proper names.) 

(b) In stems; e.g. irprjy- (Attic irpa 7-) from which come 
irprjcrcrcj), TTpy^cs, Tprjypa ; Kprj- (Attic /cpa-) from which come 
KprjTrjpy etc. 

7. 77 for a (of the Attic) in abstracts formed from adjectives 
in -77s and -00s; e.g. from aXrjdys, aXydelr) (Attic aXydeca); from 
evvoos, evvotrj (Attic evvoca). 

8 . r\i for et in the noun or adjective endings -eios, -eia(j]), 
-eiov, (of the Attic) and in the verbs derived from them; e.g. 
fiaGikycr}, pavryiov , oUrjcos, oUrjiu. 

9. et for e and ov for o in such words as £elvos (Attic £evos), 

povvos (povos), ovvopa (ow/xa). 

10 . e for etin es (ets), rax^a (raxela), Kpeaaccv (upeccrGuv ), etc, 
also in forms derived from the stem Seuc-; e.g. SQopai, droits, 
etc. 

11. e for a in reacrepes (recr crape s), yepeos (yepaos ), etc. 

12. a for e in peyaOos (peyedos), rapvco (reppco), etc. 

13. co for au in Ocopa ( davpa ), etc. 

14. co for ou in wy (oui>), etc. 

Vowels before Vowels. 

15. When a is followed by an <?-sound or an o-sound con¬ 
traction often results; ae, ay, become a; aet, ay, become a; 
ao, aou, aco, become co; aot becomes co; e.g. 6pde(77)rat = bpdrar, 
opae t = opa; chpaov = &puv. 

16. When o is followed by an <?-sound or an 0-sound, con- 
traction often results; oe, oo, oou, become ou (Attic) or eu (Epic). 


10 


HERODOTUS 


oet, 077, oot, become oi; e.g. e/ttafloero = kfuadovTo; binaioovai 
= hiKaievGi ; StSoet = 5t5ot. 

17. Occasionally contraction results when e is followed by € 
or 0; ee, ea, become et; eo, eeo, eou, become 01/ (eu); e.g. Troteet 
= 7roteI; 7rotee (imv.) = 7 rotet; 7rXeoi'as = 7 rXewas. Herodotus 
rarely contracts ea, but eea becomes ed; e.g. a/cXeea = a/cXea. 

In the combinations -eeat and -eeo, one e disappears. 

(a) Verbs in -aco often have forms like -eco verbs; e.g. 
opeco (opaco) ; xpao/xat sometimes appears as xp^opat, with corre¬ 
sponding forms, such as xp'iuvt at, xpt&pevos. 

18. Crasis, or the contraction of a vowel or diphthong at 
the end of a word with a vowel or diphthong beginning the 
following word, which is rare in Homer, is common in Herodo¬ 
tus, especially with the definite article. Here oa becomes co, oe 
becomes ov, as in ordinary contraction. But o + av becomes on/; 
e.g. c bvrSs (6 auros), tCovto {to clvto ); 01 + a becomes co (without 
iota subscript); e.g. coXXot (ot aXXot); at + a becomes a (with¬ 
out iota subscript); e.g. Kayadoi (/cat ayadoL). 


Inflections 

19. The dual is lacking in all inflections. 

Nouns and Adjectives 

First Declension 

20. Feminines end in 77, which is retained through the singu¬ 
lar, or in a, which is changed to 77 in the genitive and dative 
singular; e.g. x&pn, apa£a, -77s, potpa, -rjs. All masculines 
end in 77s; e.g. deoTOTrjs, veavLrjs. 

21. Masculines have -eco (metathesis of quantity for -do) in 
the genitive singular (with accent as if ao), and sometimes -ea 
(for -rjv) in the accusative singular, on the analogy of third 
declension nouns in -77s; e.g. deoTroreu, veavLeoo, becnroTriv or 
deoTorea. 

22. The genitive plural of masculines and feminines ends in 
-ecot'; e.g. xup'zuv, deoirorecov. 

23. The dative plural of masculines and feminines ends in 
-270-t; e.g. x&PZ 7 <™> 8 e<iir oryoi. 


INTRODUCTION 


11 


Second Declension 

24. The genitive singular ends in -ou (never -oto); e.g. 9eov. 

25. The dative plural ends in - oun ; e.g. deolai. 

26. A few nouns, mostly proper names, follow the so-called 
Attic declension, showing co in every form instead of o; an 
iota in the ending appears as subscript; e.g. ’Ap^tapecos, 
-eco, “CCjj, ccop. (The accent is the same as if o were used). 

Third Declension 

27. The dative plural always ends in -at (never in -eaai); 
e.g. <puXa£t (fr. <pv\ u£). 

28. Stems in -a do not contract, as in Homer; e.g. yepos, 
yeveos, etc. Stems in -cut have forms in -ecr except in the 
nominative, accusative, and vocative, singular and plural; 
e -g- T^pas, yepeos, y'epei , yepas , yepaa , yepecop, yepecn , ykpaa. 

29. 7roXts is declined on the stem 7roXt- and has in the dative 
singular 7roXt. 

30. Nouns in -us are declined -us, -uos, -ut, - up , -ues, -ucop, -ucrt, 
-us; or -us, -eos, -et, -up, -ees, -ecop, -eat, -eas. Adjectives in -us 
follow the latter declension in the masculine and neuter; the 
feminine ends in -ea, and is declined like the first declension; 
e.g. (3paxv s, jdpaxea, j 8paxv- Instead of 7 roXus, 7roXu, Herodotus, 
like Homer, uses 7 roXXos, xoXXop. 

31. /SaatXeus has -eu in the vocative singular and dative 
plural, elsewhere jSaatXeos, etc. 

32. vrjvs is declined peos, vrjL , pea, pees , pccop, vrjvcri, peas. 

Pronouns 

33 * Personal: 1. eyck (eycoye), epeo (epeu, peu), epot (pot), 
epe (pe), rjpels , rjpe cop, rjplv, r\pas. 2 . au, aeo (aeu, creu), trot (rot), 
ce (ae), upets, upecop, uptp, upeas. 3. No nominative, eu, ot, ptp, 
(repels, a<pe cop, a<pt, <r<peas. 

34* Reflexive: I. epecovrou, - 7 } s, etc. 2. crecovrov , -77s, etc. 3. 
ecourou, -77s, etc. ecourwp, ecourotat, -atat (a<ptat), ecourous, -as. 

35. Relative: with the exception of os, 77, ot, at, all forms 
have initial r and are identical with the forms of the definite 
article; except that, after prepositions that have suffered 


12 


HERODOTUS 


elision, forms similar to the nominative masculine and feminine 
are used; e.g. &7r’ ov. 

36. Interrogative: rts, tl, rev , reo? ( tivl ), Tiva, tl , rim, ru'd, 
t€coi>, reoiai , rlvas, tlv a. 

37. Indefinite: rts, rt, etc., like the interrogative, except 
that all forms are enclitic. 

38. Indefinite relative: 


o<ms, 77 m, 6 rt, 

OT6V 

OT6CO 

ovTwa, rjVTiva , 6 rt 


oiTives , atrives, acraa 
oreoiv 
orkouri 

ovarivas, aaTLvas , acr<ra 


Fer&s 

39. The augment is lacking in most verbs beginning with a 
diphthong and in some verbs beginning with a single vowel, 
in iterative imperfects, and sometimes in the pluperfect. 

40. Personal endings are in general the same as in Attic. 
The Epic endings -area (for -vra t), -aro (for -vto), often occur, 
especially in the perfect and pluperfect middle (passive), in 
the optative, and in the present and imperfect of /u-verbs. 

41. The pluperfect active has the endings -ea, -eas, -ee, -care. 

42. /Li -verbs have many forms on the analogy of co-verbs; 
e.g. bibol (biboei ) for bLbaxn, Tidei {rideei) for rt drjen; in the third 
person plural the epic forms riOeuu, bibovaL are used; ^u-verbs 
with stem ending in a sometimes change the stem vowel to e, 
just as -aco verbs (§17^); e.g. amaTeaTaL for a7r 'kjtclvtcu. 

43. et/u: like the Attic, except, regularly, the Epic forms 
els, el/dkv, edov, eovaa, kov and, occasionally, other Epic forms. 

44. eljui: like the Attic, except an occasional Epic form in 
the imperfect indicative; e.g. 771 a, 771 c, rjiaav. 

45. olba: olbas, o’ibafxev, Ib/iev (perfect indicative); jjbea, jjbee, 
f/bevav (pluperfect); elbeu, etc. (subjunctive); otherwise like 
the Attic. 

46. lr)fu: in general, like tiAtj/u; but pres. 3 sing. Ui. 


INTRODUCTION 


13 


SYNTAX OF HERODOTUS 

The rules of agreement in Herodotus are, in general, those 
that are found in Homer and in Attic Greek. For convenience, 
the most important rules are summarized here. 

1. A verb agrees with its subject in number and person. 
But— 

(a) A neuter plural subject generally takes a singular verb. 

(b) A collective noun may take a plural verb. 

(c) A plural subject expressing magnitude may take a 
singular verb. 

(d) With several subjects, the verb may agree with the 
nearest. 

(e) Sometimes a verb agrees with the predicate noun instead 
of the subject. 

2 . An adjective qualifying a substantive must agree with it 
in gender, number, and case. The adjective is either (i) 
attributive , when it simply qualifies without an assertion; e.g. 
ayados avdpccTros a good man; or (2) predicate , when it is asserted 
of the subject or object; e.g. 6 avdpuiros ayados eanv the man 
is good. 

{a) A predicate adjective is sometimes neuter, even though 
its substantive is masculine or feminine, if it is thought of as 
a thing. 

(b) When the subject is a clause, the predicate adjective is 
neuter, commonly in the singular, but sometimes in the plural. 

3. A substantive qualifying another substantive must agree 
with it in case, and also in number, except when the sense will 
not permit. The qualifying substantive is either (1) in 
apposition , when it qualifies without an assertion; or (2) 
predicate , when it is asserted of the subject or object. 

(a) A word for the whole may have as appositives the parts 
of the whole. 

4. Predicate adjectives and substantives are used after 
verbs meaning to be , become , seem , appear , be called , etc., and 
agree with the subject. 

5. Predicate adjectives and substantives are used after 
verbs meaning to make , show, name , call , etc., and agree with 
the object. 


14 


HERODOTUS 


6. A predicate adjective is often used with other verbs than 
those above mentioned, where we should use adverbs or render 
by a periphrasis; e.g., in Homer, (3ij 5 ’ ankoov he went silently 
or he was silent as he went. This is very common in the case 
of words like ttp&tos: tvp&tos Karearpexl/aTo he was the first to 
subjugate. 

7. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number 
and gender; its case is determined by the construction of the 
clause in which it stands. 

. (a) Variations from this law of agreement sometimes occur, 
such as (1) construction according to sense; or (2) agreement 
with the predicate instead of the subject. 

(. b ) A relative in the accusative is often attracted to the 
case of the antecedent, expressed or understood, if the ante¬ 
cedent is genitive or dative. 

The Article 

8 . In Homer 6 , 17 , to is commonly a demonstrative pronoun 
and is used either as a substantive or an adjective. In 
Herodotus, as in Attic, the demonstrative force is retained in 
some cases. 

9. The article has demonstrative force chiefly when followed 
by pkv or 8k or when preceded by /cat; so especially in contrasts, 
as 6 pkv ... 6 8k the one . . . the other; oi pev . . . oi 8k 
these . . . those , some . . . others; ra pev ''EXX^cu, ra <5^ 
(3ap(3apoi(n airo8exdkvra some exhibited by Greeks , others by 
Barbarians , 49 , 3 . 

{a) A substantive or pronoun may take the place of the 
article with 8k; e.g. 6 pev kneipuTa, 2oX wv 8k \kyei he ( Croesus ) 
asked , and Solon said , 58, 12. 

(b) 6 ( 17 , to, ot, at, ra) 8k without a preceding pkv often means 
but (and) he (she, this , they , these) and generally refers to some 
other than the subject of the preceding sentence; 17 yvvri e/caXee 
tov Yvyea • 6 8e i)X0e the woman summoned Gyges; and he came , 
53, 27. But Herodotus often uses it with reference to the 
subject of the preceding sentence. 

10. The article may take the place of an unemphatic posses¬ 
sive pronoun, when there is no doubt as to its reference; e.g. 


INTRODUCTION 


15 


jSouXojuat rt 7 rapa rov irarpos arj/jL^vaL I wish to report something 
from my father, 128, 16. 

11. The article may denote a class as distinguished from 
other classes; e.g. d avdpuiros man, as distinguished from 
other living beings (Generic Articled. 

12. The article may have a distributive force, where we 
should use each or a: e.g. epya^ovro rrjv Tpipujvov tKaaroi they 
worked a three-month period each, 103, 14. 

13. Some words take the article to indicate a class or type; 
e.g. vv% night, rjP^PV day, daKaoaa sea, yrj land, xpbvo s time. 

(a) But such words used in formulas or with the force of 
proper names may omit the article; e.g. Kara yrjv by land; 
ev 727 on land; Tvpos daXaaarjs seawards. 

14. The article is generally used with abstract nouns; e.g. 
77 evdcLLpLovir] happiness. 

15. The article is often used with proper names to indicate 
them as well-known, previously mentioned, or in contrast 
with others; e.g. 6 2oX cov, 58, 1. 

(a) Names of nations generally omit the article; e.g. 
''EXX^es Xeyovac the Greeks say, 49, 19. 

(b) Names of rivers generally omit the article; e.g. eirl <t>acru' 
7 TOTap.ov to the river Pbasis, 50, 13. 

16. The article is often omitted in certain phrases; e.g. 
/card TrpvpLvrjv astern. 

17. The use of the article has led to definite rules in regard 
to the position of the qualifying adjective, attributive or 
predicate. In Homer ayados a vrjp and avr]P hyados alike may 
mean the good man. But in Herodotus and in Attic these 
phrases, when preceded by the article, have a different mean¬ 
ing; 6 ay ados avrjP means the good man, but 6 avrjp ayados means 
the man (is) good. These two phrases illustrate respectively 
the attributive and the predicate position. 

18. The Attributive Position. A word or group of words 
standing between the article and its substantive, or, if the 
substantive precedes, immediately after the article, has attribu¬ 
tive position. There are three possible positions, then, of the 
attributive illustrated by (1) 6 crowds avrjp; (2) 6 avriP o ao^os; 
(3) avrjp o ao<pos. The first is the most common, the last the 
least common. 


16 


HERODOTUS 


19. The Predicate Position. A predicate adjective either 
precedes or follows the article and its substantive; e.g. crowds 
6 avi}p or 6 avrjp crowds the man (is) good. 

20. Not all words and phrases with attributive force have 
the attributive position; some stand regularly in the predicate 
position; some in either, but with a difference in meaning. 
In the following paragraphs, the most important rules of 
order are given. 

21. Attributive adjectives, participles, adverbs and prepo¬ 
sitional phrases with adjectival force are in the attributive 
position; e.g. 17 7 rapovoa crvpupopri the present circumstance, 01 
rore avdp&ftoi the men of that time; oi avv avrcp OTpanuTai the 
soldiers with him. 

(a) The article with an adjective or participle, a preposi¬ 
tional phrase, or an adverb has the force of a substantive, 
e.g. ol ayaOol the good men; ot rore the men of that time; 6 
1QovXopevos the man who wishes. 

22. Possessive pronouns and the genitives of reflexive and 
demonstrative pronouns used as possessives are in the attribu¬ 
tive position. 

23. The genitive of a substantive limiting the meaning of 
another substantive with the article may stand in either the 
attributive position or the predicate position. Herodotus has 
a preference for the latter, placing the limiting genitive 
before the substantive it limits, if he regards it as more 
important, but after it, if less important; e.g. ttovtos xPWaros 
Ttjv TeXevrrjv the end of every matter , 60, 4; but tt\v Te\evrr]v iravros 

XPWaros, 60, 9. _ 

24. The demonstrative pronouns ovtos, o 8 e this , and eitelvos 
that , together with ap^orepos both , generally take the article in 
prose and stand in the predicate position; e.g. ovtos 6 avi]p 
this man; yde rj daXaoaa this sea. 

(a) When the demonstrative has a deictic force (i.e. points 
to something in sight or immediately to be mentioned), the 
article is omitted; e.g. o'ibe AvSoi these Lydians here. 

(b) Herodotus frequently omits the article when the demon¬ 
strative follows its substantive, as if it were added as an 
afterthought. 

25. The genitive of the personal pronouns and of avros 
when used as a personal pronoun is in the predicate position. 


INTRODUCTION 


17 


26. The genitive of the whole (Partitive Genitive) is in the 
predicate position. 

27. The adjective peaos , when it means middle of, a/cpos, 
when it means top of, end of, xas, when it means all, stand in 
the predicate position. 

(a) When xas means the whole of, it stands in the attributive 
position; when it means every , the article is regularly omitted. 
But in Herodotus these distinctions are not always observed. 

28. The pronoun auros has three distinct uses, the first two 
of which are common in Homer, while the third is rare or non¬ 
existent there. 

(1) As an intensive pronoun meaning self, when used alone 
in the nominative case, or when in agreement with a substan¬ 
tive and in the predicate position. 

(2) As an adjective meaning same , when preceded by the 
article. 

(3) As a personal pronoun of the third person, but only in 
the oblique cases; him, her, it, them. 

e.g. avros e<pT] he himself said; avros 6 avrjp or 6 avrjp avros the 
man himself; 6 avros avrjp the same man; ex’ avras against them. 

29. The meaning of aXAos other , xoXus much, is modified when 
preceded by the article. 

6 aXXos the other, the rest (of); e.g. rj aWrj 'EAAas the rest of 
Greece. 

ot aXXot the others (all the others), 

ra aXXa the rest, all other things. 

ro xoXu the greater part, 

ot xoAAot the majority, multitude, rabble. 

ot xAeOes the majority. 

ot xXeioTot the most. 

CASES 

Genitive 

30. The genitive is used to limit the meaning of substan¬ 
tives, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. 

Genitive with Substantives 

31. The limiting genitive with substantives may be classified 
under the following heads: 


18 


HERODOTUS 


1. Genitive of Possession; e.g. ttjv UpLapov bvvapiv the power 
of Priam. 

(a) Here belong such expressions as rr\v ’Ivaxov (sc. dvyarepa) 
the daughter of Inachus, 49 ? I 9 ? ev Kpolcrov (sc. olklo) in Croesus s 
house, 61, 13. 

2. Subjective genitive with a verbal substantive; e.g. 
avdpoov abtKOiv epyov a work of unjust men, 5U * • 

3. Objective genitive with a verbal substantive; e.g. binas 
rijs apxayijs punishment for the seizure, 50, 25. 

(a) The objective genitive is sometimes found where, a 
prepositional expression would be expected; e.g. ttjv ahrjdeirjv 
to)v kclk&v the truth about the misfortunes, 60, 13* 

4. Genitive of the Material of which a thing consists or is 
composed; e.g. crarrip xP V(T °b a stater of gold. 

5. Genitive of Measure; e.g. 7 r\oov e'Lnoai a voyage 

of twenty days. 

6. Genitive of the Divided Whole (Partitive Genitive) with 
any word (noun, adjective, or pronoun) that expresses a part; 
e.g. Uepaeuv oi \6yiou the chroniclers of {among) the Persians, 
49, 6; iracecov KaWicTi^v most beautiful of all women , 52? 15? 
Kara tovto rijs clkpottoXlos at that part of the citadel , 76 ? 7 * 

7 . Genitive of Quality; e.g. oULt]s pev eovra ayadrjs, rpoirov 
5e riwXLov being of a noble house but a mild disposition (the first 
genitive may be taken as possessive), 80, 22. 

8. Explanatory or Appositive Genitive, when a word in the 
genitive makes more explicit the meaning of a general word; 
e.g. xPVP a bos a monster of a boar {a great big boar), 61, 14* 

32. Any of the foregoing genitives may be connected with 
the word it limits by the verbs be, become, think, etc. 
(Predicate Genitive); e.g. '0 pi]P 0V T €7rea kcnv the verses are 
HomePs, 96, 28. 


Genitive with Verbs 

33. Verbs of sharing take a partitive genitive; e.g. tov 
\byov perecrxov they obtained a share in the discussion, 915 6. 

34. The Partitive Genitive is used with verbs signify¬ 
ing to touch, take hold of, hit, miss, attain, make trial of, 
begin , etc. 


INTRODUCTION 


19 


35. The genitive is used with verbs signifying to hear, learn, 
remember, make mention of, forget, desire, care for, neglect. 

(a) Verbs of hearing and learning take the genitive of the 
person and, generally, the accusative of the thing. But clkovu 
hear, sometimes takes the genitive of the thing; e.g. tovtuv 
aKovcras when he had heard this, 64, 12. 

(b) In the meaning listen to, obey, clkovu generally takes the 
dative. 

(c) /xep^pat remember may take the accusative, especially 
in the meaning hold in memory. For an example see 168, 29. 

36 . Verbs signifying to rule or command take the genitive; 
e.g. tclotjs rrjs ’ Aairjs fjp^e he obtained the rule of all Asia, 91,19. 

37. Verbs signifying to fill or be full of take the genitive. 

38. The Genitive of Separation is used with verbs signifying 
to cease, release, restrain, give up, fail , want, lack , etc. For 
examples see 61, 9; 62, 5; 64, 27. 

(a) deo/jia t, ask, (in active, lack), may be followed by the 
genitive of the person or the genitive of the thing; sometimes 
the two are combined with a single verb; e.g. edeero tov drjpov 
rrjs <pv\cLKfjs he asked the people for a guard, 69, 7. 

39. The Genitive of Comparison is used with verbs signify¬ 
ing to differ, surpass, be inferior to, etc.; e.g. xpoetxe r&v h 
Trj 'EXXaSt it surpassed all the places in Greece, 49, 13. 

40. The Genitive of Cause is sometimes used with verbs of 
emotion. 

( a ) The genitive with verbs meaning to punish, atone for, 
etc. may be regarded as a genitive of cause. 

41. The Genitive of Price is used with verbs meaning buy, 
sell, and the like; e.g. vkas tovtoov t&v xpv^tcov iroLheraodcu to 
procure ships with this wealth, 177, 30. 

42. The genitive may denote the source. 

43. The genitive is used with verbs compounded with 
certain prepositions, when the preposition has given the word 
a force that would govern the genitive. Such prepositions 
are euro, ext, Kara, xpo, virep; e.g. axexopat keep away from, 
extjSat^co set foot upon, Karcappov'e co despise. 


20 


HERODOTUS 


Genitive with Adjectives and Adverbs 

44. The genitive is used with adjectives similar in meaning 

to verbs that take the genitive; e.g. alnos, a£tos, Xeos, 
Karaberjs , viryjKOos. Here belong the uses of ^ . . 

(a) The Genitive of Comparison after an adjective in the 
comparative; e.g. K polaov it pea (3vt epos older than Croesus, $ 2 , 7 > 
jue^co \ 6 yov greater than speech, 107, 21; ovbevbs bevrepov second 
to none , 56, 2. 

(£) The Genitive of Separation after such words as arcus 
childless; e.g. arais epaevos yovov without male ’ 81, 26. 

45. 'The genitive is used with adverbs similar in meaning to 
verbs or adjectives that take the genitive; e.g. evepde avbpbs 
Mrjbov inferior to a Mede , 80, 23. 

46. The genitive is used with many adverbs of place, time, 
quantity, and with some adverbs of manner, especially when 
they limit the intransitive e%w; e.g. irpoGu rrjs vvktos far along 
in the night , 101, 28; KoOev rrjs QpvyLrjs where in Phrygia? 61, 4; 
rov piov ev VK€IP to he well off in the means of life , 58, 19; avaK&s 
ex eLV T &v Tropdpecov to he heedful of the boatmen , 565 3 ®* These 
genitives may generally be explained as partitive. 


Genitive of Time and Place 

47. The genitive denotes the time within which, or at a 
certain point in which, an action takes place, e.g. vvktos hy 
night; tov \olttov in the future; rpucov r]P e P e(JiV within three days, 
e&ovTes 7T evre ereos eKaarov five going out each year , 74, 2. 

Genitive Absolute 

48. A substantive and a participle not grammatically con¬ 
nected with the main construction of the sentence may stand 
in the genitive by themselves (§ 130). (For the Accusative 
Absolute, see § 80.) 

Dative 

49. The dative has three main uses; to express the relation 
to or for (true dative), the relations hy and with (instrumental 
dative), the relation in (locative dative). 


INTRODUCTION 


21 


The True Dative 

50. The dative Is used as the indirect object of a transitive 
verb along with the accusative of the direct object. Such 
verbs are those signifying to give , entrust , send, say , promise , 
etc. 

51. The dative is used as the complement of verbs meaning 
to seem , like or unlike; also of many verbs usually transitive 
in English. Such verbs are those meaning to benefit, jmtf, ofoy, 
assist, trust, pardon, advise, command, blame, reproach, yield , 
threaten, befit, be friendly, be hostile, and the like. 

(0) Some of these verbs may take an accusative also; e.g. 
those meaning to reproach; rr\v rot ouk bveib'^oi with which I do 
not reproach you, 63, 3. (The accusative is cognate, see §70.) 

(&) Herodotus occasionally uses ireidopai obey, with the 
genitive, on the analogy of verbs of hearing; e.g. k^eo ireldeadai, 
9 °, ! 9 - 

(c) Herodotus uses irapopaoo to observe, see in, with the dative 
and accusative; e.g. beih'iir}v poi irapthdov having seen cowardice 
in me, 62, 6. 

52. The dative is used with adjectives, adverbs or adverbial 
phrases, and some substantives, similar in meaning to verbs 
that take the dative; e.g. ot Kara naipov rjv it was convenient for 
him, 58, 7; bwperjv rolcn ade\<J>eolcn a gift to his brothers, 138, 26. 

53. The person interested regularly stands in the dative 
(Dative of Interest). This is a very common use in Herodotus, 
as in Homer, and sometimes the dative hardly differs from the 
possessive genitive; e.g. eiri rijs apa^rjs (T<pi (bx&ro rj pr) T7 lP their 
mother was carried upon the wagon, 59? 4> M 7 ? rt 0L T V rraibi 
epnrearj lest something fall upon his son, 60, 24. 

54. 1 The Dative of Advantage indicates the person for whose 
advantage (or disadvantage) something is done; e.g. Adrjvcuoi(n 
vopovs TTcurjcrcLs when he had made laws for the Athenians , 57 > 2 3 - 

55. With eifjiL, ylvopcu and similar verbs, the dative of 
interest denotes the possessor (Dative of Possessor). 

56. The Dative of Interest is used with passive verbs 
(regularly the perfect, but in Herodotus with the present and 
aorist also) to denote the agent (Dative of Agent). 


22 


HERODOTUS 


57. The personal pronouns are sometimes used in the dative 
to indicate a lively interest in an action or statement (Ethical 
Dative); e.g. 01 p,ayoL vpXv Kpareovcn t&v fiaaikr]io)v the magi, 
you must know, have control of the palace , 123, 29. 

58. The Dative of Interest may denote the person in whose 
view, or in relation to whom, something is true (Dative of 
Relation); avdkvTTjs t-q Ovyar'epi a murderer in the sight of your 
daughter , 86, 22; 6 xpbcreos (/cpari^p) €K€tro eiri 5 e£ia eaiovTL rov 
vrjov the gold howl stood at the right as one enters the temple , 66, 25. 

59. With the dative of the person interested the participle 
is often used to express time; e.g. TroXiopiceopievco K poLacp while 
Croesus was besieging , 76, 2. 

60. The dative is used to denote the means or instrument 
(Instrumental Dative); e.g. Karelxovro opuioun they were hound 
hy oaths , 57, 27; dupeerm eKaarov 8vo (TTaTTjpcn he presents each 
man with two staters , 68, 7; dpet/ 5 ero Toialbe he replied with the 
following words, 53, 3. (See §73.) 

(a) xphopicu use, takes the dative of means. 

61. The dative is used to denote the cause (Dative of Cause), 
especially with words expressing emotion; e.g. Trepixapfc r£ 
epyu delighted because of the deed, 59, 12. 

62. The dative is used to denote manner (Dative of Man¬ 
ner); reco Tpoircx) in what manner? ayaOd) voco with favorable 
intent; in many adverbial expressions; dpyjj in anger; kvk\u 
in a circle; drjuoalri by public {expense); 7 ra^ 07 rXtj 7 in full 
armor. 

63. The dative of manner may denote in what respect a 
thing is true (Dative of Respect); e.g. irpoeix 6 airacri he sur¬ 
passed in all respects , 49, 13; $pu^ yever} a Phrygian by race, 
60, 27. 

64. The dative of manner is used with expressions of com¬ 
parison to denote the Degree of Difference; e.g. pa/cpai xpwros 
by far the first, 60, 16; varepov i^uepflcri eiKocri twenty days later, 

I2 3> 9* 

65. The dative is used with words or phrases indicating 
friendly or hostile association or intercourse (Dative of Asso¬ 
ciation) ; C7 ro\ep,r]<sav a\\r)\oicn they fought with one another, 49, 5; 
7 rdcrt Tvpavvoun ks \6yovs e\0eZv to converse with all tyrants , 78, 3 * 

{a) Here belongs the use of the dative with 6 avros the same, 


INTRODUCTION 


23 


opo'uos equally , etc. e.g. eiroLee t&vto roia t Mrjdoun he did the 
same as (with) the Medes, 79, 24. 

66. The Dative of Accompaniment is used with verbs 
signifying to accompany, follow, etc.; e.g. etWo 777 yvvcuri he 
followed the lady, 54, 19. 

(a) The dative is used with other verbs, especially in refer¬ 
ence to military movements, to denote accompanying forces; 
e.g. awLKOfjLevoL 8 e tw otoXoj tovtcc and arriving with this force, 
149, 24; avefiaivov x^tpi ttoXX# they went up with a great force, 
149,26. 

Locative Dative 

67. The dative accompanied by an attributive is used to 
denote the definite time at which an action takes place; e.g. 
TrefjLTTrj rjpeprj on the fifth day; ry vcrrepaLy (ypepy) on the next day. 

(a) The attributive is omitted with names of festivals; 
e.g. Qeo<pavLoiai at the festival of the Theophany, 67, 2. 

(b) Herodotus uses kv xpbvq and XP° V V interchangeably, 
meaning in the course of time, in time.. 

Dative with Compounds 

68 . The dative is used with many verbs compounded with 
ev, avv, C 7 rt, and with some verbs compounded with 7 rapa, 
irpos, if the meaning requires it. Such verbs are epirLirTo: fall 
upon, eTTirldepai attack, eTLTvyxbvco happen upon, avp,( 3 ov\eva) 
advise, Trapaaryvai to stand beside, irpoarLdepcu assent, etc. 

(a) Some adjectives and substantives equivalent to verbs 
compounded with prepositions that take the dative also take 
the dative; e.g. vTvoipevu) rj eirixtlpyo-Ls earai the attack will be 
upon him in his sleep, 54? 15 5 eir'canos poc eykveo you became a 
guest at my hearth, 61, 5? °i avveiraivos kykvero he united with 
him in approval, 143, 26. 

Accusative 

69. The accusative is the case of the direct object of a 
transitive verb. 

(a) Sometimes verbal substantives, adjectives, or peri¬ 
phrastic expressions take an object accusative; e.g. c vradpov 


24 


HERODOTUS 


exovTes TpirjKovra tclXclvtcl weighing {having a weight of) thirty 
talents, 55, 9. (Some explain TaXavra as an appositive with 
crradpov). Ocopa iroLevpevos rr/v epyaairjv tov aidrjpov wondering at 
the working of the iron , 74, 12. 

70. Both transitive and intransitive verbs may be followed 
by an accusative of kindred meaning with the verb (Cognate 
Accusative); e.g. biaKpivai aipeaiv to make a choice, 54 > 8; 
TpecpeLv t pocpTjv to rear hy a {method of) rearing , 92, 18; r/te obov 
he went {hy) a road , 82, 20. 

(a) A neuter adjective or pronoun may represent a cognate 
accusative implied in the verb; e.g. peya ap(3auras with a loud 
shout, 52, 24; mpbavkeis 7 rXeicrrov you will profit most {make most 
profit ), 61, 13; pa'iverai Kamov he suffers with a worse madness, 
81, 22; 7 roXX’ aireiXrjvas with many threats , 83, 7. 

{h) Even passive verbs are sometimes followed by a cognate 
accusative; e.g. KaXeerat eirwvvpLrjv he is called hy the name. 

71. Verbs meaning to name , call , appoint , show , make, 
acquire, and the like, may take a second accusative as predi¬ 
cate; e.g. 7’oj'MupcrtXoi' ovopa^ovcn whom they call Myrsilus , 52, 12; 
<pi\ovs TTpoaeiroLh^aTO XaKebaipovtovs he acquired the Lacedemonians 
as friends, 52, 4. 

(<z) Both the object and the predicate accusative become 
nominative when the verb is used in the passive. 

72. Verbs meaning to ask , demand , clothe, deprive , etc. 

take two accusatives, one of a person, the other of a thing; 
e.g. eKelvo to e’ipeo pe that question which you asked me, 59, 29. 

{a) The accusative of the thing is retained when such verbs 
are used in the passive; e.g. airaipedrivai tt\v apxyv to he deprived 
of the rule, 123, 17. 

73. With apelfiopai answer and vTuax^opat promise , Herodo¬ 
tus sometimes uses two accusatives; e.g. raura tov s (piXovs 
apeLxf/aTO he made this answer to his friends, 111,21; affeas peyaXa 
viTLcrxvevpevos making them great promises, 109, 25. The accusa¬ 
tive of the thing in these sentences is cognate. 

74. Verbs meaning to do something to or say something of 
a person may take two accusatives; e.g. ra aXXa Wvea eiroLee 
TOivrb he did the same thing to the other nations , 79, 24. 

75. Verbs of dividing may take two accusatives; e.g. 
baaapevoi A’iyvTTOv bvcobeKa poipas having divided Egypt into 
twelve parts, 107, 9. 


INTRODUCTION 


25 


76. The accusative with some verbs and adjectives may 
denote something in respect to which the verb or adjective is 
limited (Accusative of Respect or Specification); e.g. ov Kadapos 
Xetpas not pure in hands , 60, 27; evrvxtovres tovs irokepov s fortunate 
in wars , 72, 3; ra pev aXXa ewuei ky]s fit in other respects , 76, 17. 

77. Many accusatives are used as adverbs; e.g. ttjv Tax'ufTrjv 
(bdov) in the quickest way; irpocpaaiv professedly; 7 rokkov much; 
apxh v at first, rrjv &pr]v at the proper time. 

(, a ) The neuter plural of adjectives is often used instead of 
the singular; e.g. 7 rpura, 87, 4; bevrepa , 65, II; also ra irpura, 


93 , 3 - 

78. The accusative is used to denote Extent of Time or 
Space; e.g. tovtov tov xpbvov during this time , 49, 12; 017 redrjpyve 
erect 5e/ca he was abroad ten years , 57, 24; aradiovs irevre a/co- 
pLaavres conveying {her) for five stades , 59, 5. 

79. The accusative is occasionally used by Herodotus to 
express Limit of Motion, with verbs compounded with preposi¬ 
tions that take the accusative; e.g. tov cos e<n;X 0 e when it 
occurred to him , 120, 3; ’ Aarvayea eo^te avayvcooLs recognition 
came to Astyages , 85, 23. 

(a) But eaekdelv is also followed by the dative, on the 
analogy of such words as SoKeZv and (paiveadar, e.g. rco Kpotcrco 
eaekdelv it occurred to Croesus , 77, 23. 

80. A participle stands in the accusative absolute, when it 
is impersonal; so, regularly, beov , 86 %av, pereov , irapexov , etc. 
(For the Genitive Absolute, see §48.) 

81. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative; e.g. 

QolvLKas airLovs pad yeveaBai they say the Phoenicians were 
responsible , 49, 6. But when the subject of the infinitive is the 
same as that of the main verb, it is ordinarily not expressed 
and any qualifying word is in the nominative; e.g. ovbe avrol 
86 xyei,v {ecpacrav) they said they would not themselves give , 19? 

aeLcras viredenero ecovrov Karepyaaeadai he promised that after he 
had sung he would kill himself, 56, 19. 


VERBS 

Tenses of the Indicative 

82. The present and imperfect tenses are used.to denote 
action in progress, or a state as existing, the one in present, 


26 


HERODOTUS 


the other in past time; the aorist tense expresses the mere 
occurrence of a past action; the perfect expresses completed 
action in present time; the pluperfect is the past of the perfect; 
the future denotes an action that will take place; the future 
perfect is the past of the future. 

83. The present and imperfect may denote customary or 
repeated action. 

{a) Herodotus is fond of iterative forms (imperfect or aorist) 
made by adding the suffix to the present or aorist stem. 

84. The present and imperfect may denote action attempted, 
begun, or intended (Conative Present or Imperfect). This is 
very common with verbs of buying , selling , etc. diboifu in the 
present and imperfect regularly means offer. 

(a) The imperfect is sometimes equivalent in sense to e/jieWov 
with an infinitive; e.g. aToXurovTcov ’ AdrjvaLuv ovk€tl kyivovro 
a £io/xaxot if the Athenians abandoned them they would no longer 
be a match in battle , 195, 19. 

85. In vivid narration, a past action is often expressed by 
the present (Historical Present). The present in this case 
may represent an aorist or an imperfect of description. (See 
§ 8 ?.) 

86 . The present, accompanied by an expression of past 
time, such as ttoXoll formerly, is used to express an action begun 
in the past and continuing in the present. 

87. In the description of past circumstances and events, the 
imperfect is often used to depict the course of events (Im¬ 
perfect of Description). 

(a) Similar to this is the use of the imperfect of certain 
verbs which imply continuous action, such verbs as Xeyoj, 
ayco, 7re/z7rco, KeXevu, where an aorist might be expected (Im¬ 
perfect of Continuance). 

88 . Some presents are used with the meaning of the perfect; 
so, commonly, as in Attic, 77/cco I have come; olxo^o-i I have 
gone; vlkolo) I am victorious. In Herodotus the usage is ex¬ 
tended to a number of other verbs; e.g. 7rei0ojuai I am con¬ 
vinced {have been persuaded ), 52, 30; aXLaKecrdcu to have been taken , 
77 , 3 5 cLvolyecrdai to be open {have been opened ), 53, 8 . 

{a) Such verbs in the imperfect have the meaning of the 
pluperfect. 


INTRODUCTION 


27 


89. The present may be used instead of the future in state¬ 
ments of what is immediate, confidently expected, or threaten¬ 
ing. 

(a) In prophecies, a future event may be regarded as present 
(Prophetic Present). 

( b ) The verb dpi go, regularly has a future meaning. 

90. The imperfect (regularly with apa) is used to denote 
that a fact or truth has just been recognized; e.g. ev ry 
avdpooTryiy <pv(n ovk evyv apa to peWov yiveadai aworpeTeLV in 
human nature the possibility does not, after all, exist of averting 
that which is bound to be, 123, 18. 

91. With a negative, the imperfect sometimes denotes 
resistance, refusal, or failure of expectation (Imperfect of 
Refusal); e.g. ov yap periero 6 Tvyrjs, i.e. for she would not 
release Gyges, 54, 17. 

92. The aorist is sometimes used to denote a general truth 
(Gnomic Aorist). 

93. Verbs whose present denotes a state generally express 
by the aorist the entrance upon a state (Ingressive Aorist). 
So in general, verbs meaning to rule, desire, weep, be hungry 
or thirsty, be mad, sane, etc.; e.g. ourcos rjp£e so he obtained the 
rule, 91, 20. 

(a) The aorist of exco always has ingressive force; i.e. elxoy 
I had; but eaxov I got or obtained. 

94. In temporal and relative clauses, the aorist must usually 
be translated by the English pluperfect. 

95. A perfect tense may often be translated by the present; 
so commonly, redvyice he is dead; bie<pOapTaL he is ruined; enrypai 
I possess; redairraL he lies buried. 

{a) Herodotus uses yyypai in the sense of a present, I think . 

( b) The pluperfect of such verbs may be translated by the 
imperfect. 

96. Herodotus is fond of forming periphrastic tenses. 

1. peWco with the present or future (rarely, aorist) infinitive 
makes a periphrastic future. 

(a) The imperfect of /xeXXco with the infinitive is used to 
express past intention or probability; e.g. epeWe irapaXappeadai 
he was going to receive, 98, 25. 

2 . The future of kOeXw with a complementary infinitive 


28 


HERODOTUS 


makes a periphrastic future; e.g. edeXrjaeu ava^vai is going to 
pass , 81, 27. 

3. epxofJLcu with a future participle makes a periphrastic 
future; e.g. epxopcu epecov I am going to tell , 5U *6. 

4. etjUt or yivopai may be used with a present, aorist, or 
perfect participle to form a present (or imperfect), aorist, 
perfect (or pluperfect); e.g. fjv a pea ko pews he was pleasing 
(he pleased ), 52, 16; peradicoKTos yevopevos being (becoming) 
pursued , 121 , 31 . 

5. exw with the aorist participle forms a periphrastic aorist 
or perfect; e.g. ei%€ Karaarpexf/apevos he had subdued , 57, 17 * 

Tenses of Moods other than the Indicative 

97. The subjunctive, optative (when not in indirect dis¬ 
course), and imperative commonly refer to future time. The 
tenses of these moods do not express differences of time, but 
denote merely stage of action; the present, action going on; 
the aorist, simple occurrence; the perfect (rarely used) com¬ 
pleted action. 

98. The tenses of the infinitive (when not in indirect dis¬ 
course) have no time of themselves, but express merely stage 
of action; the present, continuance; the aorist, simple occur¬ 
rence; the perfect, completed action. 

(a) The infinitive in any tense may denote the kind of action 
which may be expressed by the corresponding tense of the 
indicative; e.g. a conative present (or imperfect), ingressive 
aorist, etc. (See §§84, 93.) 

99. The participle does not indicate absolute time, but time 
relative to that of the leading verb. In general, the present 
participle denotes the same time as the leading verb; the 
aorist participle, time previous to that of the leading verb; 
the future participle, time subsequent to that of the main verb. 

(a) The present participle may represent an imperfect and 
denote action prior to that of the leading verb (Imperfect 
Participle). 

(b) The aorist participle may be coincident in time with 
the main verb. So regularly with the aorist (perfect or plu¬ 
perfect) of \avdavoj escape notice; <pOav co anticipate; rvyxhvoi 
happen. 


INTRODUCTION 


29 


(c) The aorist participle may have an ingressive force (see 

§ 93 )- , e 

(d) The future participle may denote purpose (see § 129(f). 

100. The optative, infinitive, and participle in indirect 
discourse are always in the same tense as the verb of the direct 
discourse that they represent, and denote the same time or 
stage of action as that of the verb they represent. 

( a ) The present optative, infinitive, or participle may repre¬ 
sent an imperfect indicative. The perfect optative, infinitive, 
or participle may represent a pluperfect. The future optative 
occurs only in expressed or implied indirect discourse. 

The Moods 

101. There are four finite moods of the Greek verb, Indica¬ 
tive, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative. The Infinitive, 
which is a verbal noun, and the Participle, which is a verbal 
adjective, are sometimes classed as moods. 

102. By the addition of the adverb av the meaning of the 
indicative and optative may be modified. 

Independent Indicative 

103. The Indicative is used to express declarations of fact 
or to ask questions expecting such declarations as answer. 

104. Past tenses of the Indicative are sometimes used to 
express unreality or impossibility of attainment in present or 
past time. 

1. An unattainable wish is expressed in Herodotus (as 
always in Homer and sometimes in Attic) by &<pe\ov with the 
infinitive; the present infinitive of present or continued past 
time, the aorist infinitive of past time; e.g. firj idelv &<pe\ov 
I would I had not seen , 82, 30. (For a wish conceived as 
possible in the future, see §112.) 

2. The imperfects edee , expv v (xptWj irpoar/Ke, or other im¬ 
personal expressions denoting obligation or the like, are often 
used of unfulfilled obligation. The tense of the dependent 
infinitive shows the time of the obligation; e.g. ae yap expftv 
Trprjaaeiv ra irprjyP‘ aTa ' for you ought to be engaged in affairs 
(but you aren’t), 111,9. 


30 


HERODOTUS 


{a) But Herodotus frequently uses these imperfects to 
denote simple past obligation, which was or must be fulfilled; 
e.g. ebee avrov aTo\cc\evaL he had to die , 54, 18; XPV V 7 <*P KavbavXy 
yevkaOai kclk&s for it was fated to turn out ill for Caudaules , 52, 
20. 

105. The aorist with av may denote that something was 
expected or probable in the past (Past Potential); e.g. ovk &v 
Kareboi-a I should not have suspected , 83, 9. 

106. The imperfect or aorist indicative with av sometimes 
refers to an imaginary case and indicates that something would 
be, or would have been, in circumstances that do not, or did 
not, exist (Hypothetical Indicative). The imperfect refers 
to present time, or time continued in the past, the aorist to 
past time; e.g. aXXcos ovk av r/ta in other circumstances, I should 
not go (but, as it is, I shall), 63, 12. 

(a) The imperfect or aorist of a verb of wishing with av may 
express an unattainable wish; e.g. tov av navi Tvpavvoun 
TrpoeTi/j,rjaa es \ 6 yovs k\ 9 eiv I should have preferred that he come 
into converse with all tyrants , 78, 2. 

107. The imperfect or aorist with av may express customary 
or repeated past action. 

(a) Herodotus uses av even with iterative forms (see § 830); 
e.g. KXeirreaKe av he would (repeatedly) steal , ill, 25. 

The Independent Subjunctive 

108. The subjunctive is used to express an exhortation 
(Hortatory Subjunctive); e.g. tov tt alba Tpkpcapev let us bring 
up the child , 83, 27. 

109. The aorist subjunctive is used with prj to express a 
prohibition; e.g. pr/ pvrjadrjTe don’t mention it , 61, 25. 

no. The subjunctive is used in questions of doubt or 
deliberation (Deliberative Subjunctive); e.g. eTreLpcorav ei 
(TTpaTevrjTai to ask whether he should make an expedition (the 
original form of the deliberative subjunctive retained in an 
indirect question), 67, 19. 

in. The aorist subjunctive is used with ov prj to express an 
emphatic denial; e.g. ov prj n vecorepov ava( 3 \a(TTy nothing 
new {evil) will arise , 121, 27. 


INTRODUCTION 


31 


The Independent Optative 

112. The optative without av is used to express a wish con¬ 
ceived as possible in the future; e.g. y 77 Kapirov enpepoi may 
the earth bring forth fruit, 124, 11. 

113. The optative with av is used to express possibility or 
likelihood in the future (Potential Optative) and may be 
translated by -may, might, could, would, or the like; e.g. 
AlyvirTLcov av tls k\axi(STOvs Ldoiro <pa\aKpovs one might see the 
fewest Egyptians bald, 115, 1. 

(a) Sometimes the potential optative is used to soften an 
assertion; e.g. tov iralda ovk av vplv crvpTrepxf/aipL my son I 
would not send with you, 61, 26. 

(b) The potential optative is occasionally used of the past, 
or to express a present conjecture of something in the past; 
e.g. etrjcrav av ovtol K pr/res these would be Cretans , 5 °> 9 * 

The Imperative 

114. The imperative is used to express a command or 
prohibition; e.g. ph <po( 3 ev epe do not fear me, 53 ) 3 - 

{a) When a negative command (prohibition) refers to the 
simple occurrence of an act, it is more common to express it 
by prj with the aorist subjunctive (see § 109.) 

The Infinitive 

115. The infinitive is a verbal noun and may be used: 

1. Without the definite article, as the subject or object of 
a verb, as a predicate nominative or accusative, or as an 
appositive to a substantive or pronoun; e.g. reOvavai apeivov 
ecru death is better, 59, 9. 

2. With the definite article (Articular Infinitive), in any of 
the constructions named in I, or in the relation of a genitive 
or dative to another word. It may also depend upon a prepo¬ 
sition; e.g. to apira£ei,v ywaZnas avbpuv adUuv epyov earLv to 
capture women is the work of wicked men, 5 1 ? *) rovro tov pr] 
v a\cLKpov<r 0 tu atnov 4<m this is the cause of their not being bald , 
I 14, 26. 


32 


HERODOTUS 


116. The infinitive as object may be used after almost any 
verb whose meaning requires it (Complementary Infinitive). 

(a) Some verbs that we should expect to take a comple¬ 

mentary infinitive are followed regularly, or sometimes, by a 
supplementary participle. For examples of variation in usage, 
note the use of irepubelv allow ; e.g. irepubelv avrov aelaai to allow 
him to sing , 56, 17; irepubelv rrjv irepie\dovaav to allow 

the rule to pass , 124, 7. 

( b ) Some verbs may take either a complementary infinitive 
(present or aorist) or the future infinitive in indirect discourse. 
Such verbs are those signifying hope , promise , swear, threaten , 
and the like. 

117. The infinitive may be used as the complement of 
adjectives, adverbs, substantives, and verbal phrases akin in 
meaning to verbs that take the infinitive; e.g. Ipepos eireipeadai 
a desire to question , 58, 11; cpepeyyvos bvvafuv Trapaax&v a ^ e to fur¬ 
nish a force, 142, 19. 

118. The infinitive may limit the meaning of an adjective 
or substantive like an accusative of respect. This use is like 
that of the supine in u in Latin; e.g. <po( 3 os anovaai fearful to 
hear, 158, 23; apcarov rvxelv best to get, 59, 15. 

119. An infinitive is sometimes used as a complement when 
it is not strictly necessary for the construction, but serves as 
an explanatory addition (Epexegetic Infinitive); e.g. KadapaLov 
eb'eero Kvpijacu he begged for a purification — to get it, 60, 29. 

120. The infinitive may express purpose. It is used chiefly 
with verbs signifying to give , entrust, appoint, and the like; 
e. g. bvo ircubia bcbol iroipevi rp'ecpeiv he gave two children to a shep¬ 
herd to bring up, 92, 17. . 

121. The infinitive may be used with chare to denote a na¬ 
tural or anticipated result. 

(a) Herodotus sometimes uses chare with the infinitive in¬ 
stead of the regular complementary infinitive; e.g. avvrjveuce 
(bare koll vpas elbevai it came about that you too know, 127, 17. 

(b) chare with the infinitive sometimes follows a comparative 
with 77; e.g. pefa rj chare avaickaleiv too great to weep for, 116, 23. 

( c ) Herodotus sometimes uses chare with the infinitive after 
a verb of effort, instead of a clause with okccs (see § 146.) 

122. The infinitive is sometimes used absolutely, usually 


INTRODUCTION 


33 


with cos, to limit the application of a statement; e.g. cos eUaaaL 
to make a guess , 60, 11; cos epe pepvriaOai as far as my memory 
goes , 104, 17; ov 7roXXco X07C0 et7ret> wo* to make a long story , 71, 2. 

123. The infinitive may be used for the imperative; e.g. 
fjtrj KoXkeiv avrov oKfiiov don’t call him happy. 

124. The infinitive is rarely used to express a wish. In 
this use the infinitive may be thought to be the complement 
of some word (like 60s grant) understood; e.g. eKyeveadcu poi 
TeLaacrdcu * Ad^vaiovs may it be possible for me to punish the 
Athenians , 151, 18. 

125. The infinitive is used after it plv or irplv 7/ before , when the 
main clause is affirmative; e.g. irplv rj ^apprjrLxov paaiKevaai. 
before Psammetichus became king , 92, 10; irplv peyaXovs yeveaOat, 
tous Ilepaas before the Persians became great , 64, 28. 

126. The infinitive is used in indirect discourse with many 
verbs of saying , thinking , and the like, each tense of the infini¬ 
tive representing the same tense of the corresponding verb in 
the direct discourse. 

(a) A present infinitive may represent an imperfect, and 
a perfect infinitive a pluperfect indicative. 

The Participle 

127. The Participle is a verbal adjective and has three 
main uses: 

1. Attributive, modifying a substantive; ra hoLKeovra Wvea 
the inhabiting tribes. 

2. Circumstantial, denoting some attendant circumstance 
(see §§ 129, 130). 

3. Supplementary, completing the meaning of a verb 

(see §§ 131-137). r , . , , 

128. The attributive participle is often used with the article, 
with the substantive omitted (Substantive Use of the Parti¬ 
ciple). Such participles must often be translated by relative 
clauses, often by substantives; e.g. ra yevopeva the occurrences , 
49, 2; 6 prjvvaas the man who revealed , 55, 20; tuv tot e eovrcov 
of the men who lived then , 56, 2. 

(a) Herodotus often uses a participle with a substantive, 
where a verbal noun with a genitive, or an infinitive with 


34 


HERODOTUS 


subject accusative, would be more regular; e.g. per a 2o\wv a 
olxopevov after the departure of Solon , 60, io. 

129. The circumstantial participle qualifies a verb by 
setting forth some circumstance under which its action takes 
place. It may denote time , means , cause , manner , condition , 
concession , purpose; sometimes it is preliminary to the main 
verb, where the relation is merely one of sequence of actions. 
The relation in general is determined by the context, but 
is often made clear by a modifying adverb or particle. 

(a) The particles are, ola, ware, with the participle show 
that it has a causal force; e.g. ware ravra voplfav inasmuch as 
he thought this , 52, 16; ola iraiboiv ot inrapxbvruv since he had 
children , 70, 18; are brjporrjv eovra since he was a man of the 
people , no, 29. 

(b) The particle icaLirep shows that the participle has a 
concessive force; e.g. Kaiirep eb)v ev kclkco rocrovrcp although he 
was in so great misery , 64, 13. 

(c) The particle ws shows that the participle sets forth the 
thought or intention of the subject of the main verb, or of 
some other person prominently mentioned, without implicating 
the speaker or writer. It may be translated, on the ground 
that , in the belief that , as if , or, with a future participle, with 
the (avowed, but often also real) intention of. It is often a 
substitute for a clause in indirect discourse; e.g. XPV^PV Ki^brj'h w 
ttl(tvvol, ws brj e^avbpaTrobtovpevoi rovs Teyer/ras trusting a false 
oracle , that they would , forsooth , reduce the Tegeates to slavery , 
73 ) 5 * 

(< d ) A circumstantial participle denoting time is sometimes 
accompanied by an adverb of time; e.g. clvtUcl evdovn as soon 
as he was asleep , 60, 12; apa \eycov ravra ear/paLue roifsi 8 opv- 
ipopoun at the same time that he said this , he signed to his spear- 
bearers, 86, 7. 

(e) The future participle is used to denote purpose, espe¬ 
cially after verbs of motion; e.g. Wee tls ayye\euv some one 
ran to tell the news , 63, 26. 

(/) Some temporal participles have adverbial force; e.g. 
rekevroiv finally , 129, 25. 

130. When a circumstantial participle refers to some person 
or thing not included in the main construction of the sentence, 


INTRODUCTION 


35 


the noun and participle stand in the genitive absolute; e.g. 
apiracravTos avTOv 'EXkvTjv when he had carried off Helen. See 
also example under § 129, a. 

(a) When a verb has no personal subject (impersonal verb), 
it may stand in the accusative absolute (see § 80.) 

131. The supplementary Participle is either (1) not in 
indirect discourse, or (2) in indirect discourse. 

(a) The supplementary participle agrees with the subject 
when the verb is intransitive or passive; with the object when 
the verb is transitive. 

Not in Indirect Discourse 

132. Many verbs take the supplementary participle to com¬ 
plete their meaning, where an infinitive might be expected. 
Among such verbs are those signifying to begin, end, stop, 
endure, try, continue, allow; e.g. tov avdpa ttolvgov tclvtcl iroLcvvTa 
stop the man doing this, 141, 4. 

(a) Herodotus uses Trtipaopai try, TrepLopaco allow , avkxopa1 
endure, with either the complementary infinitive or the supple¬ 
mentary participle. 

( b ) tclvo), meaning prevent, takes the complementary infini¬ 
tive; e.g. 77 piv TravaeL K<XTa<TTpk\J/a(jdaL which will prevent him 
from subduing, 172, 12. 

133. Verbs of perceiving, when they denote the act or state 
perceived, take the supplementary participle not in indirect 
discourse. The participle is used similarly to the object 
(complementary) infinitive, and the tenses differ only as the 
same tenses of the infinitive differ; the aorist, therefore, 
denotes mere occurrence; e.g. cos el 8 e kiriovTa tov Ueporrjv when 
he saw the Persian approaching, 77 ? 7 ? i 8 &v nva Kara^avra 
when he saw a man descend, 76, 10. 

(a) Verbs of finding and detecting are similarly used. 

134 - Tvyx&vw {Kvp'eoi) happen, Xavdavcc escape notice, cpdava) 
anticipate, regularly take a supplementary participle, which 
contains the main idea; e.g. Tvyxhvei s eicyovos ktov you are, as it 
happens, the son, 61, 10; (povka tov 7 rai 56 s eXavdave fiocrKuv he 
was unwittingly maintaining the slayer of his son, 64, 4; 
( 3 ov\op,evoL <pdijvcLL cunKopevoL wishing to arrive first , 159 ? I2 » F° r 
the tense of the participle, see § 99 b. 


IIKUOnOTOS 


36 


135. Willi Homo verbs meaning go or come, the supple¬ 
mentary participle specifies the manner of going or coming 
and con tains the main idea; e.g. otx*<rO m AirorMourafi to go 
sailing off, 50, 4; otyno as he had gone off with (as a thief), 

97 > '*• 

(a) llomer and Herodotus use ftalvw and its compounds 
similarly ; e.g. Karkfiaiv$ ntXtkw he ended with the order, 86, 11. 

136. With verbs expressing joy, sorrow, repentance, and the 
like, a supplementary participle often indicates the cause of 
I In' emotion; e.g. gr 1 ridXijalu ol rdv 'EXX^orrr orrou gcumYaxrcu'ri 
he repented scourging the Hellespont , 172, 18. 

In Indirect Discourse 

137. ’The supplementary participle is used in indirect dis¬ 
course with verbs signifying to know , learn, see, find, show , 
appear, prove, etc.; e.g. rbv old a i )ir&ni;avra the man who I know 
began, 51, 17. (For the tense of the participle, see § 100.) 

(a) In Herodotus, the usage with many of these verbs 
varies between the infinitive and the participle; so, commonly, 
with n'l't'O&eojuat learn, inquire; tbplcnao find. 

(h) In Herodotus, hrlorapai (rarely oUa) may mean either 
know or think; in both these meanings, the supplementary 
participle is used, though in the meaning think it also takes 
the infinitive. Ordinarily when verbs meaning know are 
followed by the infinitive, they mean know how . 

(<') falrtoOai with the infinitive means to appear , with no 
indication of the truth of the appearance; with the participle, 
it means to he shown; e.g. faint rat rptvdcaOai he appears to he 
lying (but may be speaking the truth); falrtrai yf/ti^hptros he 
is shown to he lying . 


Complex Sentences 
Moods in Subordinate Clauses 

138. A complex sentence consists of a main clause and one 
or more subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause is intro¬ 
duced by a relative pronoun or by subordinating conjunctions 
such as those meaning if, when, since, that, until , etc. 


JNTttOOfX/nON 


37 


130. A subordinate clause is In primary sequence when It 
depend* upon a primary tonne; In secondary sequence when 
it depend* upon a secondary tense, 

(#) The primary ten*c» are the present, future, perfect, 
future perfect, 

(J) 'Hie secondary tenses are the imperfect, aorlst, plu¬ 
perfect, 

140# There if no ftseh thing in Greek a# the stqutnc/ of 
lenses , as applied to a main and dependent clause; wherever, 
however, a subjunctive I* required In a subordinate clause 
after a primary tense, the optative may be used after a 
secondary tense, 

(#; The Greek* liked to express a purpose, condition, or the 
like, In the form In which It was originally conceived, and so 
the subjunctive Is often found after a secondary tense. This 
is sometime* called Graphic Sequence, 

141. In Indirect discourse, where an indicative for sub¬ 
junctive) would be used in the direct form, and where a finite 
verb Is possible in the Indirect, the optative may be used 
after a secondary tense, but, on the principle of vividness, the 
original indicative for subjunctive) may be retained, 

142. 'H»e mf/A of a subordinate clause closely connected 
with the thought of the clause on which It depends Is often 
assimilated to the mood of that clause. 


Purpose and Object Clauses 

743, Purpose clauses in Herodotus are introduced Ly hex, 
order that; Iva fSrp M order that not , 

and take the subjunctive after primary tenses, the optative 
(or subjunctive) after secondary tenses (see § 140 tf). 

The subjunctive In purpose clauses sometimes takes 
especially with <&# and 

(£) Occasionally (to*) is used with the optative in 
purpose clauses after a secondary tense (see 14/0 5 )I 
Instance (82, 16) Herodotus uses It after a primary tense. 
These may all be explained as potential optatives, 

144. Relative clauses of purpose arc expressed by the future 
indicative. 


38 


HERODOTUS 


145. Object clauses with verbs of fearing, or equivalent 
expressions, are introduced by /X17 that , lest; /X77 ou that not , and 
take the subjunctive after primary tenses, the optative (or 
subjunctive) after secondary tenses (see § 140 a). 

146. Object clauses after verbs of effort, meaning to plan , 
take care , he on one's guard , and the like, are introduced by 
6/ccos (rarely cos) and take the future indicative after both 
primary and secondary tenses. 

(a) Sometimes object clauses are expressed like purpose 
clauses, and take 6/ccos (cos) with the subjunctive or optative 
(see § 143). . , , _ 

{b) For a>< tt€ with the infinitive after a verb of effort, see 

§ 153 * . , 

147. Certain verbs which usually have the complementary 
infinitive may take o/ccos with the future indicative as their 
object. Such verbs are those signifying command , persuade , 
ask , etc.; e.g. e5eero o/ccos r)%ei he begged him to return , 138, 15* 

148. Certain verbs not included in those given in §§ 146 and 
147 sometimes take o/ccos with the future indicative, where the 
construction may be explained by analogy or by assuming 
that a verb of effort is understood; e.g. airo( 3 a\e o/ccos UV 
throw it away (taking care) that it may not return , 119, 4. 

Result Clauses 

149. Result clauses are introduced by c bare (rarely cos) 
so that , and take either the infinitive or a finite verb. 

150. When the infinitive is used with coo-re, it denotes a 
natural or anticipated result, whether or not it actually occurs. 

151. When the indicative is used with coo-re, the actual 
occurrence of the result is indicated. 

(a) Sometimes a relative pronoun takes the place of c60-re 
in such clauses. 

152. cocrre means properly and so, and thus may be followed 
by any form of the verb that may be used in an independent 
sentence; i.e. the potential optative, a past tense of the 
indicative with av, the imperative, or the hortatory, pro¬ 
hibitory, or deliberative subjunctive. 

153. Occasionally Herodotus uses a clause with coo-re instead 
of an object clause with o/ccos after a verb of effort (see § 146). 


INTRODUCTION 


39 


Conditional Sentences 

154. A conditional sentence commonly consists of a sub¬ 
ordinate clause introduced by if (protasis), and a main clause 
containing the conclusion (apodosis). 

(a) The protasis may be an indefinite relative or temporal 
clause, and in general is expressed exactly like the correspond¬ 
ing if clause. 

155. The condition is introduced by el if, oans whoever, 
kirel whenever), or similar words. 

156. If the subjunctive is required in the protasis, the adverb 
av is regularly used. In Herodotus ei + becomes 7? v, 
eire'i + av becomes erreav. 

(This use of av must be carefully distinguished from that 
with the optative or past indicative in independent clauses, 
as explained §§ 105, 106, 113.) 

(a) Herodotus occasionally omits av. 

157. The negative in the condition is always fir]’, in the 
conclusion it is regularly ov. But if the verb of the conclusion 
is in a construction requiring fir] (e.g. an imperative or horta¬ 
tory subjunctive), that form of the negative is used. 

158. Conditional sentences are classified as— 

1. Simple Present and Past conditions. 

2. Unreal Present and Past conditions. 

3. More Vivid Future conditions. 

4. Less Vivid Future conditions. 

5. Present General conditions. 

6. Past General conditions. 

159. Simple present or past conditions state a supposition 
with no implication as to its fulfillment. The indicative is 
used in the condition; in the conclusion any form of the simple 
sentence may be used. 

160. Unreal conditions imply that the supposition is con¬ 
trary to a known fact. The conclusion states what would be, 
or would have been, if the condition were or had been realized. 
The condition is expressed by ei with the imperfect or aorist 
indicative, the conclusion by the imperfect or aorist indicative 
with av. The imperfect refers to the present, or to a repeated 
or habitual past action, the aorist to a single occurrence in 
the past; e.g. ei eldes, av edavfia^es if you had seen, you would be 


40 


HERODOTUS 


amazed, , 74, II. el abral ^obXovro, ovk Hv fairtfovro if they 
had not themselves wished it (in the several instances), they 
would not have been carried off, 5 1 , 4 - . . 

161. Future conditions set forth a future supposition with 
more or less vividness. The conclusion of the future more 
vivid condition sets forth what will happen if the condition 
is fulfilled; the conclusion of the less vivid future condition 
states what would happen, if the condition should be fulfilled. 

162. In Future more vivid conditional sentences, the condi¬ 

tion is expressed by rjviocrns av, erveav, etc.) with the subjunc¬ 
tive, the conclusion by any future form; e.g. r\v ( 3 ov\y rreldeadcu, 
ap£eis if you wish to obey , you will rule , 89, 15. to av rrpoedeco, 
jjLrjda/jLoos irapaxp^V ™ hat 1 command you, by no means dis¬ 
regard, 81, 8; erreav (ttLxVi a0L when she comes, let it be 

your concern, 53, 12. . 

163. When a future condition expresses strong feeling im¬ 
plying admonition or threat, it is often expressed by el with 
the future indicative (Minatory or Monitory protasis); e.g. 
el xP^o-fle rporru rco elprjpevco, kirloTaode otl airoXeeoOe if you use 
the method mentioned, know that you will die, 127, 25. 

164. A peculiar form of condition with no conclusion ex¬ 
pressed is found in Herodotus, as in Homer, where rjv with the 
subjunctive may be translated on the chance that, in the hope 
that; the implied apodosis usually expresses purpose. 

(a) After secondary tenses, the condition may be expressed 
by el with the optative. 

165. In future less vivid conditions, the condition is 
expressed by el (rarely by relative or temporal conjunctions) 
with the optative, the conclusion by the optative with av 
(Potential Optative), e.g. el ns avWoylaaiTO, (pavelrj av if any one 
should consider, it would appear, 107, 21. 

166. Generalizing conditions refer to an act or series of acts 
supposed to occur with indefinite frequency. The conclusion 
states a general truth or an habitual action. 

167. In present general conditional sentences, the condition 
is expressed by r\v ( ocrns av, erreav, etc.) with the subjunctive, 
the conclusion by the present indicative or an equivalent; e.g. 
rjv emfiakriTai cnypara tpa, ovk e£eori tovtov axpaadac if he puts 
upon himself sacred marks, it is not permissible to touch him, 94, 


INTRODUCTION 


41 


23; eireav decovraL xpcicrflcu, evravvowi whenever they want to use 
it , they stretch it , 111, 14. 

168. In past general conditional sentences, the condition 

is expressed by d (oKore when , o/ccos when , ocrns whoever , etc.) 
with the optative, the conclusion by the imperfect indicative 
or an equivalent; e.g. o/ccos /caAeoi, ecoflee (poirav whenever she 
summoned , A/? in fA* of going, 53, 29; o/core crv^Layoiev, 

airooWvvTo whenever they joined battle , they perished , 98, 15. 

Temporal Clauses 

169. Temporal clauses are introduced by temporal con¬ 
junctions or relative expressions of time, such as kweL, okote, 
when , ctxpt (ou), « 6, 7rptj/, nnfrV. 

170. Present and past temporal clauses take the indicative, 
when there is reference to definite present or past time. 

171. Temporal clauses referring to the future or to indefi¬ 

nite frequency in present time take the subjunctive with av. 
(Cf. §§ 162, 167.) . . 

(a) Herodotus often omits av in these clauses, especially in 
those introduced by until. <pv\acrareLV axpt ov TeXevrrivy to keep 
watch until he dies , 86, 28. 

172. Temporal clauses referring to indefinite past time, or 
corresponding to less vivid future conditions, take the optative. 

(Cf. §§ 165, 168.) 

Indirect Discourse 

173. In indirect discourse we have a quoted statement or 
thought. The quoted statement may be introduced by oti 
that , or there may be no introductory word but the principal 
verb of the quotation may be (1) in the infinitive; (2) in the 
participle. The construction is determined by the character 
of the leading verb. 

(a) Verbs of saying take either the infinitive or on. In the 
common usage, ^77/xt takes the infinitive, etirov the clause with 
on, \e7c0 either construction. Herodotus prefers the infinitive 
with \e7c0. Irregularities in his usage will be pointed out as 
they occur. 

(b) Verbs of thinking and believing regularly take the infini¬ 
tive. 


42 


HERODOTUS 


(c) Verbs of knowing , perceiving , hearing , showing , finding , 
regularly take the participle or the on construction. Herodo¬ 
tus uses the infinitive also with most of these verbs. 

Simple Sentences 

174. When the infinitive or participle is used in indirect 
discourse, the tense is always the same as that of the form it 
represents in the direct discourse; except that a present 
infinitive or participle may represent the imperfect, as well 
as the present, and a perfect infinitive or participle may 
represent the pluperfect, as well as the perfect. An optative 
or indicative with av in a main clause is represented by the 
same tense of the infinitive or participle, but av must be retained. 

175. In indirect quotations introduced by ort (cos), the verb 
of the direct form remains unchanged in mood and tense after 
primary tenses; after secondary tenses, an indicative (except 
an indicative with av ) or subjunctive of the direct is changed 
to the same tense of the optative or (on the principle explained 
in § 141) the mood may remain unchanged. An indicative 
with av and an optative with av is retained. 

(a) Occasionally a present (or perfect) indicative of the 
direct becomes an imperfect (or pluperfect) indicative in the 
indirect quotation, when it is a statement of fact by the writer 
independent of the quotation. 

Complex Sentences 

176. When a complex sentence passes into indirect dis¬ 
course, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple 
sentence and stands, according to its leading verb (see § 173), in 
a finite mood after otl (cos), in the infinitive, or in the participle. 

177. Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse properly 
require a finite verb and follow the rule for indirect quotations 
introduced by on (cos); after a primary tense the original 
mood and tense is retained; after a secondary tense the verb 
may be changed to the same tense of the optative or may be 
retained unchanged; except that subordinate verbs in the 
imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect indicative regularly remain 
unchanged. 


INTRODUCTION 


43 


{a) When a subjunctive with av is changed to the optative, 
av is always dropped; in that case r\v becomes el, kireav becomes 
cxet, etc. 

(b) In Herodotus the distinction between principal and 
subordinate clauses is often lost sight of and the infinitive is 
found in subordinate clauses in indirect discourse. For 
examples, see 56 ,30; 77, 25; 97, 11; etc. 

Indirect Questions 

178. Indirect questions are introduced by interrogative pro¬ 
nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, indefinite relative pronouns 
and adverbs (sometimes, in Herodotus, by simple relatives), 
and by such interrogative words as ei whether , Korepov ( Korepa ) 

. . . rj whether ... or, and follow the rules that govern 
indirect quotations after on (cos) (see § 17S)* It should be 
observed that if a subjunctive occurs in an indirect question, 
it would also occur in the direct (i.e. in a deliberative question) 
and that an optative in an indirect question after a past tense 
may represent either an indicative or a subjunctive of the 
direct. An optative with av in an indirect question is always 
a potential optative, unchanged from the direct form. 

Negative Sentences 

179. There are two negative particles, ov and prj; ov is used 
in declarations, pi] where the negation is willed or thought of. 
The same rule applied to compound negatives. 

(a) In questions ov expects the answer yes (Lat. nonne) ; pi] 
expects the answer no (Lat. num). 

180. The subjunctive and imperative always take the nega¬ 
tive pi ]; the indicative and optative take pi] in final and object 
clauses with tv a, cos, o/ccos, in indefinite relative clauses, and all 
clauses expressing a wish, purpose, or condition; the infinitive 
when not in indirect discourse takes pi]; the participle takes 
pij when it expresses a condition or refers to an indefinite 
person or thing. Otherwise ov is used. 

181. Verbs and expressions of negative meaning, such as 
deny , refuse , hinder , when followed by the infinitive, often 
take a redundant pi] to emphasize the negative meaning of the 


44 


HERODOTUS 


leading verb. Such a verb, if itself negatived, may take 
firj ov with the infinitive. Both negatives are in this case 
redundant; e.g. e<pv\a£e tclvtcl pi] Trapafiaiveiv he guarded against 
transgressing this , 72, 20; e^apvos rjv pi] airoKTeivai he denied that 
he had killed , 125, 3. (The last sentence, if the leading verb 
were negatived, might be expressed: ovk e^apvos rjv pi] ovk 
cnvoKTeivai). 

{a) Occasionally Herodotus uses {bare with the infinitive 
after such verbs, instead of the simple infinitive. In such 
cases the infinitive may take pi] or pi] ov on the principle indi¬ 
cated above. 

182. Any infinitive that would take pi] may take pi] ov if 
the verb on which it depends is itself negatived. Here ov is 
redundant; e.g. ovk oIkos eon ’A drjvaiovs pi] ov bovvcu SIkcis it is 
not fitting that the Athenians should fail to pay the penalty , 
162, 4. 

{a) Similarly a participle that would take pi] may take pi] ov 
after verbs or expressions that are negatived. 

183. If, in the same clause, one or more compound negatives 
follow a simple negative, the first negative is confirmed, and 
not, as in our idiom, contradicted. 

EXPLANATION OF SOME GRAMMATICAL 
AND RHETORICAL TERMS 

Anacoluthon . A shift of construction in a sentence generally 
causing some word in it to have no proper construction. 
For example see 52, 6ff. 

Anaphora. The repetition of the same word at the beginning 
of successive clauses; e.g. (povevs pev tov eoovrov abe\<peov 
yevopevo s, (povevs be tov KadijpavTOs , 64, 20 . 

Anastrophe. The shifting of the accent from the ultima to the 
penult in oxytone prepositions. It occurs (a) when the 
preposition follows its case; ( h) when the preposition 
stands for a compound formed of the preposition and 
eon; e.g. ^eLvLrjs xepi, 75, 16; ovre to fiovkeoOai Tvapa 
(• TTCLpeOTL ), 63, 14. 

Apocope. The cutting off of a final short vowel before an 
initial consonant, av for ava , kot for /card, 7 rap for 


INTRODUCTION 


45 


irapa, etc. Final v and r are assimilated to a following 
consonant; e.g. aju/Scocras for aval 3 do(ras, 52, 25. 

Apodosis. The conclusion of a conditional or relative clause; 
in general, the principal clause of a sentence as opposed 
to a subordinate or introductory clause. 

Asyndeton. The omission of a connective in a sentence of 
connected discourse. This usually occurs when a sentence 
is ( a ) a summary of the preceding sentence or (b) is added 
in explanation of it. Herodotus often has asyndeton 
when (c) a sentence begins with a form of ovtos. For 
examples, see 49, 19; 50, 4; 62, 24. 

Brachylogy. Brevity in speech. Applied commonly to an 
abridged or condensed comparison; e.g. ttovol tu xOtfv 
TrapaTr\rj(TLOL hardships similar to (those of) yesterday , 90, 22. 

Chiasmus. A reversal of the order of words in corresponding 
pairs of phrases. For an example, see 64, 27. 

Crasis. See Dialect § 18. 

Epanalepsis. The repetition of a word or words in a sentence, 
often after a digression or a parenthesis. For an example, 
see 93, 23. 

Epexegetic. Added in way of explanation. See Epexegetic 
Infinitive, Synt. §119. 

Hyperbaton. A transposition of words in a sentence; e.g. 
avev re 8 o\ov Kai axarr/s for avev 8 o\ov re /cat axar^s, 75? I2 * 

Hysteron Proteron. A reversal of the natural order of two 
successive occurrences. 

Litotes. The denial of a statement instead of the assertion of 
the contrary; e.g. ovk ok'iya for xoAAa. 

Metathesis. Transposition of letters or sounds for the sake of 
euphony. 

Meiosis. Understatement or disparagement of the truth for 
the sake of enhancing it. 

Oxytone. A word with the acute accent on the last syllable. 

Parataxis. Coordination: when a clause logically sub¬ 
ordinate to another is made coordinate with it; e.g. vv% 
re eyLvero ical o'l . . . kveficuvov, instead of 4 when night 
came, they . . . went on board/ 192, 25. 

Prolepsis. Anticipation: when the subject of a dependent 
clause is anticipated and made the object of a verb of the 


46 


HERODOTUS 


principal clause; e.g. paduv rov Xpepduos davarov, cos 

KpVTTTOLTO , 120 , 28 . . . 

Tmesis. The separation by one or more words of a preposition 
from the verb with which it belongs in an adverbial 
relation; e.g. cL 7 rd 5 ’ Wave , I 59 > 4 * 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 


The most important editions of Herodotus are those of 

Heinrich Stein, Herodotos erkldrt mil einer Einleitung iiber Leben, Werk, 
und Dialekt, 5(8) vols. Berlin, 1884 and later. 

R. W. Macan, Herodotus, the fourth, fifth, and sixth books, with introduc¬ 
tion, commentary, appendices, etc. 2 vols. Macmillan and Company, 
1895; Herodotus, the seventh, eighth, and ninth books, with introduc¬ 
tion, commentary, appendices, etc. 2 vols. Macmillan and Company, 
1908. 

A. W. Sayce, Ancient Empires of the East, Herodotus, I—III, with notes, 
introduction, and appendices. Macmillan and Company, 1883. 

W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentary of Herodotus, with introduction 
and appendixes, 2 vols. Clarendon Press, 1912. 

An edition often consulted and referred to in the notes is 
that of 

C. F. Smith and A. G. Laird, Herodotus, Books VII and VIII, edited with 
introduction and notes. American Book Company, 1908. 

For works on ancient history and the value of Herodotus 
historically, besides the introductions and appendices of 
Macan in the editions above listed, which are of the utmost 
value, the student is referred to: 

The Cambridge Ancient History, edited by J. B. Bury and others. Cam¬ 
bridge, The University Press, 1923 and later. 

J. B. Bury, A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, 2 vols. 
(1902), 1 vol. (1913). Macmillan and Company. 

G. W. Botsford, Hellenic History. Macmillan and Company, 1922. 

J. H. Breasted, Ancient Times, a History of the Ancient World. Ginn and 
Company, 1916. 

J. T. Shotwell, Introduction to the History of History. Columbia University 
Press, 1923. 

Joseph Wells, Studies in Herodotus. B. Blackwell, Oxford, 1923. 


47 



oOZ o09 oOS 0 Ofr oOe oQZ 



o09 oOS oOfr oOe oOZ 



































HPOAOTOT 

TOT 

AAIKAPNH22E02 I2T0PIH 


BOOK I 

Title and Purpose of the Work 
'Hpo5orou 'AXiKapvrjaaeos iaTOpir]s arrode^is ride, cos prjTe 
ra yevopeva e£ avOpcorccov too xpovoo ^IrrfKa yevrjTai, prjTe 
epya peyaXa re Kai dcopaaTa, tcl pev e 'E WrjaL, ra de (3ap- 
fiapoicn curodex^evTa, a/cXea yevr)Tai, tcl re aXXa Kai dS 
rjv aiTiriv ewoKepriaav a XX^Xoun. 

Origin of the Quarrel between the East and the West 
II epaecov pev vvv ol X 07 101 Qolvikcls cutlovs (joaci 
yeveadai rrjs dcacjooprjs' tovtovs yap curd rrjs ? E pvOprjs 
Ka\eopevr)S 6a\aaar]s cunKopevovs erri Tr\vde tt}v OaKaaaav 
Kai oUrjaavTas tovtov tov x&P 0V t ° v kcl ' l v ® v oUeovcn , 
avTLKa vavTLXirjcn paKpfjat emdeadai, arrayiveovras 5e 
(froprla kiyvTTTia re Kai ’Aaavpia rfj re aWrj kaaTvinveeadai 
Kai drj Kai es ,r Apyos. to de ,r Apyos tovtov tov xp' ovov 
TTpoelx e 'hiracji tcov ev rfj vvv 'EXXach KaXeopevrj x&PU- 
cunKopevovs de tovs <£>om/cas es dfj to ’ Apyos tovto diaTi- 
OeaOai tov cjoopTOV. TvepivTip de 77 e/cr# rjpepri cur’ r)S 
cutlkovto, e^epiroXiripevoov cr<j)i crxedov ttclvtojv, ekdelv erri 
ttjv OaXacraav yvvalKas aXXas re 7 roXXas Kai drj Kai tov 
fia<n\eos OvyaTepa * to de ol ovvopa elvai, /card tcovto to 
Kai "E Wrives \eyov<n, ’lovv rrjv ’Ivaxov. rauras aracras 
/card Trpvpvrjv Trjs veos coveeadai tcov cjyopTtcov tcov acjot rjv 

49 


5 

10 

15 

20 


50 


HERODOTUS 


Ovpos paXuara, nal tovs Qo'uvunas buaneXevaapevovs opprjaau 
€ 7 r’ auras, ras pev brj irXevvas ruv yvvaun&v airo^vyelv, 
ttjv be 7 lovv avv aXXrjau aprraaOrjvau * eafiaXopevovs be es 
ttjv vea olxeadau airoTXeovras €7r ? Aiyvirrov. ourco pev 
5 ? IoD^ €S Aiyvirrov airuneaOau Xeyovau Uepaau, ovn ws 
"EXX rjz'es, /cal rco/' abunrjparoov rrpcbrov rovro ap£ar pera 
be ravra 'EXXrjvoiv ruvas (ov yap exovau rovvopa airrj- 
yrjaaaOau ) <f>aoi rrjs $ ouvunrjs es T vpov irpoaaxbvras 
apiraaau rod fiaauXeos rrjv Ovyarepa Evpuirrjv. elrjaav 
10 5’ av ovrou Kprjres. ravra pev brj la a irpos la a a(j)i 
yeveaQai' pera be ravra tr EXXrjvas auruovs rrjs bevreprjs 
abunurjs yeveaOau. narairXuaavras yap paKpfi vrju es 
Alav re rrjv KoX%l5a /cal erru <£a aiv irorapov, evOevrev, 
buairprj^apevovs /cal raXXa r&v euvenev airunaro, apiraaau 
15 rod 1 Qaaikeos rrjv Ovyarepa Mrjbeurjv. rrepypavra be rov 
K oKxov es rrjv 'EXXd5a nrjpvna aureeuv re bunas rrjs 
apirayrjs /cal airaureeuv rrjv Ovyarepa * rovs be vironpuvaaOau 
cbs ovbe eneuvou ? Ious rrjs 7 Apyeurjs eboaav (rcjru bunas rrjs 
apirayrjs' ovbe oov avrou boiaeiv eneuvoucru . bevrepT\ be 
20 Xeyovau yevefj pera ravra 7 AXe^avbpov rov Epuapov 
anrjnoora ravra eOeKrjaau oi en rrjs EXXabos bu apirayrjs 
yeveaOau yvvalna , emarapevov iravroos on ov boxreu bunas' 
ovbe yap eneuvovs bubovau. ourco brj apiracravros avrov 
'E Xevrjv rouau "EXXrjau bo£au irpurov irepxpavras ayyeXovs 
25 airaureeuv re 'E Xevrjv /cal bunas rrjs apirayrjs aureeuv. rovs 

be irpoiaxopevoov ravra irpo4>epeuv acfru ALrjbeurjs rrjv apira- 
yrjv, cos ov bovres avrou bunas ovbe enbovres airaureovruv 
I SouXolaro acjru Trap 7 aXXoov bunas yuveaOau. p^XP 1 pev &v 
’ rovrov apirayas povvas elvau irap 7 aXXrjXwv, ro be airo 
30 rovrov ,r EXXrjvas brj peyaXcos auruovs yeveaOar irporepovs 
yap ap£au arpareveaOau es rrjv 7 Aaurjv rj acjreas es rrjv 


HERODOTUS 


51 


EvpcoTvrjv. to pev vvv aprva^eiv yvvalKas avbpcbv ab'iKoov 
vopi^eiv epyov elvai, to be aprvacrdeicreijov arvovbrjv Tvoirjcra- 
crdcu Tipwpeeiv avorjTCOV, to be prjbepLav coprjv exeti> aprva- 
crOeicrei>jv aaxfrpbvaiv' brjka yap 5 rj otl, el prj avTat ej 3 ov- 
kovTO, ovk av rjpTra^ovTO. crcjreas pev brj tovs e/c tt)s ’A oLrjs 
keyoven Hepcrai aprva^opevwv tcov yvvaiK&v koyov ovbeva 
Tvoirjcracrdai, "Ekkrivas be AaKebaipovlrjs eLvenev yvvaiKos 
crTokov peyav crwayelpai /cal ei retra ekdovTas es Trjv 
’Act lt]v tt]v Hpiapov bvvapiv KaTeke'iv. ano tovtov aiei 
7 ]y 7 ]aaadaL to ^EkkrjviKov crcfriGi elvai tv okepiov. Trjv yap 
’AoLrjv /cal ra evoiKeovTa Wve a fiapfiapa oiKr]ievvTai ol 
Hepcrai, Trjv be EvpcoTrjv /cal to 'E kkrjviKov rjyrjvTai 
Kexwp'icrQai. 

Oi/rco pev Hepcrai keyOvai yeveoOai, /cal bia Trjv ’IAtou 
akoscnv evpLoKovai acfricn eovaav Trjv apxv v T V S ^X^P 7 ? 5 T V S 
es tovs "Ekkrjvas. eYcb be rvepl pev tovtuv ovk epxopai 
epeoov cos ourcos rj aAAcos /ccos TaOra eyeveTO, tov 5e olba 
avTOS Trp&TOV V 7 rap<~avTa abiKaiv epycov es tovs f, EAA rjvas, 
tovtov orjprjvas tv pofirjaopai es to wpoao) tov koyov, 
opolcos crpiKpa Kal peyaka aarea avdp&Tvcov erve^ioiv. 
ra yap to rvakai peyaka rjv, ra rvokka avT&v crpiKpa 
yeyove, rd Se ex’ e^teu ^ peyaka, tv poTepov rjv apiKpa. 
Trjv avd ponvrjirjv cov eTLCTTapevos evbaipovirjv ovbapa ev 
t&vtco pevovaav ervipvrjcropai apcfroTepuv opoLws. 

Lydian History 

Croesus the First to Reduce Greeks to Submission 

Kpotcros rjv Avbos pev yevos, 7rats be AAuarreco, 
Tvpavvos be eOvecov t&v evTOS '’Akvos rvoTapov, os pewv aivo 
pecrap(3pirjs peTa^v IjvpLcvv re /cat nac^Aa'yoz'cot' e^iei rvpos 
j Soprjv avepov es tov Ev&lvov Kakeopevov tvovtov. ovtos o 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


52 


HERODOTUS 


K polaos fiapfiapaiv wp&Tos t&p rjpels 18 pep tovs pep nare- 
CTpe\paTO 'EXX^i'coz' es 4 >opov awayajyrjp, tovs 8 e (fiiXovs 
wpoaewoirjdaTo. Kar€arpe\paTO pep "Iwi'as re Kal A loXeas 
Kal Acopieas tovs ep Trj ? Adly, (p'lXovs 8e wpoaewoiijaaTO 
5 AaKebaipop'iovs. wpo 8e Trjs K poiaov a px??s waPTes f/ EX- 

Xrjves TjGCLV eXevOepoi. to yap Kippepioop dTpaTevpa to 
€7 ri Trjp ? Ic cp'irjp awiKopepop, KpoLaov hop wpea/3vTepop , ov 
KaTaaTpo^yr] eyepeTo t&p woXLcop, aXX’ e£ ewibpoprjs 
apwayrj. 

Story of Gyges 

10 *H 8e rjyepopirj ourco wepirjXOe, eovaa 'Hpa/cXetSecoi', es 
to yevos to Kpotcrou, KaXeopepovs 8e M eppva8as. rjv 
J£ap8avXrjs, top ol "EXX^es M.vpaLXop opopa^ovai, Tvpap- 
pos Xapbicop, awbyopos 8e ’AX/catou tov 'Hpa/cXeos. ovtos 
8rj vop 6 KapbavXrjs rjpaadrj Trjs ecovTov yvpaiKos , epaaOels 
15 8e epopi^e ol elpai yvpalKa woXXop waaeoop KaXXidTrjp . 
a>< 7 re 5e raura poplfap, rjp yap ol tup aIxpocfropoiP Tvyrjs 
o Aa (TkvXov apeaKopepos paXidTa, tovtco t< 2> Tvyrj ical ra 
dwovbaiedTepa t&p wprjypaToop vwepeTideTO o KapbavXrjs 
Kal 8rj Kal to el8os Trjs yvpaiKos vwepewaipewp. XP^ V0V 
20 8e ov woXXov bieXdbpTos, XPW 7 ap KapbavXrj yepeadai 
KaK&s, eXeye wpos top Yvyrjp Toiabe * Yvyrj, ov yap ae 
boKeoi weWeddal pot XeyoPTi wepl tov eibeos Trjs yvpaiKos 
(cora yap Tvyx&Pei apdpdowoiai eoPTa awidTOTepa bcj)daX- 
p&p), wolei okojs eKeiprjp Oerjdeal yvpprjp. o 8e peya 
25 ap/3&aas elwe • AeawoTa, tip a Xeyeis Xoyop ovk vyiea, 
KeXevcop pe beawoipap Trjp eprjp derjaaadai yvpprjp ; apa 
8e kiO&pl eKbvopepo) dvpeKbveTat Kal Trjp a1800 yvprj. waXai 
8 e ra KaXa apdpuwoiai e^evprjTai, e/c t&p papdapeip 8el’ 
ep t o'Lai ep ro5e eaTi, dKoweeip Tipa ra ecouroO. ey& 8e 
30 weldopai eKelprjp elpai waaeoop yvpaiK&p KaXXldTrjPj Kal aeo 


HERODOTUS 


53 


beopai p'i 7 beeadai avopcov. 6 pev brj \eycov tolcwtcl aire- 
juaxero, appoobecov prj tl ol e£ avTCov yevrjrcu nanov. o 5 ’ 
apeifteTO TOiGibe' 0a paei, Yvyrj y Kal prj fyofiev pyre epe, 
cos <j eo ireipoopevos Xeyco \byov Tovbe, prjre yvvouKa tijv 
eprjv, pi] tl Tot e£ a vttjs yevrjTai fiXafios' apxh v 7 bp eyco 5 
prjxavrjGopai ovtco coare prjbe paOelv piv b<f>delaav bird aev. 
eyco yap ere es to oiKrjpa ev tco Koipcopeda oiriaOe ttjs 
avoiyopevrjs Ovprj s GTrjcco' pera 5 ’ epe eaeXObvTa irapeGTai 
nal ri yvvrj rj eprj es koItov. /cetrac be ayxov Tijs eerbbov 
dpovos' eirl tovtov tcov IpaTicov /card ev eKaGTov eKbvvovGa 10 
OrjGei Kal /car ’ tjgvxIvjv iroXXrjv irape^ei tol OerjGaGdai. 
eireav be airo tov Opovov gtIxv ex l Trjv evvrjv /card vc otov 
re avTrjs yevrj, aol peXerco to evOevTev okcos prj ere oxf/eTai 
lovTa bia Ovpecov. o pev brj cos ovk ebvvaTO biacj)vyelv y rjv 
eToipos' o be KavbavXrjs , exel eboKee c opr] Tijs kolttjs elvai, is 
r]yaye tov Yvyea es to oiKrjpa, Kal peTa raDra aurt/ca 
iraprjv Kal rj yvvrj * eGeXOovaav be Kal Tidelaav ra ei'para 
edrjelTO o Yvyrjs. cos be /card vcotov eyeveTO lovarjs ttjs 
yvvaiKos es ttjv koItkjv , vireKbvs e%copee e£co. Kal rj yvvrj 
eiropa piv e^iovTa. padovaa be to iroirjOev e/c ro9 avbpos 20 
ovTe aveffcoGe aierxvvOe'iaa ovTe eboi-e paOeiv , ev voco exovera 
Teicreadai tov IZavbavXea' irapa yap toZgi Avbo'iGi, 
axebov be Kal irapa toIgl oXXoigl PapfiapoiGi, Kal avbpa 
ocjoOrjvai yvpvov es aiGXVvrjv peyaXrjv <pepei. TOTe pev 
bi] ourcos ovbev brjXcoGaGa rj (TV X ir i v elx € ‘ be rjpeprj 25 
raxccrra eyeyovee, tcov oUeTecov tovs paXiGTa oopa ttigtovs 
eovTas ecourfj, eTolpovs iroirjGapevrj e/caXee tov Yvyea. o 
be ovbev boKeuv avTrjv tccv irprjxOtVTOOv eiriGTaadai rfkOe 
KaXeopevos' ecodee yap Kal irpoaOe, okcos rj fiaGikeia /caXeoc, 
cfroiTav. cos be o Yvyrjs axc/cero, eXe 7 e rj yvvrj Tabe * 30 
'Nvv tol bvcov obbov irapeovGecov, Yvyrj, blboopi aipeGiv, 


54 


HERODOTUS 


OKorepriv fiovXtai Tpawtadav rj yap KavoavXea diro- 
KTeivas ip't Tt nal rqv {iaai\r)ir}P r VP Avdtop, rj avrbv 
at avrUa ovtco arrodvfiCKtLV Sit, cos av pi) tv 6 .pt a rvtidoptpos 
Kav5av\ri to 0 \ouvov %s ra pi) at Set. aXX’ tjtol 
5 Ktivov yt top TG.VTO. ( 3 ov\tvaapTa ott aTToWvaOai r) at top 
tpt yvppijp dtTjaaptPOP nai rrocrjaapra ov popi^optva. o 
8e Yvyqs recos pip airedupa^t to. Xtyopeva, ptra 8i 
bceTeve pi] piv avayKair) evdeeiv diaKpivai ToiavTrjv aipeaiv. 
ovk 03V dr] eTveiOe, aXX’ &pa avayKairjv dXi^ecos tv po/cet- 
10 pevrjv rj tov decnvoTea arvoXXvvai rj avTov V7r aXXc ov 
aToXXvadai’ atpeerat avTOS rvepielvai. err etpcora dr] Xeyo3V 
rade’ ’Etv el pe avayKa^eis deaTvorea tov epov KreLveiv ovk 
eOeXovTa, 4 >epe a/couaco, real /cat rpoTvco eTVix^PV°' 0 ^ ev aura). 
rj de vToXafiovcra e^r]' ’E k tov avTov pev x^piov rj opprj 
is carat odev tv ep /cat eKelvos epe erv e 5 e£aro yvpvrjv, vtvvc opevo? 
de rj eTLxeipyo'i'S ear at. cos de rjpTvaav ttjv ervi fiovXrjv, 
vvktos yevopevr)s (ov yap epertero 6 Tvyr]s, ovde ot rjv 
cLTaWayi] ovdepia, aXX’ e 5 ee t) avTov arvoXo3Xevai rj 
YLavdavXea) eirveTO es tov daXapov Trj yvvaiKi. /cat piv 
20 eKeivr] eyx^pibiov dove a KaTaKpvrvTei vtvo Trjv a VTrjv dvpr)v. 
Kal pera raura avarvavopevov Kai'SauXeco vrveKdvs re /cat 
arvoKTeivas avTov ea%e Ka ' L T W yvvcuKa Kal Tr]v fia(JiXr)ir}v 
Yvyrjs. eaxe de Trjv (3aaiXrjirjv Kal eKpaTvvdrj e/c tov ev 
AeXc^otat xP r l crTr lp rL0V • ws 7 dp drj oi Avdol deivov ervoievvTO 
25 to Ka^ 5 auXeco tv ados Kal ev 07 rXotat rjaav, avvef 3 r]aav es 
tCcvto ot re tov Tvyeo) araatcorat /cat oi XoltvoI AvdoL, 
rjv pev to xP r ! (TT 'hP l0V CLveXy piv fiaaiXea elvai Avd&v, 
tov de fiacnXeveiv, rjv de pi], arvodovvai oTviaco es 'Hpa/cXet- 
5 as Trjv apxyv. avelXe re dr) to xP r ) ( 7 T 'dP i0V KCLL ^aat- 
30 Xevae oi/rco Tvyrj s. Toaovde pevToi enve i] Tlvdir), cos 
'Hpa/cXetSrjat Ttats rji~e t es tov TvepTVTOv arvoyovov Tu7eco. 


HERODOTUS 


55 


tovtov tov erreos A v8oi re Kal ol paatXkes avTcov Xoyov 
ov8kva kiroievvTo, irpiv 8rj krreTeXk(jQrj. ttjv pkv 8rj Tvpav- 
vl8a ourco ecrx ov 0L MeppvaSac tov s 'Hpa/cAei5as axeXo- 
pevoL, Tvyrjs 8k Tvpavvevaas aTverrepype avadrjpaTa ks 
A eX<fiovs ovk oXlya, aXX’ oaa pkv apyvpov avadrjpaTa, 5 
ecrrt, ol 7r Xeiara kv AeXcjro'lai, rra pe£ 8k tov apyvpov xpvaov 
carXerov avkOrjKe aXXov re Kal rod paXiara pvrjprjv a%iov 
exew kaTi, KprjTrjpks ol apiOpov e£ xpv 0 " 601 a.vaK&aTai. 
earaat 8k ovtoi kv rw KopivOluv Orjaavpco araOpov exovres 
TpirjKOVTa raXavra' aXrjdki 8k Xoycc xP eo >pkvco ov YLopiv- 10 
Oioiv tov 8rjpoalov kcrri 6 Orjaavpos, aXXa K xn[/kXov rov 
’Heruovos. ovtos 8k 6 Tvyrjs irpcoros /3ap(3apoov t&v rjpets 
I8pev ks AeXcjrovs a vkdrjKe avadrjpaTa per a Ml8rjv tov 
T opdle co, Qpvylrjs ftaatXka. avkdrjKe yap 8rj Kal M I8rjs 
tov fiaaCXrjiov dpovov ks tov rrpoKaTL^ccv k8iKa^e, kovTa 15 
a^iodkrjTov KeiTai 8k o Qpbvos ovtos evOa rvep ol tov 
T vye co KprjTrjpes. o 8k xP^cros ovtos Kal o apyvpos, tov 
o Tvyrjs avkdrjKe, vrro AeXcjr&v /caXeerac rirya5as krrl tov 
avadkvTos kwcovvplrjv. 

(After Gyges there ruled in succession his descendants, Ardys, 
Sadyattes, and Alyattes, who extended the Lydian power. During 
a siege of Miletus the temple of Athena was burned and straightway 
Alyattes fell ill. When the priestess of Apollo at Delphi declared 
that the city could not be taken until the temple was restored, 
this oracle was reported secretly to Thrasybulus, ruler of Miletus, 
who by a ruse outwitted the Lydians and saved the city.) 

The Story of Arion 

Ileptai'Spos 8k rjv Ku^eXou 7rats, ovtos o rw Qpaav- 20 
jSouXaj to xP r 1 (7T VP i0V prjvvaas. kTVpaweve 8k o Ueptav- 
8pos Koplvdov tco 8rj Xkyovai Koplvdiot (opoXoykovai 8k 
a<j)L Akafiioi) kv rw /3lgj dcopa pkyiaTov rrapaaTrjvai, 


56 


HERODOTUS 


5 Aplova tov Mr]Ovpva'iov errl beXcjr'ivos e^eveix^Ta eiri 
T aivapov, eovra Ktdapcobbv toiv Tore eovTOiv ovbevos bevTe- 
pov , /cal bidvpappov rcpbiTov avOpanraiv tuv rjpels Ibpev 
TVOL7]GaVTa T€ Kal OVOpaGaVTa KCU bibcL^CLVTCL ev IvopiZ'foo. 
5 tovtov tov ’A piova Xeyovat, TOP iroXXov rod xpovov biaTp'i- 
( 3 ovtcl irapci Heptavbpoi, emOvprjGai rcXoiGat es I TaXtrjv 
re /cal ljueeXirjVj epyaaapevov be xPW^ ra P^ybXa OeXrjaai 
ottio-co es K opivOov amKeadai. oppaadat pev vvv he T apav- 
roSj TTLCTevovTCL be ovbapo'tGi paXXov rj KopivOtotGL ptad gj- 
io aaadai ttXo'lov avbpoiv K opivSioiv' tov s be ev tco ireXayei 
emfiovXeveiv tov ’A piova eKfiaXovTas exetv rd xPW^ra' 
tov be avvevTa tovto Xiaaeadai , xPVP ara P* ev <T< t >L Ttpoi- 
evTaj \pvxyv be TvapaiTeopevov. ovk oiv brj ireideiv clvtov 
tovtolgl, aXXa neXeveiv tovs tt opdpeas rj aMv biaxpacrOai 
15 piv, cos av Ta<t>rj s ev yfj tvxV, V e/C 7 rrjbav es ttjv daXaaaav 
ttjv Tax^rrjv. curetXrjdevTa be tov ’A piova es curoptrjv 
7 r apaiTT]aacrdaij eireibr} Gcjit oi/rco boneoi, irepubelv a vtov 
ev Trj crKevrj rebar] gtclvtcl ev toZgl eboiXioiGt aeccrar 
aeiaas be inrebeiceTO eoovTov KaTepyacreaO at. /cal to'lgl 
20 ecreXOe'iv yap rjbovrjv el peXXoiev aKovaeadat tov apiaTOV 
avQpoiivoiv aotbov, avaxwprjcrai e/c tt}s rrpvpvrjs es pearjv 
vea. tov be evbvvTa re irdaav ttjv GKevrjv /cal XafiovTa ttjv 
KiOapr]Vj GTavTa ev to'cctl ebooXloicri bte^eXde'iv vopov tov 
opdioVj TeXevToivTOS be tov vopov ptyai piv es ttjv OaXaaaav 
25 eoovTov cos elx^ gvv Trj GKevfj rraGr\. Kal tovs pev arrorvXeeiv 
es K opivdov, tov be beXcj)Iva Xeyovert vtt oXafiovTa e£ ) eve'iKai 
err l T aivapov. arrofiavTa be avTov x^P^ elv es Koptvdov 
gvv Trj GKevrj Kal arriKopevov arvr\yeeGOai rrav to yeyovos. 
TLepiavbpov be vi to cunGTtrjs ? Apiova pev ev 4 >vAaKrj extw 
30 ovbaprj peTievTa, avaKois be exav toov rropSpeoiv cos be apa 
irapelvai avTovs, KXrjdevTas LGTopeeOai el tl Xeyoiev rrepl 


HERODOTUS 


57 


’Apiovos. cpapevcov be eKeivcov 60s ei'77 re crcos irepi ’I raXirjv 
Kal ijllv ev Tprjaaovra X'nroiev ev Tapaw, emcpavrjval acpi 
rov ’Aplova aocnrep e%co^ e£e7 rrjbr]ae' Kal tovs eKwXayevras 
ovk e\eiv eri eXeyxopevovs a pveeaOai. ravra pei> zw 
K opLvOioi re me A eafiiot Xeyovcn , me ? A piovos eerre avaOr]- 
pa x^X/ceoz' °v M^Y a €7rl Taempa>, e7re beXcplvos errecov 
av6 pooiros • 

Accession of Croesus 

TeXeur^o'az'ros 5 e ’AXuarreco e£e 5 e£aro rrjv fia<ji\y)iy]v 
Kpolaos 6 ’AXvarreoo, erecoz' ewz' rjXiKirjv irevre Kal rpLrj- 
Kovra y os brj ^Wrjvoov irpcoTOicn, eiredrjKaro ’E cpeaLOLCTL. 
pera be ev pepei eKaaroiai ’\6ovoov re Kal AioXeaov, aXXoecre 
ceXXas airlas ewLcpepoov, rcov pev ebvvaro pe£ovas wapevpl- 
aKeiv , pe^ova eiraLTLoopevos, rolai be avrcov Kal cpavXa 
emcpepcov. 

Visit of Solon to Croesus. Stories of Happy Men 

Xpovov be emyevopevov Kal Karearpappevoov axebov 
iravrcov rcov evros tr AXvos irorapov ohir\pevoov’ TvXr]v yap 
KlXlkcov Kal Avklcov tovs aXXovs Tavras i> 7 r’ ecovrcp el%e 
Karacrrpe\f/apevos 6 Kpoecros’ Karearpappevcov be rovroov 
Kal irpocreTLKTwpevov K poiaov Avboicn, airLKveovrai es 
Xapbis aKpa^ovcras ttXovtcq aXX ol re ol iravres e/c rrjs 
'EXXabos aocpLarai, ol tovtov tov xpovov ervyxwov 
eovreSj cos eKaaros avrcov airLKveoiro, Kai br] Kat XoXcov 
avrjp ? AOrfva'ios , os 5 AOrjvaloLcrL vopovs KeXevaao’i ttol- 
7]cras a. 7 r ebTjprjcre erea 5 em, Kara decoptrjs irpocfoacnv eKirXco- 
aaSj tv a brj prj nva rcov vopcov avayicaaOrj Xvaac rcov 
Wero. avrol yap ovk oloi re rjcrav avro 7roe^crae Adrjva'ioi’ 
opKiouji yap peyaXoicn Karelxovro beKa erea xP^°" ecr ^ at 
vopouiL rovs av acpi XoXcov Or\rai. avrcov br] cov rovrcov 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


58 


HERODOTUS 


Kal rrjs Oeaiplrjs eKbrjpr)aas 6 Ijbkoiv eiveKev es Atyvir tov 
CL 7 TLK 6 TO Trapa ’’Apaatv Kai brj Kal es 2 apens Trapa Kpolaov. 
aTUKopevos be e£etvl£ero ev rolat ^aatkrjlotat vtto rod K pol- 
c row pera be, rjpeprj rplrr) rj reraprrj, Kekevaavros Kpolaov 
5 rov 2 oX uva depeurovres Treptrjyov Kara rods drjaavpobs Kal 
eiredelKvvaav rravra eovra peyaka re Kal okfita. Oerjaa- 
pevov be piv ra iravra Kal aKexl/apevov, cos ol Kara Katpov 
rjvj eipero b Kpoicros rabe' Eelve 9 Adrjvale, Trap rjpeas 
yap irepl aeo koyos cnrlKTat 7 roXXos Kal aocjrlrjs eiveKev rrjs 
10 arjs Kal Trkavrjs, cos (jnkoao<j)ewv yrjv Trokkrjv Oeuplrjs eiveKev 
eTrekrfkvOas' vdv &v Ipepos eiretpeadat pot eirrjXde ae el nva 
rjdr] ttclvtojv elbes bk/3tb:rarov. o pev ekTrltfoiv elvat avdpuy~ 
ttcov okfituraros radra erreipwra, 26 Xcoz> be odbev U 7 ro 0 co- 
irevaas, akka rco ebvn xP 7 l< T ° i l JLei ' 0S Aeyei’ *12 fiaatked, 
15 TeXXoz' ? A drjvalov. aTrodojpaaas be Kpolaos to kex^ev 
eipero eTrtarpecjrecos' K olrj brj Kplveis T ekkov elvat ok(3t co- 
rarov ; 6 be ehre * TeXXcp rovro pev rrjs Troktos ev rjKodarjs 
Tralbes rjaav kqlKol re Kayadol, Kal acjri elbe arraat reKva 
eKyevopeva Kal rravra rrapapelvavra, rovro be rod filov ev 
20 t 'jkovti, cos ra Trap 9 rjplv, rekevrij rod /3lov kapTrporarrj 
erreyevero’ yevopevrjs yap ’Adrjvalotat paxvs rrpos rods 
aarvyelrovas ev ’E kevalvt ^orjdrjaas Kal rporrrjv Trotrjaas 
rtdv rrokepluv arreQave Kakktara, Kal ptv ’Adrjvalot brjpoalrj 
re Waxpav adrod rfj irep erreae Kal erlpr/aav peyakus. cos 
25 be ra Kara rov T ekkov tt poerpe\f/aro o Xbkcov rov Kpolaov 
elrras rrokka re Kal okfita, erretpojra rlva bevrepov per 
eKelvov Ibotj boKecvv rrayxv bevrepela y&v olaeadat. o 
be enre’ K keo/3lv re Kal Blrcova. rodrotat yap eodat 
yevos 9 Apyelotat /3los re ap/cecoz' virrjv Kal Trpos robrep 
30 pwpr] acoparos rotrjbe • aeOkocjybpot re aptybrepot opolws 
rjaav, Kal brj Kal keyerat obe koyos' eovarjs oprrjs rfj 


HERODOTUS 


59 


'Up# TolfJi ’kpyeiotai ebee 7 r<Wcos ttjv prjTepa a vtcvv 
%evyei Koptadrjvat es to ipov , ol be apt Poes eK rod aypov 
oi) irapeylvovTO ev ioprj' eKnXiqibpevoi be rfj &prj oi veyjviai 
VTTobvvres avTol vi to ttjv ^evyXrjv elXKOv tt)v apatjav, hrl 
rr}s apa^rjs be crept kxeero rj p'qrrjp, arabiovs be Ttevre 5 
Kal TecrcrepaKovra btaKoptaavTes airtKovTO es to ipov. 
TavTa be apt Trotrjaaat Kal opdelat bird ttjs iravqyvptos 
TekevTT] tov 18tov aplaTrj eireyeveTo, btebe^e re ev tovtolctl 
o deos cos apetvov etrj avd purred Tedvavat paXXov rj fcoew'. 

’ Kpye'iot pev yap rreptaTavTes epaKapt^ov tuv verjvteuv 10 
ttjv puprjv, at be ’kpye'lat ttjv pr]Tepa ai)Ttbv , oLW TeKvuv 
eKvprjae. rj be prjTVP rreptxapys eovaa tco re epyo) Kal 
rfj prjPV) VTacra a vtlov tov ayaXpaTos evxtTO KXeopt 
re Kal Bituvi Total euvTrjs TeKVOtat, ol piv Iriprjaav 
peyaX cos, tt\v deov bovvat to avdpurru tvx&v aptaTov 15 
eaTi. peTa TavTrjv be tt)V evxw ws edvaav re Kal ebwxffln- 
crav y KaTaKotpr\devTes ev aurco tco cpco 01 verjvtat ovKeTt 
aveaTrjaav, aXX ? ev TeXet tovtco eax°VTO. A pyetot be 

apeuv etKOvas 7roi7]aapevoi avedeaav es A eXpovs cos avbpuv 
apiaTUV yevopevuv. SoXco^ pev brj evbatpovtrjs bevTepe'ia 20 
evepe tovtolcfi, Kpo'iaos be cnrepxdds ehve’ ’0 £eive 
5 kdr]vaie, r\ 5 ’ rjP^PV evbatpovir] ourco rot arreppiTTat 
es to prjbev , cocTTe ovbe tbtuTeuv avbpuv a&ovs i?peas 
errolrjaas ; 6 be elwe- Kpolae, hnaTapevov pe to deiov 
7T av eov pdovepov re Kal Tapax&bes erretpuTas avdpuTrrjtuv 25 
TprjypaTOOV 7r ept. ev yap tco pa/cpco XP 0V V tt oXXa pev 
eciTt tbelv tol prj Tts edeXet, iroXXa be Kal wade tv. epol 
be av Kal ttX ovTeetv peya patveat Kal fiaaiXevs toXX&v 
elvat avdponruv heivo be to eipeb pe ov /cco ae eyp Xeyco, 
irplv TeXevTrjo'CLVTa KaXcos tov aleova Trvdwpat. ov yap ti 30 
6 pe ya wXovatos paXXov tov eir ? r)P^PW ^xovtos oXfituTepos 


60 


HERODOTUS 


ean, ei prj oi tvxv eTrlcnroiTO iravra KaXa exovra ev 
reXevTrjcrcu top / 3 iop. ttoXXoI pep yap ^cutXovtol apdpu- 
ttup apoXfioi eiai, ttoXXoi be peTpius exovres fiiov evTVxees. 
(TKOTreeiv be XPV KaPTOs XPW aT0S T W reXevrrjp Krj airo- 
5 /3rjcreTai' iroXXolai yap brj virobe^as oXfiop 6 deos irpop- 
ptfous aperpexj/e. ravra Xeyc op tu Kpotato ov kus ovre 
ixaptfcTO, ovre Xoyov pip Troirjaapepos ovbepos airoirep- 
iTerat, /capra bo^as apadea elpai, os ra tt apeopra ayada 
perets ttjp reXevrrjp iraPTOs xPW aT °s opap eKeXeve. 

The Fate of Croesus’s Oldest Son 
10 Mera be HbXupa oixopepop eXa/ 3 e e/c deov pepeais 
peyaXrj Kpolaop, cos eUacrai, oti epopiae Iuvtop elpai 
apdpu7rup airaPTUP oX/ 3 iuTaTOP. aurt/ca be oi evboPTi 
€7 rearr] opeipos, os oi tt]p aXrjdeLrjp ecpaipe tup peXXoPTUP 
yepeadai KaKUP Kara top iral 8 a. rjaap be tu Kpotato bvo 
is Talbes, t&p ovTepos pep bietpdapTO, rjp yap brj ku 4 >os, 6 be 
erepos tup rjXiKUP paKpu ra iraPTa irpuTOS * ovpopa be oi 
rjp ’'Atus. tovtop brj up top ”Atvp arjpaipei tu Kpotaco 
6 opeipos, cos airoXeei pip aixpfj aibrjperi / 3 XrjdePTa. o be 
€7retre e^rjyepdrj /cat euvTU Xoyop ebuKe, KaTappubrj a as top 
20 opeipop ayeTai pep tu iraibi yvpalica, eudoTa be aTpaTrj- 
yeeip pip tup Avbup ovbapfj ert €7rt toiovto ivpriypa 
e^eirepive, anoPTia be /cat bopaTia Kai ra rotaDra ivaPTa 
rotcrt xptuPTai es iroXepop apdpUTOi, €/c tup apbpeupup 
eKKopicras es tovs daXapovs avpeprjae, prj rt ot Kpepapepop 
25 tu Traibi epirearf. exoPTOs be oi ep x e P aL T °v iraibos top 
yapop cnriKPeeTai es ras SapSts aprjp avp<poprj exopepos 
Kai ov Kadapos X e lp a 5 ? €c op $pu^ pep yeperj, yheos 8 e tov 
( 3 acriXr]Lov. irapeXdup 8 e ovtos es ra Kpotcrou ot/cta /card 
popovs tovs eirixupiovs Kadapcriov ebeeTO Kvprja at, Kpotaos 


HERODOTUS 


61 


be piv eKadrjpe. eari be TvapaTvXrjairj rj KaQapais rotai 
Avbo'iai Kai rolai ''EXX^crc. eireire be ra vopi^opeva 
eiroirjae 6 Kpouros, ewvvOavero oKoOev re Kai tls eh 7 , 
Xeycov rabe * ’' 12 ^pco 7 T€, ris re eaiv Kai KoOev rrjs ^Ppvyirjs 
rjKcov erviarios poi eyeveo) riva re avbp&v rj yvvaiK&v 
ecfrovevaas ; 6 be apeL/3ero' fiaaiXed, TopbLeu pev rod 
Mt5eco eipL ira'is, ovopa^opai be ,r Abprjaros, (jrovevaas be 
abeX<f)ebv epeoovrob aeKccv irapeipi e^eXrjXapevos re vi to rod 
Tarpos Kai earepiqpevos rravraiv. K polaos be piv apei^ero 
roiaLbe * ’Avbp&v re </>lX cov rvyxbveis eKyovos e&v Kai eXrj- 
Xvdas es (piXovs, evQa apr)x&vr]aeis xPW aT0 ^ ovbevos pevoiv 
ev rjperepov. avpcjroprjv be ravrr\v cos Kovcjrorara (frepuv 
Kepbaveeis irXe'larov. 6 pev bij biairav el%e ev Kpoccrou, ev 
be rco avr<2> XPWty tovtco ev rco MvaLco ? OXvpTCp vos XPW a 
yiverai peya * oppcopevos be ovros eK rod opeos rovrov ra 
rcov M vacov epya bcacfrdeLpeaKe, toXXolkls be oi Mucrot err ’ 
avrov e^eXdovres 7 roieeaKov pev KaKov ovbev, erraaxov be 
7 rpos avrov. reXos be amKopevoi rrapa rov K polaov rcov 
Mvacov ayyeXoi eXeyov rabe' fiaaiXev, vos XPW a 
peyiarov avecj)avr) fjplv ev rfj X^PXh ° s T ® ^P7 a biatpdeipei. 
rovrov irpodvpeopevoL eXe'iv ov bvvapeOa. vvv cov rrpoabeo- 
peOa aev rov rralba Kai Xoyabas verjvias Kai Kvvas 
avprrep\f/ai fjplv, cos av piv e^eXcopev eK rrjs x&PVS- 0L 
pev brj rovrcov ebeovro, Kpotcros be pvrjpovevcov rod oveipov 
ra errea eXeye acfri rabe' Uaibos pev rrepi rod epod prj 
pvrjaOrjre erv ov yap av vp'iv avpirepypaipi' veoyapos re 
yap earn Kai radra oi vvv peXei. Avbcov pevroi Xoyabas 
Kai ro Kvvrjyeaiov rrav avpirepif/co Kai biaKeXevaopai ro'lai 
iodai elvai cos irpoQvporaroiai avve£eXeiv vp'iv ro drjpiov eK 
rrjs X&pys. radra apei^/aro. airoxptupevuv be rovroiai 
roov Mvaobv erreaepx^Tai o rod K polaov rra'ls a/c^/cocbs rcov 


5 

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25 

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HERODOTUS 


edeovro ol M vaoL ov </>apevov de tov K polaov tov ye 
Talda (r<t>i (TvpTepxjyeLV Xeyei Tpos avTov o verjvLrjs rade' 
^0 7rdrep, Ta /cdAXcora t porepov Kore kcu yevvaiorara 
rjplv r\v es re ToXepovs Kal es ay pas <\>oneovjas evbompeeiv. 

5 vvv de apcfroTepoov pe tovtoov aTOKXrjiaas execs, ovre Tiva 
deikirjv poL TapLdoov ovre advplrjv. vvv re reourL pe XPV 
oppaai es re ayoprjv Kal e£ ayoprjs cjooLTeovTa tyaiveadai) 
Kolos pev tls tolctl TTo\L7]TTjcri do<~oo elvaL, Kolos de tls rfj 
veoyapoo ywaiKt) koloo de eKelvr) bb^ei avdpL avvoiKeeiv, 
10 epe dov av r) pedes ievai eivl ttjv drjprjv, rj \byop avaireiaov 
okoos poi apeivoo earl ravra ovtoo tt oieopeva. apetfieTai 

Kpolcros Tourlde * ’12 toll, ovre SeiXcyv ovre aWo ov dev 

axapi TapLdoov tol TOLeoo TavTa, aXXa pot o\J/ls oveipov 
ev too vttvoo emaTacra ecfor) ere o\iyoxpoviov eaeadaL, vi to 
15 yap aixpys cndrjperjs airo\eeaOai. Tpos oov ttjv o\piv 
TavTTjv tov re yapov tol tovtov ecnrevcra KaL eTL Ta 
Trapa\ap(3av6peva ovk aTOTepTOO, cjovXaKrjv exuv, el koos 
dvvalprjv eirl Trjs eprjs ae £or]s Sta/cXei/'cu. els yap poi 
povvos Tvyx&veLs ec ov tols' tov yap dr) eTepov dLecfodap- 
20 pevov ovk elvaL poL \oyL£opaL. apei/3eTCU o verjvLr)s 
TOLaide’ SiryY voopr) pev do 7 rarep tol, l 8 ovtl ye o\J/lv 
TOLavTrjv, rrepl epe (jov\aKi)v ex^LV to de ov pavdaveLS, 
aXXa \e\rjde ere to oveLpov, epe tol dUaLOV ecTTL cfopa^eLV. 
cjorjs tol to oveLpov vtto aixpys (TLdr)perjs cjoavaL epe TeXevTrj- 
25 creLV' vos de KolaL pev eivL X^pes, kolt) de aixPV aLdrjper) ttjv 
av cfoopeaL ; el pev yap vto ddovTos tol ehre TeXevTrjaeLV pe 
rj aWov Tev 6 tl tovtoo olKe, XPV V ae TtQLeeiv Ta 7roieeis* 
vvv de viro aixpijs- erreLTe oov ov irpos avdpas rjplv yiveTaL 
rj paxv , pedes pe. dpeijSerat KpoTo-os* ^ iral, eaTL tt\ 
so pe VLKas yv6opr]V aToejoaivoov rrepl tov evvirvlov * cos oov 
vevLKrjpevos vto <reo peT ay lv do a koo peTirjpl re ere levaL eTL 


HERODOTUS 


63 


tt)v ay pr]P. eiVas be ravra 6 Kpo'laos peTairepireTaL top 
Q pvya ”kbpr)(TTOV, airiKopevw be oi Xeyet Tabe‘ ”Abpri<JTe, 
eyw ae crvpcpopfj TreirXrjypevov axbpiTi, ttjp roc ovk 
bveibL^co, eKaOripa Kai olklolgl vi robe^apevos €%co irapexw 
Tvaaav bairavrjp' vvv wv, 6</>etXets yap epev TpoirobrjaavTos 
XpycTTa es ere xP 7 1 < TT0 'l (T ' l M € apeifieaQai, cfrvXana wa l8os 
ere tov epov XPVLfa yweaSai es ayprjp oppwpevov, pr] 
rives Ka t obov KXwires KaKovpyoi eiri brjXriGL cfiavewai 
vplv. 7 rpos be tovtco Kai ere toi XP^ V * (TTL i&ai evda 
airoXapir pvveai toIgl epyoicri' t aTpwiov re yap toi eerrt 
Kai irpoaerL pwpy] vtt apxet. apeifierai o ”k.bpharos' ’12 
lBacnXev, aXXcos pep ’ey wye av ovk tjl a es aedXov Toiovbe’ 
ovre yap crvpcfropr) TOifjbe KexPW&ov oIkos eern es bprjXiKas 
ev Tprjacropras ievai, ovre to (3ovXeadai 7 rapa, 7 roXXaxg 
re av Icrxov epewvTOP. vvv be, erreiTe erv Girebbeis Kai 
bel toi xaptfe(70ai (b^eiXw yap ae apeif^eaOai xP^tolgi), 
7 voieeiv eipi erotpos TavTa, ira'tba re crop, top biaKeXeveai 
(j)vXacr(reiv, airbpova tov ^vXclggoptos elveKev irpocrboKa 
toi aTrovoGTrjaeLV . tolovtolgl err etre ovtos apelx/raTO 
Kpo'iaov, rjiaav pera raura e^rjpTvpevoi Xoyacn re per]PLrjGi 
Kai kvgl. aiviKopevoi be es top ”OXvpTrov to opos e^TjTeov 
to Orjpiov, evpovTes be Kai irepiGTavTes avTO kvkXw eGTjKov- 
tl^op. evda brj o Jet vos, ovtos br] o KaOapdeis top 4>opop, 
KaXeopevos 5e ”Abpr]GTOS, clkoptl^wp top vp tov pep 
apapTavei, Tvyx&v et 5e tov Kpotcou iraibbs. o pep brj 
fiXr)9eis rg atxpg e^ervXr]Ge tov oveipov ttjp cjyrjprjv, Wee 
be tls ayyeXec op tw Kpotcrco to yeyovos, amKopevos be es 
tcls SapSts Tr\v re paxyv Kai to^ t °v rraibos popov 
earjpr]pe ol. o be Kpotcros tw davaTW tov iraibos GWTeTa- 
paypevos paXXov tl ebeivoXoyeeTO ort piv aireKTeive top 
avTos 4>ovov eKadr]pe. irepiripeKTewp be rg avpcfroprj beivws 


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HERODOTUS 


€/caXee pev Ala KaOapcnov, papTvpopevos ra vi to tov %eivov 
ireirovdAs eh /, e/caXee 8e eTrioTiov re /cat eraip^iov, ro^ 
aurot' tovtov ovopafav Oeov, tov pev eTLaTLOv KaXecov, 
Start S 17 ot/ctotat virobe^apevos tov £elvov cj>ovea tov 7 ratSos 
5 eXavOave fibaKaiv, tov 8e eTaiprjLov, cos </>GXa/ca crvpTepipas 
avTov evprjKOL ToXepLUTaTOV. 7ra prjaav 8e pera roGro oi 
Av8ol (frepovTes tov veicpov, omade 8e eiVero ot 6 cfrovevs. 
crras Se oGros 7 rpo roG venpov 7rape8L8ov ewvTov Kpotcrco 
irpoTeivuv ras x € ?P as > e 7 rt/cara<rc/>d£at piv KeXevcov rep 
10 veKpti, Xeyuv ttjv re irpoTep^v ecovTov avp<j)opr]v, Kai cos 
€ 7 r’ e/cet^? rot' KadrjpavTa a7roXcoXe/ccos elrj, ov8e oi elrj 
fii<A(npov. Kpotaos <5e tovtcov aicovaa s roz' re "A bprjaTov 

KCLTOLKTLpei, KOLlTTep 60)V €V KCLKCO OLK7]L(X) TOCTOVTCp, KOLl Xeyei 
7rpos avTov ’'Exw, & Jet^e, 7rapa creG iracrav ttjv 8Ur]V, 
15 eireibi] aecouroG /caraSt/cafets Oclvcltov. els 8e ov poi roGSe 
rou kclkov atr los, el prj ocrov ae/cco^ e^epyacrao, aXXa 
Pecoz' /coG rts, os pot /cat 7raXat Tpoearipcuve ra peXXovTa 
eaeada t. Kpotaos pez> w edaxpe, cos ot/cos fy, tov ecoi/roG 
7ratSa* ’'ASp^crros Se 6 TopSteco roG MtSeco, oGros S17 6 
20 (j>ovevs pev tov ecouroG abeXcfreov yevopevos, (j>ovevs 8e tov 
KaOrjpavTOSy exetre fjcrvxiy t&v avdpco ttwv eyeveTO irepi to 
arjpa, crvyyivoxTKbpevos avdpdoiro^v elvai t&v avTos y8ee 
/ 3 api/aup 0 opcoraros, e 7 rt/cara( 7 </>dfet rco Tvpficp ecoi )tov. 

The Prophetic Power of Oracles Tested by Croesus 
Kpotcros 5e €7rt 8 vo ere a irevOei peyaXco kott\gto tov 
25 tt 0180 s eaTepyjpevos' pera Se rj 5 AoTvayeos tov Kua£apeco 
rjyepovir} /caratpePetcra GrA KGpou roG Kap/3Gcreco /cat ra 
rco/' Ilepcrecot' 7rpi7Ypara av^avopeva irevdeos pev Kpolcrov 
aTeTTCLvae, eve/3r]ae 8 e es 4>povtL8cl, el /ccos 8vvcllto, Tvpiv 
peyaXovs yeveoda t roGs Ilepcras, KaTaXa/3elv ai)T&v 


HERODOTUS 


65 


av^avopevyv ryv bvvapiv. pera cov ryv biavoiav ravryv 

CLVTLKGL OUreTTeipaTO TCOV paVTyiOOV T&V T€ €V *'E WyCTL KCLL 

rod ev Aifivy, biairep^as aWovs aWy, tovs pev es 
AeXcjoovs ievai, tovs be es ’'Afias ras QooKecov, tovs be es 
Acobcovyv' oi be rives eirepirovro irapa re ’Apcjoiapecov Kal 
ivapa Tpocjxjiviov, oi be rys MiXycriys es Bpayx'ibas. 
ravra pev vvv ra 'E WyviKa pavryia es ra cureTrepxpe 
pavrevaopevos KpoTaos* Aifivys be irapa "Appoova aire- 
areiXe aWovs XP 7 laopevovs. bieirepire be ireipupevos r&v 
pavrylcov o n (ppoveoiev , cos ei cjypoveovra ryv a\ydeiyv 
evpedeiy, eireipyrai cr<£ea bevrepa rrepircov ei emx^P^oi 
€7rt Hepaas arpareveadai. evreiXapevos be ro'icri A vbo'iai 
rabe bureTrepire es ryv bicureipo,v rcov XP^^VP^? air’ 
ys av ypepys oppydecoai e/c Xapbiwv, curd ravrys ypepoXo- 
yeovras rov Xourov XP° V0V * Ka roarrj rjpeprj xpacrflai ro'icri 
XPycrTypioi(Ti, eTreipcorcovras o n 7 roiecov rvyxbvoi o Avb&v 
(3acr iXevs Kpocaos 6 ’AXva rreco' acrera 5’ av enaara rcov 
XpycrTypicov decnriay, avyypax/zapevovs avacjoepeiv Trap’ 
ecovrov. o n pev vvv ra Xoura rcov XP^^VP 1 ^ edecnriae , 
ov Xeyerai irpos ovbap&v’ ev be A eXc^olai cos eayXOov 
rax^Ta es to peyapov oi Avboi xP 7 l (7 ^P' €VOi rc ? ^ ec ? KCLL 
eireipbnoov to evreraXpevov, y UvOLy ev e^aperpep rovco 
Xeyei rabe’ 

olba b’ eyco x/zappov r apiOpov Kai per pa daXacrcri 7s, 
Kai Kcocjoov (Tvviypi Kai ov (jocovevvros clkov co. 
obpy p es 4>pevas yX6e Kparaipivoio x^&vys 
e\//opevys ev xWkco ap 9 apveioicn Kpeecrcriv, 
y xWkos pev vtt ear poor ai, x a ^ K ° v ^ €7rtearat. 

ravra oi Avboi deawiaaays rys UvdLys avyypa\[/apevoi 
oixovro airiovres es ras Hapbi s. cos be Kai coXXoi 01 irepi- 


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TrepcpdevTes 7 ra prjcrav cpepovTes tovs xp^crpous, evdavTa 
d Kpoitros eKaara avaTTvaacov eircopa tcov avyypappaTcov. 
tcov pev di] ovdev tt poaleTO pev' o de cos to €K AeXcpcov 
rjKovae, avTLKa irpoaevxeTO re Kal irpoaedei-aTO, voplaas 
5 povvov elvac pavTpcov to ev AeKcpolcrCj otl ol e^evprjKee ra 
avTOS eirolrjcre. eir eire y dp drj dceirep\J/e rrapa ra xPV crT V~ 
pia tovs Oeoirpoirovs, <pv\ d£as ttjv Kvplrjv tcov rjpepecov 
eprjxccvdTO Toiade' errcvorjcras tcl r\v aprix avov e&vpeiv re 
Kal eiricppacracrOai, x<^uvr]v Kal apva KaTaKOipas opov rj\j/ee 
10 avTos ev \ef3yjTL %aX/cew %aX/ceo^ eTudi^pa eiviOeis . ra 
pev drj €K A eXcpcbv ovtco too Kpolacp expwdrj- K-aTa de ttjv 
? A pcjnapeco tov pavTTjlov vivoKpuriv ovk exco eirveiv o tl 
toIctl A vdolai expyve 7roir}cra(Ti irepl to Ipov ra vopi^bpeva 
(i ov yap cov ovde tovto \eyeTai) aXXo ye rj otl Kal tovtov 
is evbpiae pavTpiov aij/evdes eKTrjadai. 

Honors Paid to the Oracles Approved by Croesus 
Mera de raura dvalrjcn peyaXycri tov ev A eh<j>o'i<ri 
deov IXacTKeTO- KTrjvea re yap rd dvaipa rravTa TpLcrx'^La 
Wvae, Khivas re err lxpvctovs Kal errapyvpovs Kal cjnaXas 
Xpvaeas Kal eipara rropcpvpea Kal Kidcbvas vrjaas Trvprjv 
20 peyaXrjv KaTeKaie, ehrvL^cov tov deov paWov tl tovtolctl 
avaKTpaeadaL’ Avdolal re ttclctl irpoelrre dveLv iravTa TLva 
avTcov tovto 6 tl e%oi e/cacrros. eTLTeXeaas de o Kpotcros 
raura arrervepTre es A e\<povs Kal Tade' KpTjTrjpas dvo 
peyadei peyahovs, xP^ )(Jeov KaL bpyvpeov, tcov o pev 
25 xpixTeos e/cetro eirl de^ca eacovTL es tov vrjov, o be apyvpeos 
€7r ? apLCTTepa. peTeKLvr]dr]crav be Kal ovtol vito tov viqov 
KaTaKaevTa, Kal o pev xP^ aeos iceuraL ev tco KAa^opevicov 
dr](javpcpj e\Kcov aTadpbv etvaTOV ppLTahavTOV Kal ere 
dvcodeKa pveas, o be apyvpeos eirl tov irpovrjtov ttjs ycovirjs, 


HERODOTUS 


67 


X^ope cov appopeas kjaKoalovs' eTviKipvarai yap vi to Ae\p&v 
Qeopavloiai. (pad de piv AeXpol 0 eodcopov rod Hapiov 
epyov elvai, Kal eyA doKeoi’ ov yap to gvvtvxov pdiveTai 
poi epyov elvai. Kal tvIOovs re apyvpeovs reaaepas 
buveTveppe, ot ev Tp Kopivdiuv Oiqaavpp earacn, Kal 
TvepippavTrjpia dvo aveOr)Ke , XP^ ae ^ Te KCLL bpyvpeov. 
aXXa re avadrjpara tvoWcl airerveppe apa rovroun 6 
Kpolcros Kal x^/xara apyvpea KVK\orepea, Kal drj Kal 
yvvaiKos eidoikov xP^c Teov Tp'uvrjxv, to A eXpol rrjs apro- 
kotvov rrjs K polaov eiKova Xeyovai elvai. irpos de Kal tt\s 
k ovtov yvvaiKos ra curb rrjs deiprjs aveOr\Ke o Kpolaos Kal 
ras fc ovas. raura pev es AeXpovs cureireppe, Tp de 
’Appiapeu, TvvObpevos avrov rrjv re aperrjv Kal ttjv Tvadr]v, 
avedrjKe gclkos re xpl )(jeov ^av opoiois Kal alxpw <TTeper]v 
tv aaav xP va ^V v j to £varov rfjai \oyxV (Ti opo'ucs 
Xpbcreov * ra en Kal apporepa es epe rjv Keipeva ev 
Orj^rjai Kal Qrjl3ewv ev rp vrjp rod ? I crprjvlov ’AttoXXcoj'Os. 

Oracles Consulted as to an Expedition against the Persians 
Total de ayeiv peWovai tuv Avd&v ravra ra dupa es 
ra ipa eveTeWero o Kpotcros erveipiOTav ra xPV^Trjpia el 
(TTpaTevrjTai edi Ilepcras Kal ei Tiva arparov avdpoiv 
Tvpoadeoiro piXov. As de cuviKopevoi es ra arvervep- 
pOrjcrav ol A vdol aveOeaav ra avaOripara, exp^vro toIgi 
XPT i(JTT]pioi(Ti XeyovTes' Kpoicros o Avdoiv je Kai oXXgjv 
edveoov fiaaiXevs, vopiGas rade pavryia elvai povva ev 
avdponvoiGi, vplv re a£ta doopa edoiKe rA v e^evprjparojv, Kai 
vvv vpeas eTveipcoTa el gt paTevrjT ai ed Ilepcras Kai ei nva 
GTparov avdpcov tv pocrdeoiTO Gvppax 0£< Tavra 

eTveip&TWV, tcov de pavTr\io:v apporepuv es tAvto at 
yv&pai crvvedpapov, tv poXeyovGai Kpotcraj, rjv gt paTevrjT ai 


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HERODOTUS 


€ 7 rl Uepaas, peydXyp apxhv piv KaTaXvveip- tovs be 
'EXAtjz'c .op 5 vvaTGJTCLTOVS avpe^ovXevop ot e^evpovra (piXovs 
Tvpoadeadai. eTretre be dveveixOevra rd deoirpoma hrWero 
6 Kpotcros, V7repya9y re rotcrt xPV (TTr lP L0L0 ’ L j 7vayx v re 
5 eXirlaas tcaTaXvaeiP ttjv K vpov aenXyiyp Tvepxpas clvtls 
es Uvd& AeXcfrovs 5copeerat, irvOopevos avTUP to tvXt]9os, 
/car’ apbpa bvo orTaTypcn eKaarov XP vcr °v • AeX</>ot be 
dvTi tovtup eboaap Kpotaco /cat A vboicri 7rpopaPT7]L7]P nat 
aTeXeiyp /cat irpoebpLyp /cat e^elvai tu fiovXopepu avTUP 
10 yivecrdai A eX(j)6p es top aiel xp' ovov ' M era ^ e ^aOra 
etfipoPTL^e Kpotaos iaTopeup rods a/' 'EAA^z'coz' bvpaTUTa- 
tovs eoPTas 7 ppo(TKTT](TCLiTO cfriXovs. iaTopeup be evpicwe 
Aanebaipop'iovs re /cat ’AdrjpaLovs TpoexoPTas , rods pep 
tov AcopiKov yepeos, tovs be tov ’Iuplkov. 

• 

Digression on Early Athenian History 
15 Todrcoz' brj up tup edpeup to pep ’ Attlkop naTexopepop 
re /cat bieaivacrpepop ewvpOdpeTO 6 Kpotaos i>7ro Ileta-t- 
<TTpaTOV tov *l 7 T 7 ro/cpareos roDro^ roz' XP° V0V TVpappevoPTOS 
’ Adrjpaiup . 'l 7 T 7 ro/cparet Yap eozrt ibiUTy /cat 9eupeoPTi 
rd ’OXdp 7 rta repas eyeveTo peya * dvaaPTOs yap adrod rd 
20 tpa ot Ae/^res e 7 rearecores /cat Kpeup re eoPTes epivXeoi /cat 
ddaros areu Tvvpos e^eaap /cat VTepefiaXop. XlXup be 6 
Aanebaipopios tv apaTVX^P /cat 9eycrdpepos to repas awe- 
jSovXeve 'l 7 T 7 ro/cpdret TvpUTa pep yvpa'ina py ayecrdai Tenpo- 
ttolop es rd ot/cta, et 5e riryxdm exup, bevTepa ttjp yvpdlua 
25 eKirepireip , /cat et rts ot Tvyxdpei ecoz> 7rats, tovtop 
direLiraadaL. ovk up radra irapaipecraPTOS XLXupos Tvei- 
9 ea9 at fleAetz' roz> 'l 7 T 7 ro/cparea* yepeadai ot pera raura 
roz' Iletatarparoz' tovtop, os GTacna^oPTUP tup TvapaXup 
/cat r&z' e/c rod Tvebiov ’ AOypaiup, /cat rcoz> pep tv poeaTeuTOS 


HERODOTUS 


69 


MeyanXeos rou ’AX/cpecows, t&v be e/c rou ireblov AvKovpyov 
rou ? AptcrroXat5eco, KaTacfrpoprjcras ttjp Tvpapplba rjyeipe 
TpLrrjv crracnv , cruXXe£as be oTaatcoras /cat too Xoycp toop 
virepcLKploov irpoaras p^x^poLt cu Toiabe * rpcopartaas 
euvTOP re /cat rjpibpovs rjXaae es ttjp ayoprjp to £evyos cos 
€/C7re</>eirycos rous ex^povs, ol pip eXavpoPTa es aypop 
rjdeKrjcrav airoXeaai brjdep, ebeeTO re rou brjpov </>uXa/cr}s 
tlpos TTpos a urou KvprjaaL, t poTepop evboiapricr as e^ r§ 
7 rpos MeTapeas yepopeprj aTpaTrjyirj, Ntaataz^ re eXcoi' 
/cat aXXa airobe^apepos peyaXa epya. 6 be brjpos 6 rcoi' 
’A0r]vaLoiv e^aTraTrjOeis eSco/ce ot rco/> acrrcoV /caraXe£as 
apbpas tovtov s ot 5opv(f)6poL pep ova eyevoPTO Iletcrt- 
(TTpaTOVj Kopvvr](t)6poL be. tjvXoop yap Kopvva s exoPTes 
ehrovTO ol omade. wpeirapaaTaPTes be ovtol apa 
netatarparco e(7X 0V T V V aKpoiroXip. evQa br] o Iletat- 
crrparos r/px e ’Adrjpaioov, oure rtpas ras eoucras cr vPTapa^as 
oure deapia peraXXa$as, ern re rotat /carearecoat e^epe 
ttjp ttoXlp Kocrpeoop /caXcos re /cat eu. per a 5e ou toXXop 
Xpovov rcouro (frpovrjcravTes ot re rou MeTct^Xeos crraatcorat 
/cat ot rou AvKovpyov e^eXavpoval piv. ourco pep Iletcrt- 
arparos ecrxe ro tpootop ’ASr\vas /cat ttjp Tvpavv'iba ou /cco 
/capra eppifapeprip ex^v arre/3aXe, ol be ei-eXacraPTe s 
netcrtcrrparot' aurts e/c perjs e t aXX^Xotcrt eaTacnaaav. 
Tvepie\avvbpevos be Trj crracrt 6 Me^/a/cXe^s e 7 re/CT 7 pu/ceuero 
IletcrtoTparco, et /3ouXotro ot ttjp OvyaTepa ex^v yvpa'lna 
€ 7 rt rf? Tvpappibi. epbe^apepov be top \oyop /cat opoXoyrj- 
craPTOS eiri tovtolgl Iletcrtcrrparou pyjx^^' 1 ’^ ^ 
naTobeo tt prjypa ebrjOecrTaTOPj cos eyco euptcr/cco, pa/cpco 
(e 7 ret 7 e cnreKpLOr] e/c 7 raXatrepou rou (3ap(3apov edpeos to 
'EXkrjpucbp top /cat be^LOOTepop teal e\)y]dirjs rjXidiov aTKjXXa- 
ypepop paXXop), el /cat rore 7 e ourot e/^ ’ AdrjpaloHn Tolcn 


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HERODOTUS 


TvpccToiai Xeyopevoiai elvai 'EXX^cop aorfirjv prjx ap &vTai 
roiabe. ev rco drjpo: rco Uaiaviei rjv yvvrj, rrj ovvopa rjv 
Qvrij peyados arvo Tecraepuv Tvrjx&oov cnvoXeirvovaa rpels 
baKTvXovs Kdi a XXcos eveibrjs. Tavrrjv ttjv yvvaiKa aKeva- 

5 CTCLVT6S TVaVOTvXlT }, €S appa ea(3l(3acraVTeS KCU TV pobe^aVTeS 
axw a oloj' ti epeXXe evirpeirearaTOv cfraveeadai exovaa 
rjXavvov es to aarv, tv podpopovs Krjpvnas TvpoTvep\j/avTes, ol 
ra evTeTaXpeva rjyopevov clt viKopevoi es to aGTV, XeyovTes 
TOLade • ’A drjvaloi, bUeade ayadu vocp HeiaidT paTov, 

10 tov avTT] 7 } 7 Adrjvair] Tiprjcracra avdpio tvoiv paXicrTa KaTayei 
es ttjv ecourrj^ aKpOTvoXiv. oi pev by raDra biac^oiTeovTes 
eXeyov, avrfiKa be es re tovs brjpovs Claris arfiKeTO cos 
’Adrjvairj HeiaicrTpaTOV KaTayei, Kai oi ev rco aarei* tv eido- 
pevot ttjv yvvaiKa elvai a vtt\v ttjv deov tv pocrevxovTO re 
is ttjv avdpooTVOV Kai edenovTO II eirfiaT paTOV. aTVoXafiwv 

be ttjv Tvpavviba rpo7rco rco eiprjpevco o Ileicricrrparos /cara 
ttjv opoXoyirjv ttjv Tvpos MeyaicXea yevopevrjv yapeei tov 
M eyaKXeos ttjv dvyarepa. ola be Tvaibuv re oi vtv apxbv- 
toov verjviewv Kai Xeyopevoiv evayewv elvai tuv ’AX/cpeco- 
20 vibeo)v, ov fiovXbpevos oi yeveadai e/c rrjs veoyapov 
yvvaiKos reKva epiayeTO oi ov KaTa vopov. ra pev vvv 
7 rpcora eKpVTVTe raDra rj yvvrj, pera be, elWe iaTopevarj 
elWe Kai ov, 4>pa£ei rfj euvTrjs prjTp'i, rj be rco avbpi. tov 
be beivov ti eax e aTipa^eadai Tvpos UeiaiaTpaTov. opyrj 
25 be cos el%e /caraXXacraero ttjv exdprjv Tolai crraatcor^at. 
pad&v be o HeiaiaTpaTOS ra Tvoievpeva erf ecourco arvaX- 
XaaaeTO e/c ttjs x&pys to rvapcnvav, aTviKopevos be es 
’Eperpiai' e\QovXeveTO apa Tolai Tvaicri. *l7T7r[eco be yv&prj 
viKrjaavTOS avaKTacrOai oTviaco ttjv Tvpavviba, evOavTa 
30 rjyeipov booTivas e/c raw tvoXicov aiTives a^i tv poaibeaTO 
kov ti. TvoXX&v be peyaXa TvapaaxbvTttv xPVP aTa 


HERODOTUS 


71 


Qrj(3cuoL vnepe(3aXovro rrj boat r&v xp^M^tcoj'. ptra be , 
ov noXXco Xoyco einelv, xP^ v °s biecfrv Kai navra a(f)L 
e^rjprvro es rr)v Karobov. Kai yap ? ApyeZoi piaOcoroi 
&7 tLkovto ea UeXonovvrjaov, Kai Na£cos a(j)L avrjp aniypevos 
eOeXovrrjs , rw ovvopa rjv Avybapis, npodvpirjv nXeiarrjv 
irapeixtro, Kopiaas Kai xpypara Kai avbpas. e£ ’Eperpcrys 
6 e bpprjOevres Sea evbeKarov ereos an lkovto oniaw. Kai 
np&rov rijs ’ArTLKrjs taxovaL MapaOcova. ev be rovrco 
tco x^PV <T( t> 1 ar paronebevopevoiaL oi re eK rod aareos 
araaL&raL cltlkovto, a XXol re eK r&v brjpaiv npoaeppeov, 
rolcn rj rvpavvis npo eXevOepir]s rjv aanaarorepov. ovtol 
pev brj avvrjXi^ovro' ’AOrjvaicov be oi eK rod aareos , ecos 
pev UeLaiarparos ra xPW ara V7 ei P e > Ka ' L peravrLS cos 
eax* Mapafl&va, Xoyov ovbeva eixov, eneire be envOovro 
eK rod MapaObovos avrov nopeveadaL eiri to aarv, ourco brj 
/SorjdeovaL en avrov. oi be ap4>i UeLaiarparov eaneabvres 
rovs ’A Orjvaiovs rpenovai. (jrevybvTCov be rovruv fiovXrjv 
evOavra aocjrurarrjv UeLaiarparos enirexvarai, okcos prjre 
aXtaOelev en oi ’A Brjvaioi bieaKebaapevoi re elev. avafii- 
fiaaas rovs nalbas eni tnnovs npoenepne. oi be KaraXap- 
fiavovres rovs (frevyovras eXeyov ra evreraXpeva vn to 
UetaLarparov, Oapaeeiv re KeXevovres Kai amevai eKaarov 
eni ra ecovrov. neiQopevuv be rbov ’Adrjvaiuv, ourco brj 
UeLaiarparos ro rpirov ax&v ? A drjvas eppL^uae rrjv 
rvpavviba en lkov poLai re noXXo'iaL Kai xPVP aT0JV avvo- 
boLaL, rbov pev avrodev , rbov be ano hrpvpbvos norapov 

aVVLOVTWV. 

Digression on Early Lacedemonian History 
Tous pev vvv ’A Orjvaiovs roLavra rov xpovov rovrov 
envvOavero o Kpotcros Karexovra, rovs be AaKebaLpoviovs 


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HERODOTUS 


€K kclk&v re peyakwv irec^evyoras Kai eovras rjbr] rco tv okepcp 
KCLTVTeprepovs T eyerjTeoov. €7r l yap AeovTOS (3acn\evovTOS 
Kai ' Hyrj(TLK\eos iv 'ZirapTr) tovs aXXovs TvoXepovs ei)TV- 
Xeovres oi AaKebaipovioi Tvpos Teyerjras povvovs tv po<rer 

5 TTTCUOV. TO 5i €TL 7 TpOTSpOV T0VT02V Kai KaKOVOp&TaTOl 

Tjcvav cryebov tvolvtwv ^Wrjvoiv Kara re crcfreas avrovs Kai 
£<elvoicn aTpoapeiKTOi. peTe/3a\ov be <bbe is evvoptrjv * 
AvKovpyov t&v 'ZTrapTirjTewv boKipov avbpos ekBovTos is 
AeXcpovs €7 vi to xP r l 0 ' T 'bP L0V y ^ a V Le ^s T ° piyapov, 

10 Wvs rj II vOLr] \iyei ra5e* 

77 /cets, & AvKoopye, ipov tvotI Tvlova vr)bv 
Zrjvl 4>l\os Kai Tvacnv ’OkvpTvta boipaT 9 exovcn. 
bif co rj ae Beov pavTevaopai r) avBpoowov’ 
aXX J ert /cat paWov Beov ekwopat, o) AvKoopye. 
is ol piv brj Tives Tvpbs tovtoktl Aiyovai Kai <£paaat avTcb ttjv 
TLvBLrjv tov vvv /carecrrecora Koapov 'ZTvapTLrjTrjaL, cos b 
avTol A a Kebaipovioi key oven, AvKovpyov iTviTpoTvevaavTa 
Aeco/3coreco, abekefribiov piv icovTov, fiacnkevovTOS be S7rap- 
TLrjTioov , c/c KprjTrjs ayayiaBcu raOra. cos yap iiveTpo- 
20 Tvevcre tclxlctt a, peTeaTrjae Ta vopipa TvavTa Kai e</>uXa£e 
raura pf) Tvapafialveiv. ovtoo piv peTafiakovTes evvo- 
prjBrjaav, rai be AvKovpycp TekevTrjeravTi Ipov eiaapevoi 
aefiovTai pe 7aXcos. ola be ev re x^PV Ka ' L TvkrjBei 

ovk okiyoov avbp&v , ava re ebpapov aurt/ca Kai evBevrjBrjaav. 
25 /cat brj acj) t ou/cert enveypa rjavxlrjv ayeiv, akka KaTa<fipovrj- 
aavTes ’ApKaboov Kpeaaoves elvai ixprjerTrjpLa^ovTO iv Aek- 
</>otcrt C7rt Tvaari Trj ’ ApKaboov X^PX1- V 5e HvBirj crej)L XP§- 
ra5e* 

9 ApKablrjv p ’ atrets ; jue 7 a p atrets' oi; rot 5coaco. 

30 7roXXot e^ 5 ApKabiri fi akavr] <fi ay ol avbpes eaviv, 

Oi a aivoKoikvaovaiv. iy<b be rot ovtl peyaipu. 


HERODOTUS 


73 


5cocrco rot Te7 erjv iroaatKporov bpxh^oiaSai 
Kai ko\ov 7r ebtov axoivco b taper prja aa9 at. 
radra cos airevetxSevra rjKovaav oi AaKebatpovtot } f ApKabcov 
pev rcov aWcov airetxovro, oi be irebas c pepopevot eiri 
Teyerjras earparevovro , XPV 0 "^ Ki(3br)\co irtavvot, cos brj 
e^avbpairobtovpevot rods Teyerjras. ecrcrcoOevres be rfj 
avp/3o\fj, oaot avrcov e^coyprjdrjaaVj irebas re exovre s ras 
ecpepovro avroi Kai axoivco b taper pijaapevot ro irebtov ro 
Teyer^recov epya^ovro. at be irebat avrat ev rrjat ebebearo 
ert Kal es epe rjaav aoat ev 'leyey, irepi rov vr)bv rrjs 
’AXerjs y A6r]vatr]s Kpepapevat. Kara pev bfj rov irporepov 
irokepov avvext cos a tel /ca/ccos aedkeov wpos rovs Teyeyras, 
Kara be rov Kara Kpolaw xpbvov Kai T V V ’Ava^avbptbeco 
re Kal ’Apiarcovos fiaatXrjtrjv ev AaKebatpovt rjbr\ oi 
]Xiraprtrjrat Karvireprepot rco irokepco eyeyoveaav, rpowco 
rottobe yevopevot' eiretbrj aiei rco irokepco eaaodvro biro 
Teyerjrecov, irepxf/avres Oeoirpoirovs es A eXcpovs eiretpcorcov 
riva av Oecbv ikaaapevot KarvirepSe rco irokepco Teyerjrecov 
yevoiaro. f] be Tlvdtr] acpt expy&t Opeareco rod 

’ Ayapepvovos ocrrea eir ay ay opevovs. cos be avevpelv ovk 

otot re eytvovro rrjv drjKrjv rod ’Opecrreco, eirepirov avrts 
rrjv es Oeov eiretpr)aopevovs rov x&P°v ’ ev T< $ xeotro 
’Opecrrrjs. eipcorcoat be radra rolat Oeoirpoirotat \eyet r\ 
II vdtr] rabe’ 

eart rts ? ApKabtrjs Teyerj Xeupco evi X^P^? 
evO ’ avepot irveiovat bvco Kpareprjs dir 5 avayKr]S, 

Kai rviros avrirviros , /cal irrjp’ eirt in]part Keirat. 
evO’ ’Ayapepvovtbrjv Karex €i 4>vai$oos ala’ 
rov av Koptaaapevos Teyerjs eirtrappoOos ecar /. 
cos be Kai radra rjKovaav oi AaKebatpovtot , airelxov rrjs 
e^evpeatos ovbev ekaaaov, iravra bt^ijpevot, es o brj Atxys 


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HERODOTUS 


t&v ayaQoepy&v KaXeopevcov ^TrapTtrjTecov avevpe. oi 8e 
ayaSoepyoi eiai tcov 6lgtcov, e^iovTes eK t&v imrecov a lei 
oi irpecrfivTCLTOi, rrevTe ereos Ikolcftov' tovs del tovtov tov 

6VLCLVTOV, TOV OLV e^LO.)Gl €K TCOV LTTTeOJV) ljTapTLY]TeO)V T<5 

5 kolvco biairepTropevovs prj eXivveiv aXXovs aXXrj. tovtoiv 
&v t&v avbpcov ALxys avevpe ev T eyerj Kai avvTvxiy XPV~ 
aapevos Kai Go^iy. eovarjs yap tovtov tov xP^vov em- 
pei%ir]s Trpos tovs TeyerjTas eXOcbv es x°^ K7 l LOlJ tSyeiTO 
aldrjpov e^eXavvopevov Kai ev SccpaTi rjv op&v to tt oieopevov, 
10 paOo)v 8e piv 6 xaX/ceus curodcopa^ovTa ehre iravaapevos tov 
epyov kov av , co £elve Aclkoov, el rrep el8es to rrep eyco, 
KapTa av edcopa^es, okov vvv ovtco tv yxaveis Scopa tt oiev- 
pevos ttjv epyaairjv tov aibripov. eyco yap ev Trjbe SeXaiv 
Trj avXfj cfrpeap TTOLriGaaSai, opvaauv errervxov cropcp 
15 eTTairrjx u 7 ro arriGTiys prj pev yeveadac prjbapa 
pe^ovas avSpcoirovs tcov vvv avoi^a avrrjv Kai eldov tov 
veKpov prjKel lgov eovra Trj go poo. per prja as 8e avvex^aa 
ottcgco. 6 pev 8rj oi eXeye ra tt ep OTrccTree, 6 8e evvcoaas ra 
Xeyopeva Gvve^aXXero tov ? Opearea /card to Seoirpomov 
20 tovtov elvac, rybe GvpfiaXXopevos' tov % a X/ceos 8vo opecov 
(j)vaas tovs avepovs evpiGKe eovras , tov 8e aKpova Kai ttjv 
G<j)vpav tov tc tvttov Kai tov clvtLtvttov, tov 8e etjeXai jvo- 
pevov Gibrjpov to t rypa erri Trypan Kelpevov, /card Toiovbe 
tl eUa^cov, cos erri KaKco avSpcoTOV Gibrjpos avevpyrai. 
25 avpfiaXopevos 8e ravra Kai arreXSoiv es S7ra pryv ecj)pa£e 
AaKebacpovioLGL ttolv to TTpyypa. oi 8e e/c Xoyov tt Xaarov 
ewevecKavres oi ainyv ebico^av. o 8e aTTiKopevos es Heyeyv 
Kai <t>pa£cov ttjv ecovTod avpcfropyv rrpbs tov x a ^ K ^ a 
epcadovTO 7rap’ ovk eKbidbvTOS ttjv avXyv. XP°vcc 8e cos 
30 aveyvcoae, evoiKLadr /, avopv^as 8e tov Ta<j)ov Kai t a oaTea 
avXXe^as olx^to (frepcov es S 7 TapTrjv. Kai cltto tovtov tov 


HERODOTUS 


75 


XpovoVj okcos Treipparo aXXr]Xc op, i roXXw KarvivepTepoi 
rw ivoXepop eylpopro oi Aa/c ebaipopioi' r)br] be (T(j)i Kal 
7] iroWrj ri]s lieXoTrovvrjaov rjv Karearpappepr]. 

Lacedemonian Aid Promised and the Expedition Begun 

TaOra brj &v Travra tt vpdapopepos 6 K polaos eirepire es 
HirapTriP ayyeXovs bcopa re pepopras Kal berjcropepovs 
avppaxi^s, ePTeiXapepos re ra Xeyeip XPV V • °i eXOopres 
eXeyop’ ’’'Eireppe rjpieas KpoTcros 6 Avb&p re Kal aXXcop 
Wpeaip (3a(nXevs , Xeywp ra8 e‘ A aKebaipopioi, xPW av ~ 

ros rod deov top ''E \\7]pa plXop irpoadecrOaL , vpeas yap 
irvpOapopai TvpoeaTapai rrjs 'E XXabos, vpeas oop Kara to 
XP^ cfTppiop ivpoKaXeopai piXos re OeXup yepeadau Kal 
avppaxos apev re boXov Kal clt arris. K polaos pep brj 
raDra 5 C ayyeXa ip eireKripvKevero 9 , A aKebaipopioi be aKrj- 
Koores Kal avrol to deoirpoiriop to Kpotcrco yepopepop 
riaOrjcrap re rfj cltL^l t&p Avboop Kal eTourjaaPTO opKLa 
£eipirjs rrepi Kal avppaxiys" Kal yap ripes avrovs evep- 
yeaiai elxop €k Kpotcrou tt porepop en yeyopviai. irep- 
papres yap oi AaKebaipopioi es 'Zapbis xP V(T ^p copeopro, 
es ayaXpa /3ovXopepoL XP 1 hfraaQai tovto to pvp rrjs 
AaKoiPLKrjs ev QoppaKL tbpvT at ’AttoXXcoz'os, KpoTcros be 
apt wpeopepoiai ebooKe booTiprjp. tovtwp re o)P elpeKep oi 
AaKebaipopioi ttjp avppaxiyv ebe^apro, Kal otl eK iraPTWP 
apeas TpoKplpas 'EXX^vcoz' alpeero pLXovs. 

’Ecrrpareuero 5e 6 KpoTcros tiri Ilepcras r&pbe elVexa, 
Kal yrjs Ipepco TpocrKTriaaadaL 7rpos ttjp k ovtou polpap 
fiovXopepos, Kal paXiara rcc XP 7 l (Trr lp' LC P 'kictvpos ec op Kai 
relcracrOai OeXwp vrrep ’Aarvayeos K vpop. ? A arvayea 
yap top Kua^apeco, eopra K poLaov pep yapffpop, IS/LrjboiP be 
(SacnXea, KOpos 6 Kapfivaeu Karaarpepapepos elxe. 


5 

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HERODOTUS 


(After an indecisive battle with Cyrus in Cappadocia, Croesus 
returned to Sardis, with the intention of deferring further hostilities 
until he had secured additional forces. He was followed swiftly 
by Cyrus, and after a battle in which the Persians prevailed, 
Croesus was forced into the city and besieged. The Lacedemonians 
were preparing to lend aid, when news was brought that Sardis 
had been taken.) 


The Capture of Sardis 

2ap5tes 5e rfkuaav code* eireidr] reaaepecrKCudeKaTr} eye- 
V6 to rjpeprj iroXiopneopevcp Kpotcrco, Kupos rfj arpartf} rrj 
eccvTov biaiYepypas Imreas Tpoelwe rco Trpcorco 6tl(3clvtl tov 
reixeos 5a )pa 5 ooaeiv. p era 5e tovto TreLprjaapevrjs rrjs 
5 arpaTLrjs, cos ov 7rpoexcopee, evOavTa t&v aWoov Tverravpevoiv 
avrjp Mapdos e 7 retparo irpoaPaivuv, rco ovvopa rjv 'Tpoi- 
a8r}S 7 /card tovto tt \s oucpoTrohios rrj oudets eTeTaKTO (f>v Xa- 
kos' ov yap rjv 8eivov /card tovto pi] aXco /core. arroTopos 
re 7 ap eart TavTr\ r) d/cpo7roXts /cat apaxos’ 6 &v 8rj 
10 'Tpotad^s ovtos 6 Mapdos Idco^ rfj irpoTepairi t&v Tiva 
Av8&v /card tovto tt}s d/cpo7roXtos /cara/Sa^ra eiri Kvverjv 
avccdev KaTaKvXiaOeiaav /cat a vekopevov ecfrpaadr] /cat es 
Ovpov e/3aXero. rore 5e 8rj avTOS re ave/3e^rj /cee /cat /car’ 
auro/^ aXXot Ilepaeco^ avefiaivov' rvpocrfiavTwv 5e avxv&v 
is oi/rco di) 2ap5tes re rfkuKecrav Kal rrav to clgtv err opfleero. 
/car’ auroi' de Kpotow rade eyiveTO. rjv oi 7rats, tov /cat 
rrpOTepov 6Trepvr]adr]Vj tcl pev aXXa ewLeiKrjs, acfrwvos de. 
ev rfj coi' rrapekdovarj eveaTol 6 Kpotaos ro 7rdz^ es avTOV 
ewe7roLr]Kee aXXa re em^pa^bpevos /cat di) /cat es AeX<#>ous 
20 7rept aurou errervopc^ee xpyvop&ovs. r) de ILvdLr] oi ehre 
rade* 

Ai/5e yevos, TroXXcot' /3acrtXeu, jueya j^Tte Kpotae, 
pr) fiovkev 7r okvevKTOV irjv ava dcoptar’ anoveiv 


HERODOTUS 


77 


7rcu56s cjodeyyopevov. to be aoi toXv Xcoiov apcjois 
eppevai’ abb^aet yap ev 77 /xart TpcoTov avoX/3 co. 
aXiaicopevov brj rod ret%eos, 7 ?te yap tcov tls Hepaecov 
aXXoyvcoaas K polaov cos aTOKTeveoov, Kpotaos pev vvv 
opecov emovra vto tt}s Tapeovar]s avp^opijs TaprjpeXrjKee, 5 
ou5e tL oi biecfoepe TXr\yevTi airoOaveiv' b be Tals ovros 6 
acjocovos cbs elbe eTiovTa tov Hepcrr]v , vto beovs re /cat 
KaKov 6ppr]i~e (froovrjv, erzre be’ ’'tivOpooire, prj KTelve Kpolcrov. 
ovros pev brj tovto tpcotov ecfoOey%aro, pera be tovto r\by] 
e^covee tov iravTa \pbvov rrjs for?s. 10 

The Fate of Croesus 

Ot be Tlepcrai ras re brj 2ap5ts eaxov /cat a vtov Kpolaov 
e^coyprjaav, ap^avTa erea TeaaepeaKaibeKa /cat Teaaepea- 
/cat5e/ca rjpepas ToXiopurjOevTa, Kara to xPV^VP^ov re 
KaTairavaavTa ttjv ecoi nov peyaXrjv apxw. XafiovTes be 
avTOv oi Uepaai rjyayov irapa ~Kvpov. o be avvvrjaas 15 
Trvprjv peyaXrjv avefiifiaae eT avTrjv tov Kpolaov re ev 
Tebyai bebepevov /cat bis eir ra Avbcov Tap ’ avTov walbas, 
ev voco ex^v etre §77 aKpodivia TavTa naTayielv Oecov orea? 

617 , etre /cat evxvv e 7 rtreXecrat 0eXa^, etre /cat TvOopevos tov 
Kpolaov elvai deoaefiea Tovbe eivenev avefiLfiaae e 7 rt tyjv 20 
TvprjVj (3ovXopevos eibevai et tls piv baipovcov puaerat roO 
prj fa^ra KaTaicavdrjvai. tov pev brj TOieeiv raOra, rw 
5e Kpotaco earecort € 7 rt rrjs 7 ri/pr}s eaeXOelv , Kaiwep ev 
/ca/cw eo^rt ToaovTcc, to tov XoXcovos, cos oi et 77 avv deco 
eiprjpevov, to prjbeva elvai tcov ^oovtcov oXfiiov. cos be 25 
apa piv TpoaaTrjvai tovTo, aveveiKapevov re /cat a vaaTeva- 
%avTa e/c ToXXrjs rjavxiv s « rpts ovopaaa t ‘ 2oXcov \ 
/cat ro^ Kupoi' aKOvaavTa KeXevaai rovs eppt]veas exetpe- 
aOai tov Kpolaov Tiva tovtov e 7 rt/caXeotro, /cat rous 


78 


HERODOTUS 


TrpoaeXdbvTas eireipoiTav . Kpolcrov 8e recos pev aty rjv 
eX eiv eipooT&pevov, pera 8 e, cos rjvayKa^eTo, ehre'iv * To^ 
av eyk iraai Tvpavvoun 7rpoeTipr]aa peyaXaiv xPVP^ T(j:v 
es Xbyovs eXdelv. cos 8 e cr<£t aaripa ecfrpa^e, iraXiv 
5 eTeipooToov ra Xeyopeva. XnrapebvTwv 8e avT&v Kai oxXov 
irapexovToov 'ekeye 8rj cos rj\6e apxv v & SoXcoi' ewv 
’Ad'qva'ios, Kai derjaapevos iravra tov eoovTod o\fiov 
aTO(j)\avpiaeLe (ola 8 ri ehras), cos re aurco iravra cL7ro/3e^r]~ 
KOi rfj 7rep eKeivos ehre, ov8ev tl paWov es euvTov Xeyoiv 
10 r) owe es a7ra^ to avOpcoTivov Kai paXicrra tovs tt apa 
a(j>i<n avTolm oXfiLovs boKeovTas elvat. tov pev Kpolaov 
raDra airily eeaO at, tt}s be irvpfjs rjby] appevrj s KaiecrOai ra 
irepieax^Ta. Kai top Kvpov aKOvaavTa t&v epprjveoov ra 
KpoTcros ehre, peTayvovTa re Acac evvdoaavTa otl Kai avTOS 
is avdpcciros eoiv aXXov avdponrov, yevopevov ecoi/roO evbai- 
poviri ovk eXacrcrco, fco^ra 7rupl biboir}, irpos re tovtolctl 
beiaavTa ttjv tlctiv Kai eiriXe^apevov cos ovbev elr\ tcov ev 
avdpdoTOLGL aac/mXecos e%o^, KeXeveiv afievvvvai ttjv ra%t- 
ar^ ro Kaiopevov irvp Kai KaTafiifia^eiv Kpolaov re /cat 
20 rous pera Kpotaou. Kai tovs ireLpoopevovs ov bvvaaOai 
eTL tov irvpos eTviKpaTTjcTai. evdavTa XeyeTai viro Avb&v 
K polaov padovTa ttjv Kvpov peTayvuaLV, cos copa iravTa 
pev avbpa af3evvvvTa to tt vp, bvvapevov s be ovKeTi /caraXa- 
fielv, eTvifioxrafjOai tov ? A7t oXXccva eirLKaXebpevov, el tL 
25 ol Kex^piapevov e£ avTod ebwprjdr], TrapaGTr\vai Kai 
pvaaadai piv e/c tov tt apeovTos /ca/cou. top pev baKpvovTa 
eiTLKaXeeadai top Oeov, e/c be aidpLrjs re Kai vrjvepLris 
Gvvbpapeiv e^ampris vec^ea Kai yfEipcova re KaTappayrjvai 
Kai vcrai vbaTi Xa/3porarco, KaTaa^ea6r\vai re ttjv Trvprjv. 
30 ovt co brj padovTa top Kvpov cos elr\ o Kpotcros Kai Oeo(f>iXr]s 
Kai avrjp ayaOos, KaTafiifiaaavTa avTOv airo tt\ s Tvprjs 


HERODOTUS 


79 


elpeadai rabe' Kpoure, rls ere avOpcoiroov aveyvooae eirl 
yijv rrjv eprjv arparevaapevov iroXepiov avrl cjolXov epol 
Karaarrjvai ] 6 be eure* /SacrcXeO, eyoo ravra ewprj^a 
rfj afj pev evbaipovlrj, rfj epeoovrov be KaKobatpovlr}' 
alrios he rovroov eyevero 6 'JZXXrjvaov 6eos errapas epe arpa- 
reveadat. ovbels yap ovroo avbrjrbs eari bans iroXepov 
Tpo elprjviijs alpeerai' ev pev yap rfj ol Talbes tovs 
rrarepas OairrovaL, ev be rai ol rrarepes tovs tt albas. 
aXXa ravra balpoal kov cfrlXov rjv ovtoo yeveadai. 6 pev 
ravra eXeye , KO pos be avrov Xvaas Karelae re eyyvs 
eoovrov Kal napra ev 7r oXXfj TpoprjOlrj elxe, caredbopa^e re 
opeoov Kal avros Kal ol rrepl eKelvov eovres rravres. 

Outline of the Early History of Asia 
’E7 Tibl^rjrai be brj to evdevrev rjp'lv 6 Xbyos rov re 
KO pov bans eoov rrjv Kpotcrou apxyv KarelXe, Kal tovs 
H epaas ore co rporroo rjyrjaavro rrjs ? Aalrjs . cos oov 
Hepaeoov pere^erepot Xeyovai ol prj fiovXopevoi aepvovv ra 
irepl KO pov, aXXa rov eovra Xeyeiv Xoyov, Kara ravra 
ypa\{/co , emarapevos irepl KO pov Kal rpufraala s aXXas 
Xoyoov obovs (frrjvai. 5 Aaavploov apxovroov rrjs avoo ’A alrjs 
e'K ere a eiKocri Kal TevraKOcna , rrpooroi arv^ avroov M rjboi 
rjp^avro arvlaraadai' Kal koos ovtol rrepl rrjs eXevdeplrjs 
paxecrapevoi roicri ’Aaavploiai eyevovro avbpes ayadol 
Kal arvooaapevoi rrjv bovXoavvrjv eXevdepbodrjaav. per a be 
rovrovs Kal ra aXXa Wvea errolee roovro rofiai Alrjboiai. 
eovroov be avrovopoov rravroov ava rrjv rjrreipov &be avns 
es rvpavvlbas rrepirjXOov. avrjp ev rolai M rjboiai eyevero 
cro<j)bs roo ovvopa rjv ArjLOKrjs, irals be rjv ^paopreco. 
ovros o ArjiOKrjs epaadels rvpavvlbos to M rjbiKov Wvos 
avvearpe\[/e Kal rovrov rjp%e. ArjioKeoo be rrais yiverat 


5 

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HERODOTUS 


QpaopTr]s, os TeXevrrjaavTos ArjLOKeco, fiaaikevaaPTOS Tpla 
Kal irePTrjKOPTa erea, ivapebe^aTo ttjp apxyv- 7r apabe^a- 
pepos bb ovk aivexpaTO povpcop Mrjboop apxtw, aXXa 
arparevaapevos h rl tovs Tlepcras TTpcoTOial re tovtouti 
5 eiredr^KaTO Kai 7rpcbroi;s Mrjdcov VTrrjKOOVS eTrolrjae. per a 
be ex^v bvo ravra Wvea Kal apcjooTepa lax^pbi, Karearpe- 
(fiero ttjp ’Aalrjp air 7 aWov erf aXXo loop Wpos, es o 
arparevaapepos erfi tovs ’ Aacvplovs 6 ^paopr^s avros 
re bietfidapr], ap£as bvo re Kal eiKoai erea, Kal 6 arparos 
10 avrov o 7roXXos. ^paoprea; be reXevrrjaaPTOs e^ebe^aro 
Kva^aprjs o <£pa6preco rod AriiOKeco irals. ovros \eyerai 
7 roXXop ’in yepeoOai ahKipurepos tcop irpoyopcop’ 

The Birth of Cyrus and his Preservation from Death 
? E/c5e/cerai be 9 Aarvayrjs o Ki»a£apeco irdls ttjp fiaai- 
\r}lr]P. Kal oi eyhero dvyarrip rrj ovpopa edero Mapbaprjp, 
15 ttjp eboKee J Aarvayrjs ep tco vttpco ovprjaaL togovtop c care 
7tXt7 crai pep ttjp ecovTov ttoXlp, emKaraKAvaai be Kal 
ttjp ’Aalrjp ivaaap. vwepdepepos be tcop pay cop toIgl 
bpeipoiroXoicri to €PV 7 tplop, e(f>ol3r)0r} 7rap’ avTcop aura 
eKaaTa padcop. peTa be ttjp ALapbaprjp TavTrjp eovcrap 
20 77677 apbpos c bpairjp Mrjbcop pep tcop ecovTov a^lcop ovbepl 
btbol yvpaiKa, bebouKcos ttjp 6 \//lp, o be Ueparj bebol r<3 
ovpopa tip Kapfivar]s, top evpLGKe oUlrjs pep eoPTa ayadfjs, 
TpOTov be rjavxlovj iroWQ epepOe aye op avTOP peaov 
apbpos Mrjbov. 

25 XvpoLKeovarjs be rw Kapfivarj ttjs ALapbaprjs o 7 AaTvayr]s 
tco irpcoTCp eTei elbe aWrjp o\piP' eboKee oi eK tcop albolcop 
Trjs OvyaTpos TavTTjs cjovpaL apweXop, ttjp be apire\op 
kmGX&v tt]P ’ Agl^p iraaap. ibaop be tovto Kal vtt ep6e- 
pepos toIgl opeipoirokoiGi peTeirep\j/aTO eK tcop Hepaecop 


HERODOTUS 


81 


ttjv dvyaTepa eirLTeKa eovaav, aTLKopevrjv 8e ecfrvXaaae 
fiovXopevos to yevvcopevov e§ aurrjs biafyQeipai' e/c yap oi 
rrjs oi/aos tcov paycov oi oveLpoiroXoL ea'qpaLvov on peXXoL 
6 rfjs Ovyarpos avTov yovos fiacrCKevcreiv avn eKeivov. 
ravra 8rj cov cjovXaaaopevos 6 5 AaTvayrjs, cos eyevero 6 
Kupos, KaXeaas *' Apirayov , avbpa olktjlov icai wLaTOTaTOv 
re M.rj8oov Kai tclvtoov eirLTpoirov tcov ecourou, eXeye oi 
TOiaSe * "Apiraye, wprjypa to av tol Tpoadeoo, pr)8ap cos 
7 r apaxpwy, pybe e/xe re irapafiaXy) Kai aXXov s eXopevos 
e£ vaTeprjs croi a vtco 7repLirearjs. Xa(3e tov Alav8avv) 
ere/ce 7 ral8a, cfrepcov 8e es crecovTod aitoKTeivov' /xera 8e 
da\f/ov Tpoirco oTeco avTos ffovXeaL. 6 8e apeifteTaL' ’O 
fiacnXed, oure aXXore /cco irapelbes avbpi Tcobe ax a P l 
ov8ev, (frvXaaaopeda 5e es ere Kai es tov pere7recra xp' ov °v 
prjbev e^apapTeiv . aXX ? ec roc <f>LXov rouro ourco yiveadaL, 
XPV 8i] to ye epov virrjpeTeecrdaL e7rm]5ecos. tovtoktl 
apeL\//apevos o *' Apirayos, cos ol 7ra pebodr] to i raibiov 
K€KO(Tprjpevov ttjv ei tl davaTCp , 7pe KXaioov es ra ol/ela* 
irapeXd&v 8e e</>pafe rj) ecourou yvvaid tov iravTa ’Acrrua- 
'yeos prjdevTa Xoyov. rj 8e 7rpos avTov Xeyer Nuz> &v tl 
aoi ev voco ecrrl iroieeiv ) o 8e dpet/3erac* Ou rj} ez^ereXXero 
^Agtv ayTjS) ov8 ’ el irapacjopovyjaeL re /cal paveeTai kclklov 
fj vvv paiveTai , ou ol e7co7e irpoadijaopaL rj) yveoprj ov8e 
es <j)bvov tolovtov virTjpeTTjcro). iroXXcov 8e eiVe/ca ou 
(frovevaoo piv, Kai otl avTco poi avyyevrjs 6 <jti o irals , Kai 
otl ’A crTvayrjs pev ea tl yepcov Kai airaLS eperevos yovov 
el 5’ eQeX'qaeL tovtov TeXevTrjaavTos es ttjv dvyaTepa 
TavTrjv ava^rjvaL rj Tvpavvis, tt ]s ^uz^ roz^ uioz' KTeLveL 8 l 
epev, aXXo tl rj XeiireTaL to evSevTev epoi klv8vvuv o 
peyLdTos ; aXXa rou pez^ acrcfraXeos etveKa epoi 8el tovtov 
T eXevTav tov iraiba , See pez^roc rcoz^ nva ’AdTvayeos 


5 

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30 


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HERODOTUS 


clvtov (frovea yeveaOai nai prj tcov ep&v. tclvtcl elite nai 
avTLKa ayyeXov eirepire eirl t&v (3ovko\gov t&v ’A aTvayeos 
tov rjirLarcLTO vopas re eTLTrjbeoTaT as vepovTa nai opea 
OrjpiwbeaTaTa, tco ovvopa rjv AliTpabaTrjs. avvolnee be 
5 eccvTov avvbovXrj, ovvopa be ttj yvvaud rjv rfj avvoLnee 
Kwco Kara Trjv 'E XXrjvcov yXccaaav, Kara be ttjv MrjbiKrjv 
'Lit anbi' rr)v yap nvva naXeovai (Tirana M rjboi. at be 
vircopeal eiai t&v opeuv, evOa ras vopas t&v (3obov elx e 
euros brj 6 fiovnoXos, irpos iSopecc re avepov tcov ’AyParavwv 
10 nai irpos tov ttovtov tov Ei^et^ou. TavTrj pev yap rj 
MrjbiKrj x&py irpos 'Laairelpcov opeivrj eaTi napTa nai 
vxprjXrj re nai Ibrjai ayvrjpefprjs, rj be aXXrj M rjbiKrj x&PV 
ecrTL it da a airebos. eirel &v o fiovnoXos airovbfj iroXXfj 
naXebpevos airineTO, eXeye o ''Apirayos Tabe' KeXevei ae 
15 ’ AaTvayrjs to iratbiov tovto XafiovTa Qelvai es to eprjpoTa- 
tov t&v opewv, okois av Tax^crra bia^Oapeirj. nai Tabe 
toi eneXevae eiirelv, rjv prj airoKTeLvrjs avTO, aXXa Teco 
Tpoirco irepLiroLrjarjs , oXeOpco rw KaidaTco ae biaxPWtadai' 
eiropdv be enneipevov TeTaypai ey a>. 

20 Taura anovaas o fiovnoXos nal avaXafibov to iraibiov rjie 
TTjv avTrjv oiriaca obov nal airinveeTai es Trjv eiravXiv . ra> 
b ’ a pa nal avTco rj yvvrj kirlre £ eovaa irdaav rjpeprjv, TOTe 
kcos /cara baipova TiKTei olxopevov tov fiovnoXov es iroXiv. 
rjaav be ev <ppovTlbi apfyoTepoi aXXrjXcov irepi , 6 pev tov 
25 tokov ttjs ywamos appoobeoov, rj be yvvrj 6 tl ovk eoidws o 
' Apirayos peTairep^aiTO avTrjs tov avbpa. eireiTe be 
airovoaTrjaas eireaTrj, ola e% aeXTTOV Ibovaa * rj yvvrj 
eipeTO irpoTeprj 6 tl piv ovtco irpodvpcos "Apirayos peTeirep- 
xj/aTO. o be elite' yvvai, elbov re es iroXiv eXdbov nal 
30 rjnovaa to prjTe ibelv axfreXov prjTe KOTe yeveaOai es 
beairoTas tovs rjpeTepovs. olnos pev iras * Apirayov nXavO - 


HERODOTUS 


83 


pcb Kareix^TO * eyw be eKirXayeis rjia eaxo. cos be 
tclx^tcl earjXOov, opeoo Traibiov rrpoKeipevov aarvalpov re 
Kai Kpavyavopevov , KeKoapripevov XP V(T $ T€ Ka ' L ^drjTi 
'iroLKlXrj. '’kprr ay os be cos eZSe pe, eKeXeve tyjv rax^Trjv 
avaXafiovTa to iraibiov OLxe<r0cu (jrepovTa Kai Oeivai evOa 
OrjpLOjdeaTarov eir\ t&v opeoov, <j)ds ’A aTvayea elvat tov 
raura eividepevov poi, i roXX’ arreiX^aas ec prj acj)ea 
7 roir](TaipL. Kai eyco avaXapwv etfiepov, boKecov tcov tivos 
OLK6T6gov elv ar ov yap av Kore Karedo^a evOev ye rjv. 
edapiQeov be opecov XP V(7 Q> r€ K0LL €t/xcurc KeKoapr)pevov , 
7rpos 5e Kai KXavdpov /careoTecoTa epcfravea ev 'kprrayov. 
Kai irpoKare brj /car’ bbov rrvvdavopai tov tt avTa Xoyov 
OeparrovTOS, os epe TrporrepTWV e£co rroXios e^execptcre to 
(3pe<j)os, cos apa Mavbavrjs Te eirj reals tt\ s ? kaTvdyeos 
dvyaTpos Kai Kapfivaeu tov Kupou, /cac ptv ? kaTvayrjs 
evTeWeTai air oKTelvar vvv Te obe ecrrt. a pa Te raOra 
eXe 7 e 6 (3ovkoXos Kai e/c/caXui^as a 7 r ebeUvve. 17 §e cos 
eZ5e to 7 r aibiov peya Te Kai eveibes eov, baKpvaaaa Kai 
\afiopevr) t&v yovvaTwv tov avbpds exp^cfe prjbeptfj Tex^V 
eKdelvai piv. 6 Se ovk ecfrr] oZos re elvai aXXcos aura 
7 Toieeiv eTTL(f)OLT7}(jeLV yap KaTaaKorrovs e£ 'kprrayov 
eiroypopevovsj arroXeeaOai Te Aca/acrra rjv prj a4>ea rroirjarj. 
cos be ovk erreiQe apa tov avbpa, bevTepa Xeyei rj yvvrj 
Tabe‘ ? E 7 r ei tolvvv ov bvvapai ere rreWeiV prj eKdelvai, av 
be c cbe rroirjaov, ei brj rrdad ye dvdyKrj ocfrdrjvai eKKeipevov 
TeTOKa yap Kai eyoi, TeTOKa be Tedveos’ tovto pev 4>epuv 
irpoOes, tov be ttj s ? kaTvayeos dvyaTpos rralba cos e£ 
rjpecov eovTa Tpecfroopev Kai ourco ovTe av aXc oaeai 
dbLKecov tov s bearroTas, ovTe riplv /ca/ccos fie(3ovXevpeva 
eaTai. 6 Te yap TeOve cos PaaiXr)ir)S Tacprjs Kvprjaei Kai 6 
rrepieoiv ovk arvoXeei ttjv ifsvxyv- KapTa Te ebo<~e tco 


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HERODOTUS 


(SovkoKco irpos ra ttcl peovTa ev \eyeiv rj yvvrj, Kal aMica 
errolee tclvtcl. tov pev ecfrepe QavaT&cruv tt alba, tovtov 
pev rvapabibol rrj icovrov yvvaiKi, tov be ecovTod eovra 
veKpov \aj3cov Wr\Ke es to ayyos ev too e</>epe tov eTepov' 
5 Koaprjaas be tQ> Koapo) rra vtI tov eTepov 7r<u5os, (j>epwv 
es to epTjpoTCLTOv t&v opeuv Tidel. cos be tp'lttj 17 peprj 
tc3 7reu5uo e/c Keipevco eyeveTO, r\ie es ttoKlv 6 /3ovko\os, 

TCOV Tiva TVpofioGK&V (\)Vk<lKOV CLVTOV KaToXiTTOlV, e\doJV 

be es tov 'Aprrayov arrobeiKvvvai ec^rj eToipos elvcu tov 
10 Tcubiov tov veKW. Trepipas be 6 "Apirayos t&v ecoi/roO 
bopv(j)6pcov tovs maTOTaTOVs elbe re bia tovtoiv Kal e6a\pe 
tov /3ovk6\ov to 7 raibiov. Kal to pev eTedaTTO, tov be 

vcrTepov tovtcov lAvpov ovopaaOevTa irapa\a(3ovcra eTpecfre 
i] yvvrj tov Povko\ov, ovvopa a Wo kov tl Kal ov K vpov 
15 depevrj. 

The Recognition of Cyrus by Astyages and the Punishment 
of Harpagus 

Kat ore brj rjv beKaeTrjs 6 7raTs, rrprjypa es avTov 
TOLOvbe yevopevov e^ecjrrjve piv. ervai^e ev Trj Kcoprj TavTrj 
ev Trj rjaav Kal al /fou/coAiai avTai, eirai^e be peT aWcov 
rjXlKUv ev obco. Kal ot 7ralbes Tval^ovTes eCkovTO ecoi/r&J' 
20 fiaaikea elvai tovtov brj tov tov (3ovko\ov erriKArjaiv rvalba. 
6 be avT&v bieTa^e tovs pev oiKias oiKobopeeiv, tovs be 
bopvcj)6povs elvai, tov be kov Tiva avT&v b<j)6d\pbv fiacriheos 
elvai, rco be tlvl tcls ayyeXLas eacjrepeiv ebibov yepas, cos 
e/cacrco epyov irpoaTacrcroov. els brj tovtwv t&v rraibcov 
25 avpTraifav, euv 5 ApTepfiapeos rrals, avbpos boKipov ev 
M rjboiai, ov yap brj erroirjae to tt poaTax^ev e/c tov 
K vpov, eKeXeve avTov tovs aXkovs rralbas biaXafielv, 
rreiOopevwv 5e t&v iralbcov o KOpos tov Tralba Tprjx^s 


HERODOTUS 


85 


Kapra TepieaTe pacrTiyeoip. 6 be eirdre peTeidrj Tax^Ta, 
cos ye brj apa^ia k cvtov iraOdov, paWop ti 7 repirjpeKTee, 
Kare\0wv be es toKip Tpos top irarepa aTOiKTi^eTo tup 
vito K vpov rjPTrjae, \eyup be ov K vpov (ov yap /cco rjp 
tovto Tovpopa), aXXa Tpos rod (3ovko\ov tov ’AaTvayeos 
Taibos. 6 be 9 ApTepfiaprjs opyfj cos elx e kXdup Tapa top 
9 AaTvayea Kal apa ayopepos top t alba apapaia Tprjy- 
para ecfrrj TeTOpdbai, \eyup- (3acri\ev, vto rod aov 
bovkov , fiovKoXov be Taibos ube TepivfipiapeOa, beiKPvs rod 
t aibos tov s upovs. aKovaas be Kai ibup 9 AaTvayrjs, 
OeXup Tipuprjcrai rco Taibl Tiprjs Trjs 9 ApTep/3apeos eipena , 
peTeTepTero top re (3ovko\op Kal top Ta'iba. eTeiTe 
be Taprjcrap aptfroTepoi, fi\epas Tpos top K vpop 6 ’Acrrua- 
yrjs e<t>rj‘ Su brj k op Tovbe toiovtov Ioptos Tals eTokprjaas 
top Tovbe Ta'iba eoPTOS tputov Tap 9 epol aeiKeirj Toifjbe 
TepurTe'ip ) o be apeifieTO ube’ ’£2 becrTOTa, eyu be raura 
tovtop eToirjaa ctvp b'lKrj' oi yap pe eK Trjs Kuprjs Talbes, 
tup Kal obe rjp, Tai^oPTes crcfreup ai)TUP ecrTrjcraPTO fiacrikea' 
eboKeop yap crcfri elpai es tovto eTiTrjbeoTaTos. ol pep pvp 
aXXoi Talbes ra hriTacrcropepa eTeTeXeop, ovtos be aprj- 
KovaTee tc Kal \byop elxe ovbeva , es o eXa/3e ttjp biKrjp. 
el up brj Tovbe eiVe/ca at-ios Tev KaKov eipt, obe tol t apeipi. 
TavTa XeyoPTos tov Taibos top 9 AaTvayea earjie apaypuais 
avTod, Kai ol 6 re x a P aKT VP T °v TpoauTOV t poacjrepeadai 
eboKee es k ovtop Kal rj VTOKpuns ekevOepuTeprj elpai, o re 
Xpopos Trjs eKdeaios ttj rjkiKirj tov Taibos eboKee avp- 
fiaipeip. eKT\ayels be tovtokji eirl XP 0V0V bcfrdoyyos rjP’ 
poyis be brj KOTe apepeix^ks eiTe , deXc op eKTep\J/ai top 
’A pTepfiapea, ipa top fiovKokop povpop Xa/3c op Pacrapicrrj 
? ApTepfiapes , eyo: raGra Toirjcro: cocrTe ere Kai Talba top 
(top pr)bep eTipepcjreaOai. top pep brj 9 ApTepfiapea TepTei, 


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tov 8e K vpov rjyov ecrco ot OepaTovres KeXevaavros rod 
’ Aarvayeos. eirel 8e vTeXeXeiTTo 6 /3 ovkoXos povvos pov- 

vbOev, ra8e avrov eipero o ’A arvayrjSj KoOev Xa/3oi tov 
T rcuda Kal tls eirj o t apabovs. o be e£ ec ovtov re e<pr] yeyo- 
5 vevai Kal rrjv reKOverav avrov ere elvai 7rap’ ecourco. 
? Aarvayr]s be piv ovk ev fiovXeveadai ecj)rj eTidvpeovra es 
avayKas peyaXas aTiKveecrOai , apa re Xeywv ravra earj- 
paive To'icfi bopvcfropoicri Xapfiaveiv avrov. o be ayopevos 
es ras avayKas ovreo brj e<paive tov eovra Xoyov. apxb- 
10 pevos be a7r’ apxys bie^rjie rfj aXrjdeiri xP e &pevos Kal 
Karefiaive es Xiras re Kal crvyyvcopr]v ecourcp KeXevcov exew 
avrov. ’ k(JTvayr)s be tov pev /3 ovkoXov ttjv aXrjdeirjv 
eKffirjvavTOS Xoyov rjbr] Kal eAacrcrco eiroieero, 'ApTayco 8e 
Kal peyaXus pepefropevos KaXeeiv avrov rovs 8opvcj)6povs 
15 e/ceAeue. cos be oi t aprjv o " ApTayos , eipero piv o 
? Aarvayrjs' v .kpiraye, Teco brj popio tov Talba KaTexpv (Tao 
tov tol TapebuKa e/c Ovyarpos yeyovbra tt}s eprjs ; 6 be 
"Apirayos cos elSe tov (3ovkoXov evbov eovra , ov rpenerai 
hrl xf/evbea obov, iva prj eXeyxopevos aXiaKrjrai, aXXa 
20 \eyet rabe • *0, fiaaiXev, It eire TapeXafiov to Taibiov , 
eflovXevov GKOTeiov okcos aoi re Toirjcra) Kara voov Kal eyu 
Tpos ere yivopevos avapaprriTos prjre Svyarpl rrj erfj prjre 
aurco aol eirjv avdevrrj s. Toieoo brj co5e* KaXecras tov 
fiovKoXov rov8e Tapabibcopi to Taibiov , <pas ae ye elvai 
25 tov KeXevovra aTOKreivai avro. Kal Xeycov tovto ye 
ovk e\//ev86pr}v‘ av yap evereXXeo outco. Tapabibcopi 
pevroi rco5e Kara ra8e, evreiXapevos Oelvai piv es epr\pov 
opos Kal Tapapevovra cj)vXacrcreiv axP L °v TeXevTrjarj, 
aTeikr](jas Tavrola rco5e rjv prj ra8e hnreXea ToiTjarj. 
30 eTeire 8e ToiTjaavros tovtov ra KeXevopeva eTeXevrrjae to 
T aiblov , Tepxj/as t&v evvovx^v rovs Tiarorarovs Kal el8ov 


HERODOTUS 


87 


8l eKelvoov Kai edaxpa piv. ourcos e<rxe, & fiavikev, irepl 
tov 7r prjy /jlcltos tovtov, Kai rocourco popco exPV craT0 o tcus. 
'’Apivayos pev 8rj tov idvv efyaive \6yov, 5 Aarvayrjs 5e 
Kpv7TT(jJV tov ot evelx e X^kov dia to yeyovos, 7rpcora pev, 
/card irep rjKovae avTos Tpos tov fiovKokov to rvprjypa, 
TrcCkiv airrjyeeTO ra; ^Apirayio, pera 8e, cos ol exaXcX- 
koyrjTO, KCLTefiaLve keywv cos 7repcecrrc re 6 7racs /cal to 
yeyovos exec /caXcos. To) re yap TreTroirjpevcp, ecjrr] keyuv, 
es tov iralda tovtov enapvov peyakus Kai dvyaTpl Trj epfj 
8ia(3e(3kr]pevos ovk ev ekatppco eTroievprjv. cos &v Trjs Tvxys 
ev perecrrecucn7s tovto pev tov crecourou 7racSa aTOTrepxpov 
7ra pa tov 7rac5a tov verjkvda, tovto 8e (acoarpa Yap tov 
waidds peXXco Oveiv roccrc deoov Tipi] avTrj 7rp6o7cecrac) 
irapiadl poi ervl belrvvov. '’Aprvayos pev cos rjKovae raura, 

TrpoaKvvrjaas /cal peyaka iroirjaapevos ore re rj apapras ol 
es Seov eyeyovee Kai ore eiri tvxv°’ l XP r l crT V a ' L belrrvov 
6KeK\r]TO, rjie es ra oc/cca. ecreXdaiv 5e Trjv raxccmjz', rjv 
yap ol 7 raes els povvos, eTea rpea /cal 5e/ca kov paXccrra 
yeyovoos, tovtov eKirepirei, levai re /ceXeucoz> es ? AcrTvayeos 
Kai 7 roieeiv o tl av eKelvos Kekevrj. auros <5e 7repcxap?7S 
ecoz' <frpa£ei Trj yvvaiKi ra avyKvp^aavTa. 5 AaTvayrjs 

8e, cos ol curiKeTO 6 * Aprrayov rvals, cr</>a£as a vtov Kai 
/card pekea dceXcoz' ra pev &TTT](Te, ra 5e r\^r\(je t&v 
Kpecov, euru/ca 8e TOir]crapevos ecxe. exeere de rzjs cbp??s 
yivopevrjs tov delirvov iraprjcrav oc re aXXoe daiTvpoves Kai 
6 *' ApTayos, roccrc pez> aXXoecre /cal aurep ? A cjTvayei 
irapeTiOeaTO rpa 7 refae eTrlirkeai prjkeuv Kpecbv, 'Apiraycp 
5e tov 7racdos rou ecourou, ttX^ Kecjrakrjs re /cal a/cpcoz^ 
Xecpcoz' re /cal rrodoov, raXXa rravTa' raura 5e x^P 15 
e/ceero e 7 rl Kavecp /cara/ce/caXuppez^a. cos 5e ra; 'Apwayco 
edoKee aXes exeez^ rrjs fioprjs, ? AdTvayr]s eepero piv el 


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HERODOTUS 


fjcOcLY] TL jfj doLVTj. (papePOV de ApnayOV Kdi KdpTCL 
fjadrjvcu napecpepov roiai npoaeKeiTO ttjp KecpaXrjp tov 
T cudos KaTaKeKaXvppevrjv Kal ras xeTpas /cat rovs nodas, 
"Apnayov de eKeXevov irpoacrravres anoKoXvirTeiv re /cat 
5 Xdj Qeiv to fiovXeTai avr&v. ireidopevos de 6 tr Apnayos Kal 
anoKaXvnTWV opa tov naidos ra XelppaTa' idwv de ovre 
e^enXayr] evTOS re ecovTod yiverai. eipero de avTOV o 
? Aarvayrjs el y lvgxtkol orev dripLov Kpea fiefipwKoi. b de 
Kal yivdofTKeiv ecj)rj Kal apearov elvai nav to av fiaaiKevs 
io epdrj. tovtoutl de apeupapevos Kal avaXafiwv ra Xouva 
t&v Kpe&v 7 ]ie es ra oUla. evdevTev de epeXXe, cos cyco 
done co, aXlaas daxpeiv ra navTa. 

The Revenge of Harpagus and the Conquest of Persia 
by Cyrus 

Kupco de avdpevpevoo Kal eovTi tcov tjXLkcvp avdprjiOTaTU 
Kal 7rpocr<£iXecrrarco irpoaeKeiTO o "Apnayos d&pa irepiruv, 
15 TeicraadaL ’AcrTvayea emdvpeuv. an ecouroO yap ebvTOS 
IStcbreco ovk evupa Tipo:pir\v eaopevrjv es 9 AdTvayea, 
K vpov de opeuv eniTpecpopevov enoieeTO avppaxov, ras 
nadas ras K vpov Trjai ecoi/roD opoiovpevos. npo d 9 eTi 
tovtov Tade ol KaTepyacrTO * ebvTOS tov ’ AcrTvayeos niKpov 
20 es tov s Mrjdovs avpplcrywv evl e/cacrrco 6 ''Apnayos t&v 
npioTwv M^Scoi' aveneide cos XPV K vpov npoaTricrapevovs 
5 AaTvayea navaai tt)s jSaatX^nys. KaTepyaapevov de ol 
tovtov Kal ebvTOS eToipov, ourco drj rco Kupco duaLTCopevcp 
ev Ilepo-flai fiovXopevos o *'Apnayos dr)X&aai ttjv ec ovtov 
25 yvdoprjv aXXcos pev ovdap&s el%e are tuv odebv cpvXaa- 
(Topevuv, o de eniTexvaTai Toiovde. Xayov piqxavriGa- 
pevos Kal apaax' Lcras tovtov ttjv yacrTepa Kal ovdev 
anoTiXas, cos de elx € > ourco eaed^Ke /3vfiXiov, ypampas ra ol 


HERODOTUS 


89 


eboKee' aToppa\pas be tov Xayov tyjv yaarepa Kai biKTva 
bovs are dripevrfj toov oUeTeoov too tl(ttotclt(j) , aireareWe 
es tov s Hepaas, evTeiXapevos ol clt 6 yXcoaarjs bibovTa tov 
Xayov KDpco eTeiTelv a vtox^pIv pw bteXelv nai prjbeva ol 
ravra t oievvTi Tapelvai. ravra re bi] oov It ireXea 
eyivero nai 6 KDpos TapaXafioov tov Xayov aveax i0 ' e - 
evpoov be ev avToo to /3v(3Xlov eveov Xafioov eTeXeyeTO. 
ra be ypappaTa eXeye Tabs' wal Kap/3Dcreco, ae yap 

deoi eTopboat, ov yap av kots es toctovto tvxvs cltIksv, 
(tv vvv ? Ac TTvayea tov aeoovTod <povea Tela at. /card pev 
yap tt)v tovtov Tpodvplrjv TeOvrjKas , to be /card Oeovs re 
Kal epe Tepleis. ra ere Kai TaXai Do/ceco TavTa enpepaOr]- 
Kevat aeo re a vtov wept cos eTprjx^V k& 1 ola eyao vto 
’AaTvayeos tst ovda, otl ae ovk clt enTeiva, aXXa ebooKa 
rco /3ovkoXco. av vvv , riv /3ovXri epoi TeWeadac , tt\s Tep 
’AaTvayrjs apx ei X^P 1 ? 5 ? Tavarjs aTaarjs ap^eis. Ylepaas 
yap avaTelaas clt iaTaaOai aTpaTrjXaTee stI M.rjbovs . 
Kai i]v re eyco vto ’ Aa tv ay eos aTobexbooo aTpaTrjyos avTta 
aev , eerrt tol tcl av fiovXeat, rjv re t&v tls boKtpoov aXXos 
Alrjboov. tp&tol yap ovtol aToaTavTes clt eKelvov Kai 
yevopevoi Tpbs aeo * AaTvayea KaTaipeeiv Teipr\aovTai. 
cos oov eToipov tov ye evOabe sovtoSj Totee TavTa Kai 
Tolee /card tclxos. 

’A/coDcras raOra 6 KDpos ecjopovTL^e oreco tpotco 
aocfroiTCLTCo Hepaas avaTelaei aTiaTaadai , <f>povTL^oov be 
evpiaKe Te TaDra /catptcorara elvai Kai eTOiee brj 
raOra. ypa\pas es (3v(3Xlov Ta e(3ovXeTo , aXarjv toov 
H epaeoov eTOLrjaaTo, pera be avaTTV^as to (3v(3Xlov Kai 
eTiXeyopevos ecjorj ? AaTvayea piv aTpaTrjyov Hepaeoov 
aTobeiKvvvai. re, ecjrr] Xeyo 0 V, & Hepaat, Tpoayopevos 

vplv Tapelvai eKaaTov exovTa bpeTavov. KDpos pev 


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HERODOTUS 


TCLVTCL 7rp07]yop€VO'6. COS 5e 7 rapTJCTCLV CLTT<XVT€S €\OVT€S TO 
7 rpoeipr]pepov, evdavra o Kupos (jjp 7 a P tis X^P 05 
IIep<n/cgs dicavO&brjs ogop re eiri oKTUKaibeica aradLovs 
g e’Uocn iraPTri) tovtop <r</>t top x&pop irpoelire e&pepuaai 
5 ep rjpeprj. eiriTeXeacLPTUP be tup Uepaeup top wpoicei- 
pepop aed\op bevTepd acfri Trpoehre es ttjp vGTepairjp 
irapelpai AeXovpepovs. ep be tovtu rd re auvokia /cal ras 
irolppas /cal rd /3owc6Xta 6 KOpos iraPTa tov Trarpos 
awaXtcras es tuvto edve /cal tt apea/ceuafe cos be&pepos 
10 top Hepcreup GTpaTOP , Trpos Se otVco re /cal gitiokti cos 
€TTLTrj5eoTdTOLGL. dmKopepovs be Trj vGTepairj tov s Ilepcras 
/cara/cXt/'as es \eipupa evu%ee. eireiTe be curb beurpov 
rjaap, eipeTO crg>eas 6 Kupos /corepa rd rg Trporepalr? 
e!x oJ/ g Ta 7ra peoPTd a(t>L elr) alpercorepa. ol 5e ecfraaap 
15 ttoWop elpai avTUP to peaop • rgv pe^ 7 dp TpoTeprjp 
rjpeprip iraPTa cr</>t /ca/cd exe^, tt)p be TOTe tt apeovaap 
ttglptcl ayaOa. Trapa\afiup Se tovto to eiros o KDpos 
irapeyvppov top ttclptcl \6yop, \eyup‘ ,r Apbpes Hepacu, 
ovtus vpTiP exec (3ov\opepoicn pep epeo ireideodai eart 
20 rd5e re /cal dXXa pvpla dyadd, ovbepa itopop bov\oTpeTea 
exovcri' pg fiov\opepoL(Ti be epeo TreWeadcu etat vplp ttopol 
TU xOtfy Trapa7rXgcrtot dpapidprjTOL. pvp up epeo 7ret 06- 
pepoL yLpecrde e\evOepoi. amos re 7ap 5o/ceco Oeir\ tvxV 
yeyopus Tabe es x e ?P as ayeaOai /cal upeas rjyy]pai apbpas 
25 Mrjbup elpai ov c^avKoTepov s oure raXXa oi/Te ra 7roXepta. 
cos up eyoPTUP ube diriaTaode air’ ’AaTvayeos tt]v 
Tax'^Tr]P. 

Ilepcrat pep pvp irpoaTaTeu eTrCkafiopepoi aapepoi eXeu- 
OepovPTO , /cal 7 raXat beipop Tvoievpepoi vi to ALyjbup a pxeadai. 
30 ’AcrTvdyris be cos eirWeTO K vpop raura irp'naaoPTa , 7repi^as 
dyyeXop e/caXee auro/^. 6 5e Kupos e/ceXei/e top dyye\op 


HERODOTUS 


91 


aTayyeWeiv ore tt porepov y^ei 7rap’ kneivov y ’AaTvayys 
avros l3ov\r]aerai. aKovaas 8e ravra 6 ’Aarvayys M r/dovs 
re a>7r\ure iravTas Kal (JTpaTyyov avT&v cootc deo(3\apys 
e<bv ''Apirayov airede^e, Xydyv tt oievpevos ra piv eopyee. 
cos 5 e ol Mr } 5 ot aTpaTevaapevoi tou n II epcryai avvepuayov, 5 
ol pev nves avTcbv epaxovTO, ocroi py rod Xoyov pereaxovj 
ol 8e avTopoXeov irpos tovs Hepaas , ol 8e TrXelcrTOL 
edeXoKCLKeov re Kal eefrevyov. 8iaXvdevTos 8e rod M yhwov 
(TTparevpaTos alaxP&s, cos eirWero rax^ra 6 5 Acrrvayys, 
e(j)y aweiXecov too Kupco* ’AAA’ ov8’ cos Kupos ye x^ L PV°’ ei > 10 
pera 8e &ttAl(T6 tovs viroXeufrOevTas ev too aerret toov 
M.y8oov, veovs re Kal TpeafivTas av8pas. Qayaywv 8e 
tovtovs Kal crvp/3aXooy toIctl II eparjen eaaoody, Kal avTOs 
Te 5 AcrTvayys e^ooypydy Kal tovs e^yyaye toov M.y8oov 
a7re/3aAe. 5 Act tv ay ea Se KDpos KaKov ov8ev aXXo irotycras is 

elxe Trap ’ ecouTco, €s 6 eTeXevTycre. ovt co 8y KOpos 
yevopevos Te Kal t panels efiaa'CKevae Kal Kpolow vcrTepov 
tovtoov ap^avTa aSt/drjs /carecrpe^aro, cos eipyTa'i pot 
TrpOTepov. tovtov 8e KaTaaTpexf/apevos ovtoo Traces Tys 
’Aalys yp^e. 20 

(Leaving the task of conquering the Asiatic Greeks to his generals, 
Cyrus proceeded to the upper part of Asia, where he reduced to 
submission one nation after another. At last, lured by lust of 
conquest, he invaded the country of the remote Massagetae, 
where, in what Herodotus calls the fiercest battle ever waged 
between barbarians, he lost his life after a rule of twenty-nine 
years.) 


BOOK II 

Cambyses the Successor of Cyrus. Designs upon Egypt 
TeXeur^craz'ros he K vpov Trapekafte ttjv /3acrikr]ir]v Kap- 
fivarjs, K vpov euv ircus Kal Kaaaavhavrjs rrjs Qapvacnreio 
dvyarpos, rrjs irpoaTrodavovcrrjs Kupos auros re peya irevdos 
eiroL'rjo’OLTO Kal to'icfi olWoujl Tpoenre Tract tojv rjpx^ 
5 7T evdos 7 roieeadai. raurrjs hr) rrjs yvvaiKos euv reals Kal 
K vpov Kap/3uc rr)s ’Teonas pev Kal AloXeas cos hovkovs 
Trarpcotous eovras evbpi^e, errl he kiyviTTOV erroieeTO 
&t paTrjkacrlrjv , akkovs re rrapakafiwv to)v rjpx e Kat/ KaL 
'EXX^co*' t&v erreKpaTee. 

The Oldest Race Determined by Psammetichus 

10 01 he kiyvrrTioi, rrplv pev rj ^apprjTLXOv acfreuv fiaai- 

kevcrai, evopi^ov ecourous rrpcoTOVs yeveadai rravTiov avdpco- 
7 roov. erreihrj he ^apprjTixos fiacnkevcra s rjdekrjae elhevai 
olnves yevoiaro rrp&Toi, curb tovtov vopi^ovcri Qpvyas 
irporepovs yevecrdai eojvT&v, t&v he akkuv ecourous. 
is SE'app^rtX 0 * he cos ovk ehvvaro rcvvdavopevos reopov ovheva 
tovtov avevpelv ot yevolaTO TpccToi avdpcowuv , erriTexvaTai 
TOibvhe * reaihla hvo veoyva avdpcoTUV tcov err itvxovtuv 
bihol 7 eoipevi Tpecj)eiv es ra irolpvia Tpocfrriv Tiva Toirivhe, 
evTeikapevos prjheva avTiov avTcov prjheplav (fruvrjv levai, 
20 ev <JTeyr\ he epr)pr) ere’ ec ovt&v Keladai aura Kal ttjv &pr)v 
ereayiveeiv acjri alyas, rekrjaavTa he yakaKTOS raXXa 
hiareprjaaeadai. raura he ereoiee re Kal eveTekkeTO o 
SI 'apprjTixos Oekwv aKovcrai t&v reaihiwv, areakkaxdevTWV 
tcov aar]puv KW^rjpaTCOV, rjVTiva <j)icvrjv proven repcoTrjv. 
25 ra 7 rep &v Kal eyeveTO. cos yap hieTrjs xphvos eyeyovee 

92 


HERODOTUS 


93 


TavTa too rvoipevi irprjcraovTL, avoiyovTL ttjv dhpr/v Kai 
kviovTi ra Trcudla apcj)bTepa 'Kpocnti'KTOvTa fieKos ecjxx)veov 
opeyovTa ras x e ^P as ' T a Trpcora aKovaas rjavxos 

rfv 6 7 TOiprjVj cos 8 e ttoXXclkls $olt&vtl kcl l empeXopevoo 
7 voWov r\v tovto to e7ros, ovtcc 8 i) arjprjvas 7 " co decTTOTrj 
rjyaye ra iraidLa KeXevaavTos es o\piv ttjv eKeivov. 
aKovaas be Kai ai)TOs 6 ^apprjTtxos errvvdaveTO oiTives 
avOpooircvv pews tl KaXeovvi, irvvdavopevos 8e evpiGKe 
Qpvyas KaXeovTas tov apTov. ourco avvex^pricrav Aiyv- 

TTTLOL KCLL TOLOVTOO (TTdOp7](JapeVOl 7T pTjyp<XTi TOVS QpVyaS 
irpeaPvTepovs elvai eoovT&v. 

History of Egypt 
Menes and Nitocris 

Mlva tov irp&Tov PaaiXevaavTa kiyvivTov oi ipees 
eXeyov tovto pev aToye4>vp&craL ttjv M epcptv. tovto 8 e 
tov 'H fyaivTov to ipov ibpvcracrOai ev avTrj , eov peya re 
Kai a^ia 7 rr]yr]TbTaTOV. peTa 8e tovtov KaTeXeyov oi ipees 
eK fivfiXov aXXcoi' fiaaiXeuv Tpir)KO(jiuv re Kai TptrjKOVTa 
ovvopaTa. ev TocravTricrL 8e yevefjat avdpcoToiv OKTOJKai- 
8 eKa pev AidioTes rjaav, pia 8e yvvrj eTLX^piy, oi 8e 
aXXot avbpes AiyvTTLOi. Trj 8e yvvaid ovvopa rjvj i]TLs 
ePacriXevae, to tv ep Trj JSafivXocvLri, Ncrco/cpts. Trjv eXeyov 
Tipwpeovcrav a8eX<f>eco , tov AiyvrvTioi fiaaiXei) 0 VTa crcfreoiv 
arreKTeivav, arroKTeivavTes 8e ourco eKeivrj airebocrav ttjv 
fiacTiXrjirjVj tovtcc Tipoopeovcrav ttoXXovs Aiy v 7 ttlccv 5oXco 
bia^Oelpai. rroLrjaapevrjv yap piv oiKr\pa Tvepipr]Kes mro- 
yaiov Kaivovv rep Xoyco, vooo 8e aXXa prjxovacrdaL’ 
KaXecracrav piv AiyvTTLOiv tovs paXidTa peTaiTiovs tov 
(j>ovov rjSee, toXXovs idTiav , 5a ivvpevoiai 8e err e'ivai tov 
7 roTapov 8 l avXbovos kpvttov peyaXov. raur^s pev irepi 


5 

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25 


94 


HERODOTUS 


roaavra eXeyov, 7 rXr)v on avrrjv piv, d>s tovto e^epyaaro, 
pfyai es OLKrjpa airobod itX eov, 6 /coos anpuprjTOS yevijrat. 

King Proteus. Legend of the Detention in Egypt of the 
Spartan Helen 

T ovrov 8e eKbe^aadai rrjv fia(TiXr]iy]v eXeyov av8pa 
M ep^irrjv, red Kara rrjv 'EXX^co^ yX&aaav ovvopa 
5 Ilpcorea elvar rod vvv repevos ean ev M ep4>i Kapra 
KaXov re /cal ev eaKevaapevov, rod 'H^atcrrelou irpos 
vorov a vepov Keipevov. irepioiKeovai 8e to repevos tovto 
divines T vpiOL, KaXeerai 8e 6 x&P 0 * ovtos 6 crvvairas 
'Tvpicov arpaTOwedov. ean 8e ev red repevei rod LEpcoreos 
10 ipov to KaXeerai £eivrjs ’ AffrpobiTrjS' avpfiaXXopai 8e tovto 
to ipov elvai *EXevrjs rrjs Tvvbapeco, /cal tov Xoyov 
clktjko&s cos 8LaiTT]0r] 'EXevrj xapa Upoorei, /cal 8 rj /cal otl 
% eivr]s ’AcfrpobiTrjs eiruvvpbv ean * oaa yap aXXa ’A</>po- 
8 Lrr]s ipa ecrn, ovbaptds %eivr \s ewiKaXeerai. eXeyov 8e 
15 poi oi ipees iaropeovn ra irepi 'E Xevrjv yeveadai &8e- 
’A Xe%av8pov apiraaavra 'E Xevrjv e/c 'ZivapTrjs airoirXeeiv 
es rrjv eooi/ToO• /cal piv, d>s eyevero ev rw Aiyaia>, efjccarai 
avepoi eK^aXXovai es to Aiyvivnov ireXayos, evdedrev 8e 
(ov yap av'iei ra it vevpara) arucveerai es Alyvirrov Kai 
20 AiyvTTOv es to vvv Kavco/3i kov KaXevpevov aropa rod 
N eiXov Kai es T apix^as. rjv 8e h rl rrjs rjiovos, to Kai 
vvv ean, *Hpa/cXeos ipov, es to rjv Karacfrvyuv oiKerrjs 
orev &v avdpcdiroov einfiaXrjTai anypara ipa, eoovrov 
8 l8ovs tQ> 6 ep>, ovk ei~ean tovtov a\paaOai. 6 vopos ovtos 
25 biareXeei ecoi' opoios to pexpc epeO ax’ apx^s. tov <dv 8rj 
’AXel;av8pov amareaTai Qepairovres irvOopevoi tov irepi 
to ipov exovra vopov, l/cerat 8 e i^opevoi rod deod Karrj- 
yopeov rod ’AXetjavbpov, fiovXopevoi fiXairreiv avrov, iravra 


HERODOTUS 


95 


Xbyov i^rjyevpevoi cos etxe 7 rept ttjv 'E Xivr)v re /cat ttjv is 
Mez'eXecoz' abidr\v' naTrjyopeov be raura Tvpos re rous 
tpeas /cat tov tov crroparos tovtov </>uXa kov, rep ovvopa 
rjv Gcozas. a/coucras be tovtwv 6 Gcozas rripirei ttjv raxl- 
c tttjv is M.epcj)iv irapa Ilpcorea ayyeXLrjv Xeyovaav ra5e* 
'H/cet £elvos, yevos pev Teu/cpos, epyov be avocnov iv rfj 
*EXXa5t ii-epyacrpevos. £ eLvov yap tov ecourou i^airaTrjaas 
T 7 )v ywalna a vttjv re ra vttjv aye op rjKe t /cat tt oXXa /capra 
XP^para, U7rd avepwv es yrjv ttjv arjv aTevecxSels' Korepa 
brjra tovtov elepev aaivea enirheeiv r) aweXcopeOa ra ex&v 
yXde ; avTiiripirei irpos raura 6 Ilpcoreus Xeywv raSe - 
”kvbpa tovtov , oerrts /core eart 6 avovia ipyaerpevos 
£ eivov tov ecourou, crvXXaftovTes airayeTe ir ap’ epe, tVa 
etSeco rt /core /cat Xe£et. anovaas be raura 6 Gcozas 
crvWapfiavei tov ’AXega vbpov /cat ras z^eas aurou /cartaxet, 
pera 5e aurot' re rouroz> avrjyaye is Mip 4 >iv /cat r^ 
'EXez'rjz' re /cat ra XP 1 7 para, 7rpos Se /cat rous t/ceras. 
avaKopiadevTOiv be tclvtojv etpeora roz> ’A Xe^avbpov o 
Ilpcoreus rts eir] /cat oKodev 7 rXeot. 6 5e ot /cat ro yevos 
/careXe£e /cat rr)s iraTpr^s ehre to ovvopa /cat 617 /cat tov 
irXoov aTrrjyrjaaTO onoSev ivXeoi. pera 5e 6 Ilpcoreus 
etpeora avTOV oKodev ttjv ^Xevrjv Xa( 3 oi’ irXavcopevov Se 
rou 'kXe^avbpov ev rep X07C0 /cat ou XeyovTos ttjv aXr]deLrjv 
T)Xeyxov ot yevopevoi LKeTat e^rjyevpevoi iravTa Xoyov 
tov abiKTjpaTos. reXos 5e 617 cr</>t Xoyov Tovbe e/ce^atz'et o 
Ilpcoreus, Xe 7 coz> ort ? E 7 cb el prj irepl 7 roXXou rjyevpr^v 
prjbeva ^etz'coz' KTeiveiv, ocrot U 7 r J avepeev rjbr) airoXapcpdevTes 
rjXOov es x&pyv T V V €pi 7 z>, €70) av ere vivep rou EXXtjz'os 
iTeicraprjv, os, co /ca/ctare avbp&v , ^eiviwv tvx^v epyov 
avocrLCOTaTov ipyacrao’ irapa tov crecourou £et vov ttjv 
ywalna rjXOe s* /cat paXa raura rot ou/c rjpKeae, aXX 


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25 

30 


96 


HERODOTUS 


aparrrepuaas avrrjp oi'xecu excoi\ Kai ovbe ravra tol 
povpa ripneae, aXXa Kai ra oi/aa tov £ eipov KepaCcras 
rjKeis. vvv up erreibrj rrepi rroWov rjyrjpai prj £ eipo - 
KTOveeivj yvpa'iKa pep Tavrrjp Kai ra xPVI^ aTa °v T0L 
5 rrporjau arrayeaOai, aXX ? avra eyu ru 'E Wtjpl ^eipu 
<£uXa£ u, es 6 av avros e\6up eKeipos array ay ecrdai eOeXrj • 
avrop be ere Kai tov s aovs crvprrXoovs Tpiup rjpepeup 
rrpoayopevu e/c rrjs eprjs yrjs es aWrjp ripa peTopptfeaOaL, 
ei be prj, are rroXepiovs rrepiepeaOai. 

10 'EXez'iys pep Tavrrjp am^ip rrapa Upurea ekeyop ol 
[pees yepecrOai’ boKeei be pot Kai ,r O prjpos top \6yop 
tovtop rrvdeadai * aXX J oi) yap opoius es ttjp errorrourjp 
evrrperrrjs tip tu erepu tu rrep exPV craro ) pcTrjKe avrop, 
brjXuaas cos Kai tovtop erriaraiTO top \6yop. brj\op 
is be, Kara rraperroirjae ep ’IXia bu ( Kai ovbapfj aWrj ape - 
rrobiae ecoi nop) rr\a ptjp ttjp 7 A\e£apbpov, cos arrrjpelxOrj 
aye op *E \eprjp rfj re brj aWy rrXa^opepos Kai cos es 
Xibupa rrjs ^owUr/s arriKero. erripepprjTai be avrov ep 
Aioprjbeos apLareiri • Xeyet, be ra errea cobe' 

20 epO 7 eaap oi rrerrXoi rrapToUiXoi, epya yvpaLKUP 

'Lebopiup, ras avros 7 A\e£apbpos deoeebijs 
rjyaye XibopLrjOep, erriTXus evpea rroprop, 
ttjp obop rjp 'E \eprjp rrep aprjyayep evrrarepeiap. 

ep tovtoujl roten erreai brfkoi on rjrrlaraTO ttjp es 
25 AtyvTTOP ’AXeJa pbpov rrXaprjp’ opovpeei yap rj Hvpir] 
Aiyvrrru, oi be <f>olvuc€S 9 tup ean rj Xibup, ep rrj 2vpirj 
oiKeovcn. Kara ravra be ra errea Kai robe ovk rjKiGTa 
aXXa paXiara brjXol on ovk ' Oprjpov ra Ku 7 rpia errea ean 
aXX 7 aXXov tlpos' ep pep yap ro'iai Ki/ 7 rptoicri eiprjrai cos 
30 Tperalos e/c Xrraprrjs 7 A\e£apbpos arriKero es to "IXlov 


HERODOTUS 


97 


aycov 'E Xevrjv, evaei re t vevpaTi xpyvaP'tvos Kal OaXacrcrrj 
Xely ev be ? IXiabi Xeyet cos eirXa^ero aycov a vttjv. 
''Oprjpos pev vvv Kal ra Ku 7 rpca eirea xatperco. 

Eipopez'ou be pev tov s Ipeas et paTaiov Xoyov Xeyovcn 
ol ''JZXXrjves tcl irepl "IXlov yeveaOai rj ov, epaaav irpos 
raura rabe, iaToplrjaL (papevoL eibevat 7rap ? a vtov Mez'e- 
Xear eXOeXv pev yap per a rpv 'EXez'rjs apTayrjv es Trjv 
T evKplba yrjv 'EXX^z'coz' c TTpaTLrjv rvoXXrjv fiorjdevcrav 
MeveXeco, eK/3aaav be es yrjv Kal IbpvOeXcrav Trjv aTpaTLrjv 
irepireiv es to ”I\lov ayyeXovs, vvv be a<pt levai Kal avrov 
AleveXecov. rous b ’ errelre ecreXdeXv es to Telxos, arcaiTeecv 
'EXe^z; re Kal ra xPVP aTa T & 01 olx eTO XXexj/as ’ AXe^av- 
bpos, tcov re abiKrjpaTcov biKas aiTeeiv' tovs 5e TevKpovs 
tov avTOv Xoyov Xeyeiv TOTe Kal peTerveiTa , Kal opvvvTas 
Kal avoipoTL, pfj pev exetz' 'E Xevrjv prjbe ra erriKaXevpeva 
XpypaTa, aXX’ elvai aura rravTa ev AlyvTTcp, Kal ovk av 
biKaioos avTol biKas virextw, tcov Ilpcoreus 6 AiyvwTLos 
exec, ol be °WhXrjves KaTayeXaaOai boKeovTes vt avT&v 
ourco bp eiroXiopKeov, es o e^eZXov' eXovat be to TeXxos cos 
ovk ecpalveTO rj 'E Xevrj, aXXa tov avTov Xoyov rco t porepco 
eirvvdavovTO, ovtco brj TrKJTevcravTes rco Xoy co rco 7rpcorco 
ol '’WkXrjves avTov Mez'eXecoz' airocrTeXXovcn rrapa Ilpcorea. 
aTLKopevos be o MeveXeoos es ttjv AiyvrrTOV Kal avarvXuaas 
es TTjv M.ep<piv, ehras ttjv aXrjdelrjv tcov t prjypaTcov , Kal 
^eivtcov rjvTrjcre peyaXcov Kal 'E Xevrjv arradea KaKcov arre- 
Xafte, Tpos be Kal tcl ecourou XPW^T a rcavTa. tvx&v 
pevTOL tovtcov eyeveTO Mez'eXecos avrjp abtKos es AiyvrvTiovs’ 
arcoTvXeeiv yap opprjpevov avTov Icryov arcXoiai‘ erreibr] 
be tovto errl iroXXov tolovtov r\v, e7rtrex^Srat Tprjypa 
ovk ocnov' Xaffoov yap bvo iratbla avbpcov eTrix^pioov 
evTopa apea eTolrj(re‘ per a be cos erraidTOS ey eveTO tovto 


5 

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15 

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25 

30 


98 


HERODOTUS 


epyaapevos, pLaydels re /cal bieiKbpevos oix*™ (jievyeiv 
TTj<ji vyval Wv Al(3vt]s. to evdevrev be okov ert er parrero^ 
ovk elxov eiireiv kiyvTrrLOL * rovreiv be t a pev laropLyaL 
fyaaav err iaraaOaL, ra be Trap 9 eeivrolaL yevopeva arpe- 
5 /cecos eirLarapevoL \eyeiv. 

Taura pev klyvirrieiv ol Ipees eXeyov, eyed be rep Xoycp 
rep Trepl ^Xevys XexQwn Kal avros TrpoarWepaL, rabe 
eirCKeyopevos' ei yv 'E Xevy ev IXceo, airoboOyvaL av avryv 
toIgl ''EXXiyat yroL eKovros ye y aeKovros 9 kXe^avbpov . 
10 ov yap by ovrei ye cjipevofiXa(3ys yv o TLpLapos ovbe ol 
aXXoL oi irpoayKOvres avrep, chare rolaL acjierepoLGL aeipaaL 
Kal tolgl tUvolgl Kal rfj ttoXl KLvbweveLV efiovXovro, 
o/ccds ’ kXe^avbpos 'YiXevy avvoLKey. ei be tol Kal ev toIgl 
TpehroLGL xpbvoLGL ravra eyiveiaKOV, eirel iroXXol pev reiv 
is aXXoiv Tpchoiv, o/core avppiayoLev toIgl ''EXX^cri, cnroiX- 
Xvvro, avrov be UpLapov ovk Igtl ore ov bvo rj rpels rj 
Kal eTL TrXeovs reiv rraibeiv paxys yLVopevys airedvyaKOV, 
ei XPV 71 tolgl eiroTTOLolaL xP e &P Levov XeyeLV, rovreiv be 
roLovreiv avpfiaLvovreiv eyed pev eXiropaL, ei Kal avros 
20 Ilplapos avvoUee 'EXevy, airobovvaL av avryv toIgl 
5 kxcLLolaL , peXXovra ye by red v irapeovreiv KaKeiv airaX- 
XayyaeadaL. ov pev ovbe y fiaaCKyly es 9 kXe^avbpov 
TrepLyie, chare yepovros Ilpeapou eovros err 9 eKeivcp ra 
rrpyypara elvaL, aXXa "E/crcop /cal Trpeafivrepos Kal avyp 
25 eKeivov paXXov eeiv epeXXe avryv UpLapov airoSavovros 
TrapaXap^eadaL, rov ov TrpoayKe abLKeovrL rep abeX4>ecp 
erLTpeireLv, Kal ravra peyaXeiv KaKeiv bL avrov avp/3aL- 
vovreiv ibiy re a vrep Kal toIgl clXXolgl tolgl Tpeiai. aXX 9 
ov yap elxov 'l&Xevyv air obovvaL ovbe Xey ovgl avrolaL ryv 
30 aXydeiyv eiriarevov oi "EXXyves, cos pev eyed yvchpyv 
aToeftaivopaL, tov baLpoviov irapaaKeva^ovros o/ceos Travel- 


HERODOTUS 


99 


XeOpLj} a7r oXopepoL Karac^aves tovto to'lgl clpOputtolgl 
ttol^gugl, cos tup peyaXup cl8lk7]pcltup peyaXaL elcri Kai 
at TLpupiaL ivapci tup Oeup. Kai ravra pep rfj epoi 
8ok€€l eLprjTcu ,. 

King Rhampsinitus. Tale of the Clever Thief 

Ilpcoreos 8 e eK8e£acr0aL ttjp (3a(TLXrjLyjp ' Pa p\J/lpltop 
eXeyop, os pprjpoavpa eXiirero tcl TrpoirvXaLa tcl irpos 
eairepr^p TeTpappeva rod ' H ^ awretov , clptlovs 8 e tup i rpo- 
7 rvXaLup earrjae ap8pLaPTas 8vo, eoPTas to peyados irePTe 
Kai e’UocrL irrjxtup, tup klyvirTioi top pep irpos fiopeu 
eaTeuTa KaXeovGL Oepos, top 8 e Tpos potop xapupa' kcll 
top pep KaXeovai Oepos, tovtop pep tt poaKVpeovai re Kai 
ev iroLeovaL, top 8 e x ^ pcoz'a KaXeopepop tcl epiraXiP tovtup 
ep8ovai. ttXovtop 8 e tovtu tu f^acnXeL yepecrOaL apyvpov 
peyaPj top ovbepa tup vaTepop eirLTpafyePTUP fiaaLXeup 
8vpaa0cu vTepfiaXeaOaL ov8 ’ eyyvs eXOeip. fiovXopepop 
8 e olvtop ep acr^aXeLr] tcl xPV^Ta Orjaavpi^eLP olko8o- 
peeaOaL OLKrjpa XLOlpop, tov tup to'lxwp epa es to e£co 
pepos Trjs olkltjs tx* iv - top 8 e epya^opepop em^ovXevoPTa 
Ta8e prjxcLPaaOaL • tup XWup TvapaaKevacraGOaL epa e £ ai - 
peTOP elpat eK tov tolxov py]l8lus Kai vtto 8 vo ap8pup Kai 
vi to epos, us 8e eweTeXecrOr] to OLKrjpa, top pep fiaatXea 
OrjaavpiaaL tcl xPVP aTa & clvtu, xP^pov 8 e TvepaoPTOs top 
olko86pop 7 r epi TeXevTrjp tov (3lov eoPTa apaKaXeaaaOaL 
tov s Tal8as (elpai yap avTu 8vo), tovtolgl 8 e awrjyrjaa- 
aOat us eKelpup irpoopup, okus Plop clc^Oopop exuaL, 
TexPacraLTO oUobopeup top Orjaavpop tov /3acrtXeos* cracfreus 
8 e avTollaL iraPTa e^rjyrjaapepop tcl tt epi tt)p e^aipeaLP 
tov XlOov SovpaL tcl peTpa a vtov, XeyoPTa us raDra 
8 Lacj)vXacr<JOPTes TapiaL tup tov fiacrLXeos xP^P^ltup 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


100 


HERODOTUS 


eaovTca. Kal tov pev reAeurgcrat tov fiLov, tov s be iraldas 
avrov ovk es paKprjv epyov ex^daij e\dovTa s be em Ta 
/SacrtXgta vvktos Kal rov \L 0 ov errl to 3 oLKodop.rjp.aTi 
avevpovTas prjLblodS peTax^ipLaadOai Kai tlov \prjpaTOiv 
5 iroWa e^eve'iKaadai. cos be tvx&v tov fiaaCkea avoi^avTa 
to OLKrjpa } 6 copacrai IbovTa t&v xpiyparco/' KaTabed Ta 
ayyrjia, ovk exew be ovtlv a e7ratrtarat t&v re crrjpavTpwv 
eovTOiv aboiv Kal tov OLKrjpaTOS KeKkrjipevov . cos be aimo 

Kal bis Kal Tpls a vol^avTi a lei eXaaa co ejraLveadaL Ta 
io xPWaTa (tovs yap kAg 7 ttcis ovk avievai Kepai^ovTC ts)> 
7 rotgaat piv Tabe * 7 ra 7 as TTpoaTa^ai epyacraadaj, Kal 
TavTas 7 r epl Ta ayyrjia ev towl tcl xPW^ra &W gttjg ai. 
tcov be <])0)pdiv cbawep ev t< 2 > rvpo tov xpbvcp ekdovTUV /cat 
eabvvTOS tov eTepov avT&v, eirel rrpbs to ayyos tv poarjkSe, 
is tflecos rg Tvayrj evex^dat * cos be yvbovai avTov ev oi'co /ca/cco 
rjv, ideoos KaXeetv tov abe\<peov Kal brjkovv a vtQ> Ta 
TvapeovTa Kal KeXeve lv ttjv rax^Trjv eabvvTa aTvoTape'iv 
avTov ttjv Ke 4 >a\rjVj o/ccos prj avTos bedels Kal yvcopLadels 
os et rj TrpoaaTVoXearj /ca/cet/w too be bb^ai ev \eyeiv Kai 
20 TvoirjaaL piv TveierdevTa Taura /cat KaTappoaavTa tov 
X idov avievai e7r’ olkov, (j>epovTa ttjv Kefyakrjv rov 
dbe\(j)eov. cos be rjpeprj eyeveTO, eaekOovTa tov fiaaCkea 
es to OLKrjpa eKTveTvkrjxOaL op&vTa to cr&pa tov <£copos ev 
ttj Tvayrj avev ttjs Kecj)a\rjs eov, to be o’Urjpa aaves Kal 
25 oure eaobov oure eKbvcnv ovbeplav exov. airopevpevov be 

piv Tabe TvoirjaaL * tov <£copds tov veKW /cara tov retxeos 
/cara/cpepacrat, <j)v\aKovs be avTov KaTacrTrjaavTa evrei- 
XaaOai (T<j)L, tov av IbcovTaL aivoKkavaavTa rj /carot/crt- 
aapevov, avWa^ovTas ayeiv irpos ec ovtov. avaKpepapevov 

30 be tov veKvos ttjv prjTepa be lv&s (frepeiv, koyovs be irpos 
tov TvepieovTa 'ira'iba TVOLevpevrjv TvpoaTaaaeLv aurco, oreco 


HERODOTUS 


101 


rpdwco bvvaTat, prjxavaadai o/ccos to a&pa rod abeX4>eov 
KaraXvaas Kopurj • ei be tovtoiv apeXrjaei, bLarreLXeeiv 
a\)T7]v cos eXdovaa rrpbs tov fiaaiXea prjvvaeu a vtov exovTa 
ra xPWUTa- be x a ^ e ™s eXapfiavero rj pr]Tr)p rod 
rvepieovTos Taubos kolI rroXXa rrpos avTrjv Xeycov ovk erreide, 
emTexvr)(T aadai Toiabe piv' ovov s KaTacrKevaaapevov Kai 
aaKovs irXrjaavTa olvov emOelvai ervi tcov ovwv Kai eweLTa 
eXavveiv avTOVS' cos be Kara tov s <pvXaaaovTas rjv tov 
K pepapevov veKvv, emarradavTa t&v aaK&v bvo rj Tpels 
Tobe&vas avTov Xveiv arrappevovs ' cos be eppee 6 olvos, 
ttjv Kecj)aX7]v piv KOirTeadat peyaXa fio&vTa cos ovk exovTa 
irpos oko'iov t&v ovuv rrp&Tov TpcurrjTai’ tovs be cfrvXaKovs 
cos ibelv rroXXov peovTa tov olvov, avvTpexeiv es ttjv obov 
ayyrjia exovTa s Kai tov eKKexvpevov crvyKopi^eiv ev Kepbei 
rroievpevovs. tov be biaXoibopeecrdai Taau opyrjv tt pocr- 
7 T oievpevov wapapvQevpevoov be a vtov t&v (frvXaKoov XP° V W 
7 r prjvveadai tt pocnroieeoP ai Kai VTLeadai Trjs opyrjs, reXos 
be e^eXaaai avTov tovs ovov s e/c Trjs obov Kai KaTaaKeva^eiv. 
cos be Xoyovs re rrXeovs eyyiveaOai Kai Tiva Kai aKcoxl/ai 
piv Kai es yeXcoTa irpoayayeodai, embovvau avTolai t&v 
acrK&v eva’ tovs be avTov cbcnrep elxov KaTaKXiOevTas 
iviveiv btavoeeaOai Kai eKelvov tt apaXapfiaveiv Kai KeXeveiv 
peT ecvvT&v peivavTa avpirivecv tov be tt eiodrjvai re brj 
Kai KaTapelvai. cos be piv irapa ttjv ttocjlv 4>iXo(j)p6v cos 
Tjaira^ovTO, embovvai avTolau Kai aXXov t&v aaK&v 
baxpiXei be rep i rorep XP 7 icrapevovs tovs 4>vXclkovs vireppe- 
dwQrjvai Kai KpaTr]6evTas vtto tov vttvov a vtov evda irep 
emvov KaTaKOupriOrjvai • tov be, cos 7rpo<7co rjv ttjs vvktos, 
to re croopa tov abeXffieov KaTaXvcrai Kai t&v 4>vXclkccv 
erri Xvprj ttclvtoov £ vprjaai tcls be&as rraprjibas, errtdevTa 
be tov veKvv erri tovs ovovs arreXavveiv err’ olkov, emTe- 


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102 


HERODOTUS 


keaavra rfj prjrpl ra Tpoarax^^ra. tov 5e (3aai\ea, 
cos avTco aTrjyyeXOr] rod <#>copos 6 veKVs eKKtKkeppevos, 
beiva Toieeiv, tclvtws be fiovkopevov evpeOrjvai oar is /core 
eirj 6 ravra py)xw<j)pevos, Toirjaai piv rade, epol pev ov 
5 Tiara’ rrjv Ovyarepa rrjv ecovrod Kariaai €7r ? ot/c^paros , 
evreikapevov Tavras re opotcos TpoabeKeaOai, Kal Tplv 
avyyeveaOai, avayna^eiv Xeyeiv avrfj 6 ti dr] ev rco /3tco 
epyaarai avrvo aotywrarov Kal avoaiaiTarov’ os 8 ? 
aTTjyrjarjTai ra Tepl tov </>c opa yeyevrjpeva, tovtov 
io avWapfiaveiv Kal prj awievai e£co. cos 5e rrjv Taiba 
7 roieeiv ra €/c roO Tarpos TpoaTaxOevra, tov <j)&pa 
TvOopevov tcov eivtKa ravra eTp^aaero, (3ov\r]0evTa 
ToXvTpoTirj rod fiaaikeos TepiyeveaOai Toieeiv rade’ 
veKpov Tpoa(j)aTOV aTorapovra ev rco copco X e ?P a 

15 levai avrov exovra a vttjv vto rco iparioo, eaekOovra be 
cos tov ffaaiXeos ttjv Ovyarepa Kal eipuTwpevov ra Tep 
Kal ot aXXoi, aTrjyrjaaaOai cos avoaicorarov pev eir) 
epyaapevos ore tov abeXijreob ev rco Orjaavpoj rod fiaaikeos 
vto Tayrjs aXovros aTorapoi rrjv KecfraXrjv, aocfrcoTarov 
20 be oti tov s <j)vXaKov s KarapeOvaa s KaraXvaeie tov abeXcj)eod 
Kpepapevov tov veKW. tt]v be, cos rjKovae, aTreaOai 
avrov’ tov be <pcopa ev tco (JKorei t porelvai avrfj tov 
veKpov tt\v x^tpa* T W St eTiXa^opevrjV ex*w, vopl^ovaav 
avrov eKeivov rrj s x ei pbs avrex^Oai’ tov be <piopa Tpoe - 
25 pevov avrfj ot%ecr0at bia Ovpecov 4>evyovra. cos be Kal 
ravra es tov fiaaiXea avrjve'ixOai, eKTtTXrjxOai pev eTl 
rfj ToXv^poavvrj re Kal roXpr] rod avOp&Tov, reXos Se 
biaTepTovTa es Taaas ras toXis eTayyeXXeaOai abelrjv 
re bibovra Kal peybiXa VTobeKopevov eXObvn es 6\//iv rrjv 
30 ecovrod’ tov be 4>Lopa Tiarevcravra eXOelv Tpos avrov, 
T ap\[/iviTov be peyaXcos Ooipaaai /cat ot rrjv Ovyarepa 


HERODOTUS 


103 


ravrrjv avvoiKiaai cos 7rXe terra emaTapevco avOponruv' 
klyvirriovs pev yap t&v aWoov 7rpo/ce/cpta0at, eKeivov 8e 
AiyvTTLojv. 

The Pyramid Builders 

Cheops 

Mexpt per vvv ' Papi/artrou fiacnXeos elvai ev Alyvirrco 
Tracrav evvopirjv ekeyov /cal eWeveeiv AlyvTTOV peyakoos, 
pera 8 e tovtov fiacnkevaavTa cr</>ecor Xeo 7 ra es iracrav 
KaKorrjra eXacrar /cara/cXi 7 tcrarra yap piv iravra ra ipa 
TTpoora pev crcpeas Ovaieuv cnr ep£at, per a 8 e epya^eadai 
ecourco Kekeveiv iravras AiyvTriovs . rotat p£v 8 rj clt o 8 e- 
8e\0c it e/c rcor kiOoTopiewv rcor ev rco 5 Apa/3tco opet, e/c 
rourecor eX/cetr kiOovs pexpc toO NetXoir 5 ta 7 repatco 0 erras 
8 e tov irorapov ttXolokti tovs kWovs erepoiaL era£e 
e/c5e/cecr0at /cal 7 rpos to Al^vkov nakevpevov opos , npos 
tovto eX/cetr. epya^ovTO 8 e Kara 8 ena pvpiabas avOpcoTuiv 
a lei, ttjv Tpiprjvov e/caarot. \povov 8 e eyyeveadat rpifio- 
perco t& Xeco Se/ca erea pev ttjs o 8 ov tear fjv elkicov tovs 
kidovs, ttjv ebeipav epyov eov ov irokkco reco ekacraov ttjs 
T rvpapibos, cos epol boneeiv (ttjs yap prjuos pev etat 7rerre 
c tt 6 l 8 lol , evpos 8 e 8 eKa opyvLai, tyos 8 e, rg vxl/rjkoTaTrj 
earl avTrj ecourgs, 6 /crco bpyviaL, kWov 8 e %eaTov nat 
fcocoz' eyyekvppevcov ), TavTrjs re 617 ra Se/ca erea yeveadat 
/cal rcor e 7 rl roO koepov eT 7 ou earaert at 7rupapt5es, rcor 
U 7 ro 7gr olkt] paTUV, TGLS eivoieeTO OrjKas ecourco er VTjcrcpy 
bicopvxa tov NetXou eaayayuv. rg c)e irvpapLbL aurg xpo™*' 
yeveadat elnoai eTea 7 TOLevpevrj, rgs eerrt 7rarraxg perco7ror 
eKacrTov oktoo t kedpa eovo’rjs TeTpaycovov /cat i/i/^os icrov, 
Xidov 8 e ^earou re /cal appoerpevov ra paXtcrra’ ouSets 
t£)v \Woov TpLrjKOVTa T 08 &V ekao’O’ccv. eTTOLTidr] 8 e o) 8 e 
a vtt] 7 ] TrvpapLs, ava/3adpcbv Tpoirov , ras pere^erepot 


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HERODOTUS 


Kpoaaas, ol 8e /3coptdas ovopa^ovai' ToiavTyv to tt p&rov 
€ 7 T 6 LT€ eTTolrjGaV aVT7]V , r)eipOV TOVS eTTiXoLTOVS XLdovs 
p'PX^vricri £vXcov fipaxtwv 7 re 7 r oirjpevriGL, x a ^^ ev * 7rL 
tov irp&Tov (JTO r ix ov T & v CLvafiadpobv aeipovTes’ o/ccos 8 e 
5 avioi 6 XWos k'K avTOV, es erep'pv pyixwrjv eridero 
ecTe&aav eirl tov irp&TOV gtolxov, airb tovtov 8 e eirl tov 
bevTepov €lXk6 TO <JTO r ix ov ^tt’ aXXrjs prjxcivrjs’ oaoi yap 
8 i] (ttoIx 01 yew tcov ava/3a6pojv, rocraurat Kal prjxctval 
r/aav , et're /cat ttjv avTrjv prjxavrjv eovaav plav re /cat 
10 ev(3a<TTaKT0V peTecfrbpeov eirl (JTo'ix ov CKaaTOv, o/ccos tov 
XlOov e^eXoiev’ XeXe%0co ypiv eir’ ap</>orepa, /card irep 
XeyeTau. e^eTOLrjdr] 8 ’ &v tcl a ^corara avTrjs tt pcora, 
pera 8 e ra exopeva tovtwv e^eiroievv, reXei/rata 8 e avTrjs 
t a eirlyaLa /cat ra /carcordrco e^eirolrjaav. aea^pavTai 8e 
15 did ypappcLTOov AlyvirTlcov ev tt\ Tvvpapibi oaa es re 
avppalr]v /cat /cpoppua /cat GKOpoba avaunpccOr] to'lgl 
epya^opevoMU’ Kal cos epe eu pepvTjaOai ra 6 epprjvevs 
poi eiuXeyopevos tcl Tpappara etprj, e^aKoaia /cat 
TaXavTa apyvpiov TeTeXeadai. et d J eart oi/rcos exovTa 
20 raura, /cocra ot/cos aXXa 8 e8airavrjadal eart es re albrjpov ra) 
epya^ovTO, Kal atria Kal eadrjTa to'lgl epya^opevoLGL • 
o/core xpbvov pev OLKobopeov tcl epya tov elpyjpevov , 
aXXov de, cos £700 do/ceco, e/^ ra> rods XWovs eTapvov Kal 
rjyov Kal to vito yyv opvypa epya^ovTO, ovk oXiyov 
25 xpbvov. 

Chephren 

BacrtXeDcrat de toj' Xeo7ra rouroi' klyvivTioi eXeyov 
TrevTrjKovTa erea ? TeXevTrjcravTos de tovtov eKbe^aaOai ttjv 
^aaiXrjirjv tov abeXcfrebv a vtov Xecpprjva' Kal tovtov de tw 
aura) TpOTrco btaxpcicrdaL rco erepco ra re aXXa /cat irvpapiba 
30 Toirjaai, es pe/> ra eKeivov perpa ou/c avrjKovcrav TavTa 


HERODOTUS 


105 


yap oov Kal rjpels epeTprjcrapev oure yap vt ean oUrjpara 
vi to yrjv, oure e/c tov NetXou buopvt; TjKei es avTrjv axrTep 
es ttjv eTeprjv peovaa * bt olKoboprjpevov be avXcovos ecro) 
vrjaov 7 reptppeet, ev rfj avTov Xeyovcri neiadai Xeoira. 
virobelpas be tov ttpcotov bopov XWov AWlottlkov ttolklXov, 
TeacrepcLKOvra irobas virofias rrjs ereprjs tqjvto peyados 
oiKobbpr\cre. eardat be eirl Xocf>ov tov aurou apcfroTepat, 
paXuTTa es eKaTov irobas vxprjXov. fiaaCXevcrai be eXeyov 
Xec^prjva e£ Kal TrevTT]KOVTa eTea. raura e£ re /cat 
e/ca tov Xoyl^ovTai eTea, ev rotat AlyvirTLoiai re iracrav 
elvat KaKOTTjTa Kai Ipa xp^ov toctovtov /cara/cX^tade/'ra 
ovk avoixOyvaL. tovtovs vito plaeos ov /capra deXova t 
AiyvTTTLOL ovopa^eiv, aXXa Kal ras Trvpaplbas KaXeovcn 
TTotpevos <E>tXtrtos, os tovtov tov xp® vov tvepe KTrjvea 
/card raura ra x^P La - 

Mycerinus 

Mera be tovtov fiaaiXevcrai AlyvwTOV XLvKep'ivov eXeyov 
Xeoiros Tralba, rw ra pev tov ivaTpos epya airabelv, tov be 
ra re Ipa az'otijat /cat tov Xe&v TeTpvpevov es to eo'xctrot' 
/ca/cou ave'ivai irpos epya re /cat dvcrias, binas be iravTOiv 
fiaaiXewv biKaioT dr as Kpiveiv. /card rouro pev vvv to 
epyov airavTWv octol ribrj (3acr tXees eyevovTO AiyvTTTUdv 
alveovcri paXiGTa tovtov’ ra re aXXa yap piv Kpiveiv ev 
Kal brj Kal rw empepcfropevcp e/c rrjs 5t/a?s 7rap’ ecourou 
btbovTa aXXa a 7 ro 7 np 7 rXavaL aurou tov dvpov. eovTi 5e 
rjirlco tco MvKeplvco /card tov s iroXir]Tas Kal raura eTnTrj- 
bevovTi irp&Tov KaK&v apt; at ttjv Ovyarepa airoPavovcTav 
avTov, ttjv povvov oi elvai ev toXgi olklokti TeKvov. tov 
be VTepaXyrjaavTa re tQ> 7repte7re7rrd>/cee TprjypaTL Kal fiov- 
Xopevov 'KepMJGOTepbv rt t&v aXXwv daif/au ttjv OvyaTepa 


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HERODOTUS 


Troirjaaadai fiovv %vkLvr)v KoiXr)v Kai ewena Karaxpvau- 
aavra piv eaco kv avrfj Baxpai ravrr\v brj rrjv airoBavovaav 
Bvyarepa. avrr] &v rj fiov s 77? ovk kKpvcpBr], aXX’ ert /cat 
es kpe r\v (pavepp, kv Sat pev ttoXl kovaa, Keipevr] be kv 
5 Total fia(n\r]ioi(n kv oUrjpan 'qaKrjpevco' Bvpirjpara be 
7rap’ avrfj iravrola Kar ay L^ovat, ava iracrav ripkprjv, vv/cra 
be eKaarrjv iravvvxos Xvxvos 7rapa/caterat. ayxov be rrjs 
/3oos ravrrjs kv aXXco oUrjparL eUoves ruv waXXaKeuv r&v 
MvKepLvov earaai, cos eXeyov 01 kv Sat 7roXt ipees' karaai 
10 pev yap £vXlvol KoXocraoi, eoOcrat apiBpov cos et/cocrt 
paXiara ktj , yvpval kpyaapkvai * ainves pevroi eiai, ovk 
e%co direlv wXrjv fj ra Xeyopeva. pera be rrjs Bvyarpos 
to rraBos bevrepa rovrco rep PaaiXei rabe yeveadar 
kXBeiv oi pavrrjiov kK BoutoOs ttoXlos cos pkXXot e% erea 
is povvov fiiovs rep kpbbpco reXevrrjaeiv * rov be beivov 
TroL 7 ]aapevov 7 rkpxpaL « to pavrrjLov rco OeQ> bveiburpa 
avnpepcpopevov on o pev avrov rvarbp Kai 7rarpcos 
aTroKXrjicravTes ra Ipa Kai Be&v ov pepvr\pevoi, aXXa Kai 
rovs avOpuirovs (pBeipovres, kfiLooaav xp^vov kwi ttoXXov, 
20 avros b ’ evaePecov pkXXoi rax^cos ourco reXevrrjcreiv. kK 
be rod xP 7 l (TT ' r lP ,L0V aurep bevrepa kXBeiv Xeyovra rovrojv 
elveKa Kai avvraxbveiv avrov rov P'lov’ ov yap iroLrjaaL 
piv to xptbv W Ttoieeiv belv yap Klyvirrov KaKovaBai 
k'K erea TevrrjKovra re Kai eKarov, Kai rov s pev bvo rov s 
25 7 rpo kKeivov yevopkvovs /3acrtXeas paOelv rovro, Kelvov be 
ov. ravra aKovaavra rov MvKep'ivov, cos KaraKeKpipevuv 
rjbr] oi Tovrcov , Xvxva irocrjaapevov tt oXXa, o/ccos yivoiro 
vv£, avaxpavra avra rrlveiv re Kai evrtaBkeiv, ovre rjpkprjs 
ovre vvktos avikvra, es re ra eXea Kai ra aXaea rrXavcopevov 
30 Kai Iva TrvvOavoiro elvai kvrjPrjrrjpia kTnrrjbebrara. ravra 
be kpr]x^varo BeXuv ro pavrrjiov xpevbopevov a7ro5e£at, 


HERODOTUS 


107 


tv a oi dvdodeKa erea avri e£ ere wv yevrjTat , at vvure s 
rjpepai ivoievpevai . 7 rvpapida 8e nai ovros naTeX'nreTO 

7 roXXov eXacrcrco tov 7rarpos, et/cocrt irod&v Karadeovaav 
kooXov enacFTov Tpt&v irXeOpoiv, eovarjs Terpayaivov, XWov 
8e es to Typtau At0to7rt/coO. 

The Twelve Kings and the Building of the Labyrinth 

? EXeu0epco0ez'res AiyvivTioi pera tov Ipea tov 'H</>atoTOU 
PaaiXevaavra (ovdeva yap XP^ V0V °^ oi re V aav 
fiacriXeos Statracrflat) earriaavro 5vc o5e/ca 1 ftacrtXeas, 
deKa poipa s daaapevot Alyvirrov ivacrav. ovtol ewiyapLas 

iroarjaapevoL e^aaiXevov vopotcn Touribe xP e( ^P ev0L i PV Te 
/caratpeeti' aXXrjXovs pr]Te TrXeov tl di^rjadai extw tov 
erepov tov eTepov, elvai re (j)LXovs ra paXtara. rcoz^Se 8e 
elvena tov s vopovs tovtovs eiroieovTO, Icrxfpcos 7reptareX- 
XovTes' e/cexpTyaro (T( t )L KaT ? apX&s aurt/ca evuiTapevoLcn 
es ras Tvpavvidas tov x^X/ceiy </>taX7y cnreicravTa avT&v ev 
T& Ipco tov 'He fialaTov, tovtov aTacrris (3acn\ev(T€iv 
AiyviTTOV ’ es yap drj tcl iravTa tpa avveXeyovTo . /cal 61 ? 
a(f)L pvqpoavva e5o£e Xnrecrdat KOLvfj , do^av 5e acpi 
eTToiTjaavTO Xa/3vpivdoVj oXlyov vtv ep ttjs Xipvr)s Trjs 
Motptos /card Kpo/co5etXcoz' KaXeopevrjv ttoXlv paXtara Kr\ 
Keipevov tov £ 70 ; 7 ) 57 ; etSoz' Xoyov pefco. et Tap rts ra 
e£ 'EXXiyz'coz' retxea re /cal epYcoz' airode^Lv crvXXoyiaaLTO, 
eXacraovos ttovov re av /cal dairavrjs (pavear] eovTa tov 
X a(3vpiv0ov tovtov. /catrot a^ioXoyos ye nai o ev E</>eaaj 
earl ^Tyos /cal 6 e^ 2apco. rjaav pev vvv /cat at Tvpapides 
Xoyov proves /cal ttoXX&v eKacrTrj avTewv EXXTyz't/ccoz' 
epywv /cal peyaXoiv avTa^lrp 6 5e 677 XafivpivBos /cat ras 
Trvpapldas VTepfiaXXeL. tov yap Svco8e/<a pev etat ai/Xat 
KaTaaTeyoi , avTiTrvXoi aXXrjXrjo'L, e£ pev irpos /3opew, e£ 


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HERODOTUS 


be Tpos votov rerpappevai, crvvexees’ ro?x°s de e^coOev 6 
avros crcfreas ivepiepyei. OLKrjpara 5’ evecrri 5t7rXa, ra 
pev VToycua, ra be pereoipa eir’ ene'ivouji, TpicrxiXia 
apidpov, 'KtvTaiiocFiwv Kai xtXtco^ e/carepa. ra pei> vvv 
5 perecopa rco^ oiKr\paT<jiv aurol re up&pev bie^ibvTes Kai 
avrol derjaapevoL Xeyopev, ra be avr&v viroyaia Xoyoicri 
eirvvdavbpeda. oi yap e7rearecores t&v kiyvTVTiwv beiKvv- 
vai aura ovbap&s i]0eXov, cfrapevoi, drjKas avrodi elvai 
t&v re apxw tov Xaj SvpivOov tovtov oUoboprjaapevuv 
10 PaviXecdv Kai t&v ip&v KpoKobeiXcov. ourco tcov pev Karo: 
7 r epi OLKKjpaTwv aKorj irapaXafiovres Xeyopev, ra be avw 
pe^ova avOponrriLwv epywv avToi (bp&pev at re yap 
e^oboi bia tcov areyecvv Kai oi eiXtypoi bia tcov avXecov 
eovTes 7rot/aXcorarot 6copa pvpiov irapeixovTO e£ avXrjs re 
15 es ra oiKr\para bie^iovcn Kai £k tcov OLKrjpaTcov es iraaTabas, 
es are yas re aXXas £k tcov iraaTabcov Kai es avXas aXXas 
£k tcov OLKrjpaTCOv. opo(j)r} be tclvtcov tovtcov Xi6lvy) 
Kara irep oi roTxot, oi be roix 01 tvtcov eyyeyXvppevcov 
7r Xeoi y avXrj be eKaarrj TrepiaTvXos Xidov XevKov appo- 
20 crpevov ra paXiara. ttjs be ycovir^s TeXevTCOvTOs rod 
XafivpivOov ex^Tai irvpapis TeaaepaKOVTopyvios , ev rfj fa)a 
peyaXa eyyeyXvTvTar obos es avTrjv vi to yrjv 7reToir}TaL. 

Psammetichus Becomes Sole King 

Tcov be bvcobeKa fiacriXeoov biKaioavvr\ xP e ^pevcov y ava 
Xpbvov cos Wvcrav ev tco ipco rou 'H</>alcrrou, rfj varaTYj 
25 rrjs bprrjs peXXovTcov KaTacnreiaeiv o dpxtepeus e^rjveiKe 
crcjoi cfriaXas xpuaea rfjai tt ep ecoOeaav airevbeiv, apapTcov 
rod apidpov, evbeKa bvcobeKa eoucri. evdavra d>s ovk elx € 
<j)iaXr]v o eaxaros earecos avr&v 'ffapprjTixos, TrepteXo- 
pevos rrjv Kvverjv eovaav x^X/cei^ vwecrx e Te KaL t(nrevbe. 


HERODOTUS 


109 


Kvveas be /cat oi a XXot airavTes e<j)bpeov paatXees Kal ervy- 
Xavov Tore exovres , Sl/app^rtxos pev vvv ovbevi boXepoo 
voco xptwpevos VTT6(Tx e ttjv Kvverjv , ot be fypevi XafiovTes 
to re TroLTiOev e/c 'Bapp^rtxou Kal to xPV^t^P^v 6 tl e/ce- 
XPWTO (T(j)i , tov xaX K *V cnreiaavTa avTcov <j>LaXrj tovtov 
fiaaiXea ecreaOai povvov AiyvirTov , avapvrjaOevTes tov 
XPWP'OV KTtivai pev ovk ee)t/catcoera/' 'f'apprjTLXov, cos 
avevpiGKOv Paaavi^ovTes e£ ovdeptfs Tpovoirjs avTov tvoit]- 
aavTa, es be ra eXea e<5o£e acj)L 5tco£at xf/LXcoaavTas Ta 
7 rXetcrra Trjs bvvapios, e/c be tcov eXeaiv opp&pevov pr] 
eiripicryeadai rf) aXXrj Aryu7rrco. emaTapevos &v cos 
irepiv^piapevos elrj irpos avT&v, eirevoee Teiaaadai tovs 
bLOj^avTas. irepif/avTi be oi es B ovtovv ttoXlv evQa brj 
AiyvTTLOLcrL eaTi pavTrjLov axJ/evbeaTaTov, rjXde xPV^P^s 
cos rterts rj^ei airo ^aXacrenys xaX/cecoz' avbp&v eTL(f>avevTO)v . 
Kal rep pev brj oltlctIti peyaXr) vt6K6xvto x a Xii€ovs oi 
avbpa s ryje iv eiriKovpovs' XP^ V0V ^e °v noXXov bieXdbvTOs 
avayKair] /careXa/?e "Ico/'ds re Kal K apas /card XrjLrjv 
eKTvXwcravTas aiveveix^vai es Atyvw tov, eK^avTa s be es 
yrjv Kal oTvXiadevTas x^X/cco ayyeXXei t&v tls AiyvTTTiwv 
es ra eXea amKopevos rep ^ 'apprjTLXV, cos ovk ib&v 
7 rpOTepov x^X/cco avbpa s oTvXicjdevTas, cos x^X/ceot avbpe s 
amypevoL airo 6aXaaar]s XerjXaTevaL to tt ebiov. o be 
paQwv to xP r l°' T VP l ' 0V emTeXevpevov (fiLXa re rotert "Icoert 
/cat Kapat 7roteerat /cat aefreas peyaXa VTLaxvevpevos 
7reWei peT ecouroO yeveadai' cos 5e eireiae, ourco apa rotert 
fiovXopevoicTi AiyvTTLOiaL /cat rotert e7rt/coupotcrt /caratpeet 
rous jftaatXeas. /epar^eras 5e AiyvTTOV iraaris o ap- 
pi]Tixos eiroLr]ae rep 'He^aterreo 7rpo7ruXata Mep0t 
ra 7rpos wroi^ avepov rerpappe^a, avX^v re rep "A7rt, ej' 
rjj rpee/>erat eireav (pavrj o ^Ams, oiKoboprjae evavTiov t&v 


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'irpo'jrvkaLUV, iraaav re tt epiaTvXov eovaav Kal tvtuv 
ir\er]V’ clvtI 8e klovojv vtt earaai Kokoaaol 8vaj8eKa7rrjxces 
rfj avkfj. 6 8e ^Attls Kara ttjv ^Wrjvoov yXcoaaav ean 
’'E 7 ra</>os. toigi 5e "Ic o<n Kal roiai K apal rolai avyKaTep - 
5 yacrapevoicn avTCo 6 ^fapprjTixos didcoai x&povs oiKrjaaL 
clvtlovs dXXi^X oov, rod N eikov to peaov exovTos , toIvl 
ovvopaTa eTedrj 2 TpaTOireda . tovtovs Te 8rj acfri tovs 
X& povs 8L8oocn Kal raXXa ra vireaxero iravTa cure8c ok€. 
Kal 8rj Kal Tralbas irape^aXe avTolai AlyviTTiovs ttjv 
io 'EXXada yX&acrav e/cSi^acr/ceo-flai, curb 8e tovtcov eKpa- 
Oovtwv tt)v yX&aaav oi vvv epprjvees ev AlyviTToo yeyovacri. 
oi 8e ’leones Kal oi Rapes tovtovs tovs x&P ov s o’Urprav 
Xpovov eirl ttoXXov elal 8e ovtol oi x&P 01 T pbs daXaaarjs 
oXlyov evepde Bou/^aarios 7 toXlos €7rl ra> TLrjXovaico 
is KaXeopeva) dTopaTL tov NetXou. tovtovs pev 8rj xpbvw 
vcTepov fiaaikevs ’'Apacns e^avaaTrj a as evdevTev KaTOLKiae 
es M epcj)LV, 4>vXaKrjv ec cvtov tt oLevpevos irpos AiyvTTTLWv. 
TovTOiv 8e oiKiaOevTiov ev AlyvTTTCo oi "EXX^es ovtco 
kmpi(Tybpevoi tovtolcl to, irepl AlyvTTTOV yLvopeva airo 
20 SL apprjTixov fiaaiXeos ap^apevoL iravTa Kal ra vaTepov 
eTLCTTapeda arpe/cecos - ttp&tol yap ovtol ev AiyvTTcp 
aXXoyXoxraoL KaTOLKLad'qaav. e£ &v 8e e^avecrTrjaav 
X&pwv ev TOVTOiai 8rj 61 Te oXkoI t&v ve&v Kal Ta epenria 
tcov oiKripaTOOV to pexpi epev rjaav. ^fapprjTLXos pev 
25 vvv ovt cos ecrx e Atyvi ttov. 

Amasis, the Last King of Independent Egypt 

’Axpieco 8e KaTapaLprjpevov ePaaiXevcre "Apacns, vopov 
pev Saireco eco^, e/c Trjs 8e rjv ttoXlos , ovvopa ol ecTL 
'Eiovcj). Ta pev 8rj Tp&Ta KaT&vovTO tov ”Apaaiv 
AlyinTTiOL Kal ev ovbepifj polpy peyaXrj rjyov, are 8rj 


HERODOTUS 


111 


brjpoTrjv to tt piv eovTa Kal olklyjs ovk enLpaveos' peTa be 
aoplrj avTovs 6 *Apacns, ovk ayvccpoavvrj t poarjyayero. 
expciTO be /caracrroun nprjypaTCOv TOLrjbe • to pev opdpcov 
pexpL OTev nXrjd^prjs ayoprjs npodvpcos enprjaae tcl irpocr- 
pepopeva nprjypaTa, to 5e curb tovtov emve re Kal 
KaTecTKcoiTTe tovs avpnoTas Kal rjv paTaLos re Kal Tvaiyvii]- 
pwv. axOevO&Tes be tovtoicji ol piXoL avTov evovOereov 
avTov Toiade XeyovTe s* (3aai\ed, ovk opd&s aecovTov 

npoeaTrjKas es to ayav pavXov npoayoiv aec ovtov’ ae yap 
exPW * v Qpbvu aepvp aepvov doiKeovTa 5 l 9 rjpeprjs nprjaaeLV 
tcl nprjypaTa, Kal outco AlyvnTLOL t av rjmaTeaTo cos U7r’ 
avbpos peyaXov apxovTaL Kal av apeLvov rjKove s' vvv be 
tol€6ls ovbap cos fiaaikiKa. 6 5’ apel^eTo Toialbe avTovs' 
Ta To£a oi eKTrjpevoL, knew pev bewvTai xP^dai, evTa- 
vvovaij eneav be xPV cro ^ VTaL y kKXvovaL. ei yap brj tov 
7r avTa xpbvov evTeTapeva eirj, eKpayelr] av, cocrre es to 
beov ovk av exoiev avTolai xP& (T @ aL ' ovtco brj Kai 
avdpcoTTOV KaTaaTaais' el edeXoL KaTeanovbaadai aiei 
prjbe es navyvlrjv to pepos ecovTOV avievai, XadoL av tjtol 
pavels rj 6 ye anbrvXrjKTOS yevopevos. Ta eyco emaTa- 
pevos pepos e/caTepco vepco. TavTa pev tovs PlXovs 
apelxf/aTo. XeyeTaL be 6 "A paais, Kal oTe rjv IbLGiTrjs, cos 
pLXorrbTrjs rjv Kal pCXoaKdoppoiv Kal ovbap&s KaTeanovba- 
apevos avrjp. o/ccos be piv enCxlrvoL nlvovTa Te Kai evrra- 
OeovTa tcl emTrjbea, KXenreaKe av nepucov. ol b av plv 
papevoL ex^w Ta apeTepa xPVP ara apvevpevov ayeaKov 
€7 rl pavTrjLov, okov eKaaTOLaL ehj. 7roXXa pev brj /cat, 
rjXlaKeTO vi ro tcov pavTrjLQjv, noXXa be KaL anepevye. 
ene-LTe 5e Kal efiaalXevae, errolrjae TOLabe’ oaoL pev avTov 
t&v decov aneXvaav prj p&pa elvaL, tovtwv pev t&v Lpcov 
ovTe enepeXeTO ovTe es enLaKevrjv eblbov ovbev, ovbe Poltuv 


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Wve cos ovbevos kovac aQoitn ^evbea re pavTT)la eurr)- 
pevoicri * enrol be piv Karebrjaav <£copa elvai , tovtcov be cos 
aXr) 0 e cos flecoi' eovTWV Kai axj/evbea pavTrjia rrapexopkvoiv 
ra paKiara errepeXeTO. Kai tovto pev ev Sal* rfj AdrjvaLrj 
5 7TpoTTvXaia Owpacria ola e^e 7 roLr\( 7 e, toXXov rravTas virep- 
fiaXopevos rco re v\j/ei Kai rco peyaOei, oacov re to peyaOos 
XLdccv earl Kai okolcov reco/'* tovto be KoXocraovs peyaXovs 
Kai avbpo(T(j)Lyyas TepiprjKeas avedr]Ke, XiOovs re aXXovs 
es eTTKTKevrjv vireptfiveas to peyaOos eKopiae. rjyayeTo 
10 be tovtoov tov s pev e/c t&v /card M epcjnv eovcreccv XlOoto- 
pceuv, tovs be vweppeyaOeas e£ ’EXec/m^rli^s iroXios tXoov 
Kai eiKocri rjpepeoov airexovcr 7 ]s airo Salos. to be ovk 
r\Ki(7Ta avTcbv aXXa paXiCTa Ooopa^a), ecrrl Tobe * OLKrjpa 
povvoXiQov eKopicre e£ ’JLXecjravTivrjs ttoXlos , /cal tovto eico- 
15 pi^e pev 67r ? ere a rpta, cXaxlXtoc be oi irpoaeTeTax^TO 
avbpes ayuyees, Kai ovtoi airavTes r]<rav KvfiepvrjTaL. tt }s 
5 e crTeyr )s TavTTjs ro pei> prjKos e^ccdev ecrTi els re /cal 
e’lKOGi irrixees, evpos be TeaaepeaKaLbeKa, v\pos be o/crcb. 
raura pev ra perpa e&dev tt 7s GTeyr]S tt}s povvoXidov 
20 earl, arap eacodev to pev prjKos oKTUKa'ibeKa ttjx^v Kai 
TTvyovoSj to be evpos 6 uco 5 e/ca tttjx^v to be v\f/os irevTe 
7 rrjx^v ecrTL. a vt'q tov ipov /celrat 7 rapa r^ ecrobov. 
eaco 7ap piv es to ipov </>acre Tcovbe elVe/ca ou/c eaeX/cucrar 
ro^ a pxiTeKTova avTrjs eXKopevrjs tt}s crTeyr]s avaaTeva^ai 
25 old re xpwov eyyeyovoTOS 7 roXXou /cal axQopevov rco 
epYco, ro/^ Se "A pacriv evdvpr]Tov Troika apevov ovk eav <etl 
TrpocruTepco eX/cuaat. ^§17 5 e rim Xeyovai cos avdpanros 
biecjrOapr] vt j aurfj rco^ res avTrjv poxXevovTWV, Kai cltt6 
tovtov ovk ecreXKvaOrjvaL. avedr]Ke be Kai ev toIctl oXXolgl 
30 ipolai b ’’kpacris iraaL toIctl eXXoyLpoLcn epya to peyados 
a%Loder]Ta, ev be Kai ev M epcj)L tov vtvtiov Keipevov 
KoXocrerov tov 'H^atcrrelou epirpocrOe, tov 7robes irevTe Kai 


HERODOTUS 


113 


e(3bopr]KOVTa eicn to prjKos . eir t be too aura) fiadpoo 
earaat AWlo7tlkov eovTes \L0ov bvo koXoggol, eUo<n Tobbov 
to peyados edov e/carepos, 6 pev evOev, 6 <5 ? evSev tov 
peya Xou. eart be XlOlvos erepos rocrouros /cat ev 2at, 
Keipevos /card roz' avTov Tpoirov ra) ez^ Mep<£t. rrj ’'Iat re 
ro ez> Me^t Ipov ’'Apaats ecrrt 6 e^oLKoboprj a as, eov peya 
re /cat a£t ode'qTOTaTov. 

’Ex’ 5 Apacnos be fiacnXeos XeyeTai Alyvi ttos paXtcrra 
brj TOTe evbaipovrjcraL /cat ra air 6 tov t OTapov tt} x^PV 
yivopeva /cat ra axo Trjs X&pys toXgl avdpdoiroicn, Kal 
xoXts ev aurf} yeveaOai tcls airaaas Tore biapvplas ras 
oUeopevas. vopov re AtYuxrtotcrt Tovbe ’'ApaaLs eart 6 
/caracrr^cras, axoSet/czwat ereos eKaaTov too vopapxtl 
iravTa Tiva AiyvTTTioov oOev fiiovTai’ prj be iroievvTa 
raura prjbe airocfraivovTa biKalr]V ^orjv Wvveadai davaTCp. 
XoXoov be 6 ’ Adrjvdlos Xafioiv e£ Auyuxrou tovtov tov 
vopov ’AdrivaioLcn WeTO • ra) e/cetz'ot es atet xP^ VTai i 
eovTi apdopoo vopoo. 4>LXeXXr]v be yevopevos 6 Apacrts 
aXXa re es 'EXX^z'Coz' pere£erepous air e5e£aro /cat brj /cat 
rotat aTLKvevpevoiai es MyvTTOv ebooKe Nau/cpartz> xoXtz; 
evoinrjaai, To'icri be prj fiovXopevoujL avTbov evoweeiv avTov 
be vavTiXXopevoiai ebcoKe x&P 0VS evibpvaaadai fioopovs 
/cat Tepevea deolcri. to pev vvv peyiGTOV avTcbv Tepevos 
/cat ovopaGTOTaTov eov /cat xP r } (TL P ( !°TaTov, KaXevpevov 
be 'E XXtjvlov , at be xoXtes etat at ibpvpevai koivtj, 
’Idovoiv pev Xios /cat Tecos /cat ^co/cata /cat KXafopez>at, 
Acoptecoz' <5e 'Po<5os /cat Kz'tSos /cat 'AXt/capz^craos 
/cat ^daiyXts, AioXeoov be rj MvTiXrjvaLoov povvrj. 
tovtcov pev ecrrt rouro ro Tepevos, /cat 7rpo<rrdras 
rou epxoptou aurat at xoXtes eicri at irapexovaai' ocrai 
be aXXat xoXtes peraxoteuz'rat, ovbev a<fi t peTeov 
peraxotewrat. 


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BOOK III 


The Conquest of the Egyptians 

’Ey be tco HyXovaico KaXeopevco GTopaTi tov N e'lkov 
eaTparoiredeveTO appyviTos 6 5 Apaacos 7 rats, viropevcov 
Kapfivaea. ’'Apacnv yap ov KareXafie {cbvTa Kapfivays 
eXacras e'K Alyvir tov, aXXa fiaaiKevaas 6 ’’Apacris recraepa 
Kal reaaepaKovra erea curedave, ev toLgi ovbev oi peya 
avapcriov irpyypa avvyveixdy. aTodavaov be Kal rapix €lH 
dels eTacjoy ev rfjaL Tacjoyac tt\gi ev tco ipco, ras auros 
oUobopyaaTO. eirl ^appyviTOV be tov ’Apacnos fiaai- 
Xevovros AiyvTTOV cjoacrpa Alyvir tlolgl peyiGTOV by 
eyeveTO' vadyaav yap QrjfiaL al AiyvivTiai, oure 7r poTepov 
ovbapa vaOelaai oure vGTepov to pexpt* epev, cos Xeyovcn 
avTol OyfiaLoi. ov yap by uerat ra avco Trjs AiyvTTOV to 
irapaTav aXXa Kal TOTe vadyaav ai 0t}/3ch x/zaKabi. 
paxys be yevopevrjs KapTepys Kal iveabvTCOV apcfroTepcov 
tcov oTpaTOTebcov irXydeL ttoXXcov eTpairovTO oi AlyvivTioi . 
dcbpa be peya elbov irvOopevos irapa tcov eivixwpicov' tcov 
yap oGTecov Kexvptvoov x°>pls eKaTepcov tcov ev tt\ paxy 
TavTiy ireaovTCOv (xcopts pev yap tcov Hepaecov eKeiTO Ta 
oaTea, cos excopiady KaT apxas, hepcodi be tcov Aiyv- 
ttlcov), ai pev tcov TLepaecov KecjoaXai eiai aoOevees ovtco 
cbaTe, ei deXots \py<t>co povvr} fiaXelv, biaTeTpaveeis, ai be 
tcov AiyviTTLCov ovtco br\ ti iaxvpai, poyi s av Xidco ivaiaas 
biappy^eia s. at tiov be tovtov Tobe eXeyov, Kal epe ye 
evTveTecos eiveidov, otl AlyvivTioi pev aurt/ca airo Tracbicov 
ap^apevoi £vpcovTai tcls KecjoaXas Kal irpos tov tjXlov 
iraxvveTaL to ouTeov. tcovto be tovto Kal tov py 


114 


HERODOTUS 


115 


cjxiXaKpovadai a'lTibv ecrrr AlyvTTTLojv yap av tls eXaxi- 
arovs IboiTo </>aXa/cpous ttclvtwv avOpcoiroiv. tovtolctl pev 
brj tovto eort aiTiov icrxopbs </>opeet v ras Ke<paXas, roiai 
be Hepcrrjcn , on aaOeveas 4>opeovcn ras KecfiaXas, a’iTLOV 
Tobe * aKLr}Tpocj)eovai e£ apx??s irlXovs Ttapas 4>opeovres. 
ravra pev vvv rocavra. oi be klyvimoi e/c rrjs pax??s 
cos erpaivovTO , ecfrevyov ovbevi Koapcv. KaTeiXr)QevT<j:v 8e 
es M epcj)Lv eirepire ava iroTapov JAap/3varjs vea Murt- 
XrjvaLrjv KTjpvKa ayovaav avbpa Tlepcrriv, es opoXoyirjv 
irpoKaXebpevos AiyvTVTLOVs. oi be eireire rrjv vea elbov 
eaeXdovcrav es rrjv M epcpLv, eKXvOevTes aXees e/c rou relxeos 
ttjv re z'ea 5te</>0etpaz' Kai tov s avbpas Kpeopyrjbov biaaira- 
cravTes etpopeov es to re?x°s- Kai. AiyvTVTioi pev pera 
tovto 7 ToXiopnebpevoi xpwco TapeaTrjaav. 

Test of the Fortitude of Psammenitus 
'Hpepr? 5e beKCLTrj a'K rjs irapeXafie to retxos to ev 
Mep$t Kap/3u(77?s, /caTtaas es to tpocuttlov eiri Xvprj top 
fiaaiXea t&v klyvirTioiv SI'app^z'tToz', fiaaiXevaa vTa 
prjva s e£, tovtov /caTtcr as aw aXXotcrt AlyvirTioicn 
bieireipaTO avTov tx\ s x/svxys TOiecov Touabe * (jTeiXa s 

avTov ttjv dvyaTepa ecrOyTL bovXrjiri e^eirepire e'K vbwp 
exovcrav vbprjiov, avveirepTre be Kai aXXas irapOevovs 
& 7 roXe£as avbpcov t&v ttxotcoz', opotcos eaTaXpev as tt? too 
/ 3aatXeos. cos 5e /3of? Te /cat /cXauflpco Trapr}i(rav ai tt apdevoi 
irapa tov s 7 raTepas, oi pev aXXot 7ra^Tes avTeftoaiv Te Kai 
avTeKXaiov opcodes Ta TeKva /ce/ca/ccopet'a, o be SI'app^z'tTOS 
Trpoib&v Kai padoiv eKV\j/e es tt?^ 777 ^. TvapeXOovaewv be 
tcov vbpocfrbpajv, bevTepa oi tov Ta'iba eirepire peT aXXcot' 
AiyvTTTioiv btcrx^Xicjov Trjv avTrjv yiXlkltjv exovTuv , tous Te 
avxevas /caXco bebepevov s /cat Ta cfTopaTa ’ey Kex&Xivw- 


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pevovs. riyovro 8e 7 tolvtjv reiaovres M vTLXrjvaioov toIgl 
ev M e/jL(j)L arroXopevoiGi gvv rfj vrji ravra yap edUaaav 
oi (3aGL\r}LOL diKaarai , vt ep av8pos eKaarov 8ena Aiyv- 
tttLwv tcov tpootccv avTairbWvGdai. 6 8e l86jv irape^iovTas 
5 Kai paOuv tov 7raT<5a ayopevov erri davarov, t&v aWuv 
kiyvTTTiwv t&v 7repLKaTr]pbcov amov fcXatovTCov Kai8eiva 
7 roLevvTwv, tqjvto €TTOLTjG6 to Kai €7 ri rfj OvyarpL rrapeX- 
Oovtoiv 8e Kai tovtwv GvvrjveLKe ware tcov avpTOTeccv oi 
av8pa air7]\LK€GTepov, e/C7re7rrco/c6ra £k t&v kbvrwv 'eyovTa 
10 re ov8ev ei pr\ oaa 7rrcoxos Kai irpOGaireovTa ttjv GTpaTirjv, 
irapievai 'frapprjvLTOv re tov 9 Apaaios Kai tovs ev tco 
irpoaaTLco KaTrj pevovs Aiyv7TTicov. o 8e ^apprjvLTOs cos 
6 I8e, avaKXavaas peya Kai KaXeaas bvopaaH tov eTalpov 
eirXrj^aTo tt]v KecfraXrjv. rjaav 8 9 apa amov <j>v\a kol, ot 
15 to 7r oievpevov ivav e£ eKeivov err 9 eKaGTrj e£o8cp Kap/3ucrr; 
earjpaLVOV. dupaaas 8e o Kapjftucnjs ra 7r oievpeva 
7rep\[/as ayyeXov ecpcora avTov Xeycov Ta8e‘ AeairoTYjs ae 
Kapfivaris, ^apprjvLTe, ecpcora 8i 9 6 tl 8rj ttjv pev 
dvyaTepa op&v KeKaKcopevrjv Kai tov 7r al8a erri dava tov 
20 GTLXOVTa OVT6 CLVepOOGaS OVT6 CLV6K\aVGaS, TOV 8e TTT(tixbv 
ov8ev goi TrpoarjKovTa , cos aXXcoz' 7r vvOaveTai, eTipyjaas ) o 
pev 8r) Tama hreipboTa, o 8 9 apeL/3eTO ToiaiSe’ ira'i 
K vpov, ra pev oUrjua rjv pefco /ca/ca rj cocrre avaKXaieiv, to 8e 
tov eraipov wevOos a%iov rjv 8aKpvuv, os eK ttoXXcoj' re Kai 
25 ev8aLpovccv €/c7reow es ttcoxV^W anlmai eivi yrjpaos 
ov8c p. Kai TavTa ev 8oKeeiv acfri eiprjadai. cos 8e XeyeTai 

vt 9 AlyvirTLoiv, 8aKpveiv pev Kpolaov (erereux ee 7ap Kai 
ovtos emGTrbpevos Kap(3varj err 9 AlyvTTTOv), 8aKpveiv 8e 
Ilepo'ecoi' tov s rrapeovTas, ameo re Kapfivari eaeXdelv oIktov 
30 tiv a Kai avTLKa KeXeveiv tov re oi 7raT5a eK t&v clttoX- 
Xvpevwv Gcp^eiv Kai amov eK tov TpoaaTLov avaaTYjaavTas 


HERODOTUS 


117 


ayeiv ira p’ ec ovtov. tov pev brj iralba evpov oi peTtovTes 
ovk€tl irepceovTa aWa irpcoTov KaTaKoirevTa, avrov be 
^appijvLTov avaaTrjaavTes rjyov irapa Kapfivaea' evda 
tov \olttov biairaro ex&v ovbev fiLacov. 

(After subjecting to insult the body of King Amasis, which he 
caused to be removed from its sepulchre, Cambyses engaged in 
several futile expeditions. When he found the Egyptians rejoicing 
over the appearance among them of a sacred calf, which they called 
Apis, believing that they were exulting over his own ill success, he 
killed Apis.) 

Further Instances of the Madness of Cambyses 
K ap^varjs be, cos \eyovat hiyvirTioi, clvtlk a bia tovto 5 
to abiKrjpa epavr], ecov ovbe tt poTepov <ppevi]pr]s. Kai 
wp&Ta pev e^epyaaaro tov abeXcfrebv Xpepbiv eovTa iraTpos 
Kai py/Tpos tt)s avTrjs, tov aireirep^e es Hepaas <j)6bv 00 
e£ AiyvTTOv, otl to to^ov povvos Hepaecov oaov re ewi 
bvo baKTvXovs elpvae, to irapa tov kiQioiros rjveLKav oi 10 
’IxOvocjrayoc tcov be aWcov Hepaecov ovbeis olos re 
eyeveTO. airoixopevov cov es Hepaas tov Xpepbios o\piv 
elbe 6 Kap/3var]s ev rco vttvco TOLrjvbe * eboKee oi ayyeXov 
ekdovTa e/c Hepaecov ayyeWetv cos ev tco dpovco rco 
fiaai\r]Lcp i^opevos Xpepbcs Trj KecfraXrj tov ovpavov \pavaeie. t5 
irpos cov TavTa beiaas irepi ec ovtov pi] piv aizoKTeivas o 
abe\(j)eds apxih Ttepirei Hprj^aaTea es Hepaas, os rjv oi 
avrjp Hepaecov maTOTaTos, airoKTeveovTa piv, o be 
avaflas es Xovaa aireKTeive ^Lpepbiv, oi pev \eyovai eir 
aypr)v e^ayayovTa, oi be es ttjv ? E pvdprjv daXaaaav 20 
irpoayayovTa KaTairovTco&aL. irpcoTov pev brj \eyovat 
Kapfivar) tcov KaKcov ap£cu tovto, bevTepa be e^epyaaaTO 
tt]v abeXcfrerjv eirtairopevrjv oi es klyvizTov, Trj Kai avvoUee 
Kai rjv oi a7r’ apcfioTepcov abeXcjrei]. 


118 


HERODOTUS 


Story of Polycrates and his Persistent Good Fortune 
Kapfivaeu 8e eir’ AlyviTTOP aTpaTevopepov eiroL^aavro 
Kai Aa Ke8aipopioi arparr]^ eiri 2d pop re Kai UoXvKparea 
top AiaKeos, os €cr%e 2apop enapa (jt as. Kai tcl pep 
7 rpcora rpiXQ 8aaapepos ttjp ttoXlp toXctl aSeXfyeo'iai 
5 Ilavr ay poor o) Kai 2 vXoacoPTL epeipe , pera 8e top pep 
ai)T&p airoKTeipas, top 8e ped^Tepop HvXocrobPTa e^eXacras 
eax* 7T aaap 2 a pop, ex^p 8e £eLpirjp ? Apaai tco A iyvTTov 
ftaaiXei avpedrjKaTO, Trepirup T6 8copa Kai 8eKopepos aXXa 
7 rap’ eKeLPov. ep xpd*^ 8e oXiycv avTLKa tov UoXvKpaTeos 

10 rd irprjypaTa rjv^eTO Kai rjp (3e/3ccpepa apa T6 ttjp ’Ioj pltjp 
K ai ttjp aXXrjp 'EXXa5cr okov yap Wvaeie (jTpaTeveaOai, 
ivaPTa oi ex&pee evTVX^s. €kty]to 8e rrePTr)KOPTepovs re 
eKaTOP Kai x^Xtous ro£oras. ec/>epe 8e Kai rjye t aPTas 
8iaKpLpcx)p ov8epa’ tQ yap <pLXco ecfrrj x^pteurPcu paXXop 
15 airo8i8ovs Ta eXa/3e rj apxyv pr]8e Xafiup. avxvas pep 8rj 
t&p PTjcrcDP apaiprjKee, rroXXa 8e Kai Trjs rjTeipov aaTea. 
ep 8e 8rj Kai Aeo^iovs rrapaTpaTLrj /3orj6eoPTas MtX^crtotcrt 
pavpaxixi KpaTrjaas eiXe , oi' ttjp Tafypop rrepi to retx°s T ^> 
h 2 apa> rracrap 8e8ephoi &pv£ap. Kai kcos top "A paaip 
20 euruxecoi' peyaX cos 6 IloXu/cpar^s ovk eXapdape, aXXa oi 
tovt 9 rjp empeXes. 7 roXXco Se eTi rrXevpos oi evTVxirjs 

yipopeprjs ypaxpas es fivfiXiop Ta8e ei recrmXe es Xapop’ 
"Apacns II oXvKpaTei co 5 e Xeyei. rj8v pep rrvpOapeadaL 
ap8pa 4 >LXop Kai ^elpop ev irp^aaoPTa, epoi 8e ai crai 
25 peyaXai evTVxiai ovk apeaKovai, to delop emaTapepco 
cos eaTL cfrdopepop. Kai kcos fiovXopai Kai avTos Kai t&p 
clp Kr}8copai to pep tl euruxeet v t&p TprjypaTGip, to 8e 
TTpoairTaieip, Kai ovtco 8ia<f)epeip top aicopa ep aXXaf 
irpricrcrup rj evTVX&w Ta iraPTa. ov8epa yap kco Xoycp 

30 ol8a aKovaas ogtls es reXos ov /ca/ccos ereXeur^cre irpoppL^os, 


HERODOTUS 


119 


euruxe wv ra rvavTa. av gov vvv epoi rveiObpevos rroirjaov 
Trpos t as evTvxias Toiabe • cjopovTiaas to av evprjs eov 
TOL Tv\ei(JTOV a^LOV Kal ex’ Cp CTV aiVoXopeVGO paXiaTa TT]V 
'I'VXW aXyrjaeis, tovto arvo^aXe ourco okgos prjKeTi r/^ei es 
avOpoorvovs. rjv re prj evaXXa^ rjbr] rcoxo tovtov ai 5 
evrvxicu tol Trjcn rvaOr\ai rvpoarvirvTooai, rpo7rco rco e£ epeD 
vrvoKeipevw a/ceo. raura kiviXe<~apevos o II oXvKpaTr]s Kal 
vow Xafioov cos oi ev uxert^ero 6 ’'Apa (ns, ebi£r)To ex’ go av 
paXiara tt]v \l/vxvv aarjOeir] arvoXopevGO tgov KeLprjXioov, 
bi^rjpevos b evptcTKe Tobe * rjv oi acjoprjyls Tr)v ecfoopee 10 
XPvaobeTos, apapaybov pev Xidov eovaa, epyov be rjv 
Qeoboopov tov T^Xe/cXeos 2a piov. exel gov TavTrjv oi 
eboKee awo^aXelv, ervoiee rotate* TrevTrjKovTepov 7vXrjpooaas 
avbpwv eaefirj es avTrjv, pera be avayayeiv eneXeve es 
to rveXayos’ cos be axo Trjs vrjcrov e/cas eyeveTO, rvepi- 15 
eXopevos Trjv acjoprjylba rvavTWV bpaovToov tgov avprvXboov 
pcxret es to rveXayos. tovto be rvoirjaas a xexXee, cltlko- 
pevos be es ra oUia avpcjooprj expoiTO. rveprvTT} be rj eKTrj 
r)pepri axo tovtgov Tabe oi avvrjveLKe yeveadai * avrjp aXievs 
Xa/3wv ixOvv peyav re Kai koXov rj&ov piv II oXu/cparei 20 
bcopov boOrjv ar cjoepoov brj ervi ras Ovpas II oXvKpaTei ecjorj 
eOeXeiv eXOeiv es o\piVj x ( ^PV cravT0 ^ 5e °' L tovtov eXeye 
bibovs tov ixOvv *0, /3aaiXev, eye 0 Tovbe eXwv ovk ebi- 
Kaiaocra cjoepeiv es ayoprjv, Kairrep ye eoov cltox^Po^lotos, 
aXXa pot eboKee aev re elvai a£ios Kai Trjs arjs apxrjs' aoi 25 
brj piv cjoepoov biboopi. o be rjaOeis Tolai eTecri apeifieTai 
Toiaibe' Kapra re ev ewoirjaas icai xbpi s birvXrj tgov re 
Xoyoov Kai tov boopov Kai ae ervi belwvov KaXeopev. o pev 
brj aXievs peya rvoievpevos raOra rjie es ra oiKia , tov be 
ixOvv TapvovTes oi deparvovTes evpiaKovcn ev tjj vrjbvi 30 
avTod eveovaav Trjv HoXvKpaTeos acjoprjy'iba. cos be elbov 


120 


HERODOTUS 


re Kai eXafiov rax^ra, "efyepov KexaprjKores tv apa tov 
II oXvKpaTea, bibovTes be oi rrjv afyp'qylba eXeyov orecp 
TpoTvco evpedrj. tov be cos eo'rjXOe deiov etvai to Tvpirjypa, 
ypafyei es fiv(3Xiov TvavTa ra tv oiijaavTa piv ola /cara- 
5 XeXa(3r]Ke, ypa\pas be es hlyviVTOV eivWrjKe. eTiXe^apevos 

be 6 ,r Apa<ns to fivfiXiov to Tvapa tov IIoAu/cpdreos tjkov, 
epaOe otl eKKopia at re abvvaTOv eit] avdp&TCO avOpunov 
en tov peXXovTOS yiveodcu TvprjypaTOS Kai otl ovk ev TeXev - 
TrjaeLV peXXoi UoXvKpaTrjs evTVXtuv ra TvavTa, os Kai 
10 ra aTofiaXXei evpicruei. 7vep\pas be oi KrjpVKa es IZapov 
biaXveaOai ecfrrj ttjv £ eivirjv . Tovbe be eivenev raura eivoiee , 
iva pi] (jvvtvxi^s beivrjs re Kai peyaXrjs UoXvKpaTea Acara- 
Xa/3ovcrr]s avTos aXyi]<Teie tyjv \pvxw Kepi tjetvov avbpos. 
hri tovtov bi] &v tov UoXvKpaTea evTVX^ovTa ra TvavTa 
15 eaTpaTevovTO AaKebaipovioi eTviKcCkeaapevfjiv t&v pera 
raura Kvbuvirjv ttjv ev K prjT'p ktlctclvtuv 'Zapiuv. ovtol 
be, cos (T(j)i TecraepaKovTa eyeyovecrav rjpepat TvoXiopKeovai 
Sa pov es to Tvpbaoo re ovbev TvpoeKOTVTeTO t&v TvprjypaTcev, 
aTvaXXacfGovTO es UeXoTvbvvr](Jov. cos be 6 /xaraiorepos 
20 Xoyos opprjTaL Xeyeodai, UoXvKpaTea eTvixupiov vopiapa 
KOi/zavTa tvoXXov poXv/3bov KaTaxpvaucravTa bovvai a4>u, 
tov s be be^apevovs ourco bi] aTvaXXacraeaOai. TavTTjV 
Tvp(!oT 7 ]v GTpaTii]v es TTjv ? A ol7]v A aKebaipovioi Acopiees 
eTOLTjcravTO. 

The Pretender Smerdis and the Death of Cambyses 

25 Kap/3v(rr] be rco Kupou XP 0V '^ 0VTI ^pl AiyvTVTOV Kai 
Tvapac^povrjaavTL eivaviOTeaTai avbpes payoi bvo abeXcfreoi, 
tojv tov eTepov KaTeXeXotTvee toov olkLcov peXeboivov 6 
Uap/3vcrr]s. ovtos bi] &v oi eivavec rr?] paduv re tov hpep- 
bios OavaTov cos kpvtvtolto yevopevos, Kai cos oXiyoi eirjaav 


HERODOTUS 


121 


ol eTLCTTa/jievoL a vtov Hepcreuv, ol 8e 7 roXXol wepLeovTa plv 
eiSelrjaav. tt pos raura fiovXevaas rade eirexelpriae TolaL 
fiacrCky]ioicri m rjv ol adeXtfieos, tov ehra ol avveiravaaTTjvaL, 
ol/ccos paXuTTa to el8os 'Zpepdi tQ> K vpov, tov 6 K ap/ 3 var]s, 
eovTa ecourou a8e\cj)e6v, aireKTeLve. Tjv re 81 7 opolos el8os 
tco 2/xep5t Kal 8rj Kal ovvopa rcburo elxe 'hpep8Lv. tovtov 
tov av8pa avayv&aas 6 pay os Ilartfel^s' eos ol avTos 
ivavTa 8iaTrprj$;eL, elae ayuv es tov fiaaLXrjLov Opovov. 
iroLrjaas 8e tovto KrjpvKas Trj re aWrj 8teirepire Kal 8rj Kal 
es klyvivTOv irpoepeovTa tco crrparaj cos Xpep8tos tov 
Kl> pou a/couorea e'Lri tov Xolttov aXX’ ov Kap/3uaeco. ol 
re 8rj &v clXXol KrjpvKes irporjyopevov raura Kal 8ri Kal 6 
e.'K AlyvTTOv TaxOels (euptcr/ce yap Kap/3ucrea Kal tov 
(JTpaTov eovTa ttjs Supers ev ’AyfiaTavoLcn) irporiyopeve 
otcls es peaov tol evTeTaXpeva eK tov payov. Kap( 3 varis 
8e aKovaas raura tov ktjpvkos Kal e\Trlaas piv \eyeiv 
aXrjdea avTos re irpo8e8ocrdaL eK Uprj^aaTeos (wepcfiOevTa 
yap a vtov cos olt oKTeveovTa Xpep8iv ov irocrjcraL raura), 
( 3 Xe\l/as es tov Upr^^aairea ehre‘ Up^aaires, ourco pot 
8ieTrpr]£ > as to tol TpoaeOrjKa Trprjypa", 6 8e ehve' 
8ecnroTa, ou/c ecrrc raura aXrjdea, o/ccos /core croc SpepSts 
a8e\<j)eds 6 ads e7ra veaTrjKe, ov8e o/ccos ti e£ eKeivov tov 
av8pos ve'tKos tol eaTat 77 peya 7} apiKpov. eyoo yap 
avTos TroLrjaas tol av pe e/ceXeues edax/ya ptv x e P aL T V (TL 
epecourou. el pev vvv ol TedvecoTes dveaTeaat, tt poa8eKeo 
tol Kal ? AaTvayea tov M.t} 8 ov eiravaaT^aeaSaL' el 8 ’ ecrrc 
coc77rep 7 rpo tov, ov prj tl tol <ek ye eKeivov vecoTepov ava- 
fi\aaTr\. vvv &v poL 8oKeeL pera5tco^a^ras tov KrjpvKa 
e^erafetz' elpcorcoz'ras 7rap’ oreu 77 /cco^ irpoayopeveL riplv 
Xpep8Los jSaatXeos a KoveLv. raura ehravTos Ylp^aaireos 

(■fjpeae yap Ka pfivari), avTLKa peTa8loiKTos yevopevos 6 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


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KTjpvt; rjKe * cuvLypevov be plv eipeTO 6 Upr]^aa7vr]s rade' 
’'tivOpoowe, </>$s 7 dp rineiv irapa Hpepbcos tov K vpov 
ayyeXos. vvv cov ehvas Trjv aXrjdeirjv am6i x a ' L P c * ) v, 
Korepa avTos tol Hpepbcs </>a Lvopevos es o\piv eveTeXXeTo 
5 ra Dr a 77 rcoz' tls eKeivov VTr]peTeoov. 6 be ehre' ’Eyco 
HpepbLV pev Tov K vpov, e£ Oreo fiacrLXevs K apfivaris 
rjXaae err* KlyvrvTov, ou/cco O 7 rco 7 ra* 6 be poL pay os, tov 
~K ap/3v(rris ernTporvov r&v olklcov cuvebe^e, ovros raDra 
evereiXaro, cjras HpepbLv tov K vpov elvai tov raDra 
10 emOepevov elrvaL irpos vpeas. o pev brj ct4>l eXeye ovbev 
eTTLKaTaxf/evcrapevos, Kap/3Dcn7S be elrve' Ylp^aaires, av 
pev ola avrjp ayados TVOLrjaas to KeXevopevov aLTlrjv 
eKTe(f>evyas * epoi be tls av elr) Hepaewv 6 ervaveaTecos 
emfiaTevwv tov HpepbLos ovvopaTos ) 6 be elwe' ’Eyco pot 
15 boKe co avvievai to yeyovos tovto, co fiacriXev’ oi pay 01 eiai 
tol oi ewavecTTeboTes, tov re e\i7res peXeboovov toov olklcov, 
HaTL^eidrjs Kai 6 tovtov abeXcfrebs Hpepbcs. evOavTa 
aKovcravTa K ap/3vaea to HpepbLos ovvopa eTVxpe rj aXrjdeirj 
tcov re Xoycov Kai tov evvTviov os eboKee ev tQ vtvvc) 
20 aTayyelXai tlvcl oi cos XpepbLs i^opevos es tov (3acrLXrjLov 
Opovov xj/avaeLe Trj KecjraXfj tov ovpavov. paOcov be cos 
paT7]v aToXuXeK&s eirj tov abeXcjrebv, cuveKXaLe HpepbLV, 
airOKXavaas be Kai irepLripeKTrjaas Trj awaarj crvpcjroprj 
avaOpdpcjKeL eiri tov hnvov, ev voco ex^v ttjv Tax'^Trjv es 
25 Hove ra (TTpaTeveaOaL em tov payov. Kai oi avaOphvKOVTL 
ewi tov hnvov tov KoXeov tov ^iejoeos 6 pvK7]s arvoTVLTVTeL, 
yvpvcodev be to £[<£os tv aieL tov prjpov' TpcopaTLcrdeis be 
/card tovto Trj avTOS rvpoTepov tov tgov AlyvrvTLoov Oeov 
t A7 tlv errXrj£e, cos oi KaLpirj e<5o£e TeTvcjrdaL, eipeTo 6 
30 Kap/3D<777S o tl Trj tvoXl ovvopa eh 7 . oi be ehvav otl 
’Ay/3ara^a. rco be eTL rvpoTepov eKexprjaTO e/c Bourous 


HERODOTUS 


123 


ttoXlos ev 5 AyfiaTavoiai TeXevTr]aeiv tov (3Lov. 6 pev 8rj 
ev roLcn M.rjdiKo'lai 9 Ay/3aT avoid t edoKee TeXevTrjaeiv 
yrjpaios , ev Toiai oi rjv ra ttclvtcl TprjypaTa, to 8e 
XprjaTrjpiov ev toXctl ev l/vpir} ’ Ay /3clt avoid eXeye a pa. 
Kai 8rj cos Tore eiveipopevos eirWero rrjs iroXios to ovvopa, 
m to tt]s avpcjroprjs Trj s re e/c tov payov eKTrerrX^ypevos Kai 
tov rpcoparos ecrco^poz^cre, avXXafioov 8e to deoirpomov 
ehre’ ’Et'flaOra Ka p(3vaea tov K vpov earl ireirpwpevov 
TeXevTav. TOTe pev rocraura, rjpeprjat 8e vaTepov cos 
eiKoai peT air ep\//a pevos Tlepaewv t&v rvapebvTWV tov s 
XoyipooTaTovs eXeye a<j)i ra5e* Hepcrat, /caraXeXa/^/ce 

pe, to iravTUV paXtcrra eupvTTTov t pyypaTaiv , tovto es 
upeas eK(f>rjvaL. eyoo yap e&v ev AiyvirTcp el8ov o\piv ev 
tco vttvco, Tr]v prj8apa coc f>eXov i8eiv' eboKeov 8e pot 
ayyeXov eXOovTa e£ olkov ayyeXXeiv cos 2pep5ts i^opevos 
es tov fiacnXrjiov Opovov xpavaete Trj /ce</>aXfj tov ovpavov. 
8eLcras 8e prj airaipeQew tt]v apxw irpos tov a8eXcfieov, 
eTToirjcra TaxvTepa rj cro^corepa’ ev Trj yap avd po)Trr]irj 
<j)vai ovk evrjv apa to peXXov yiveadai clttot perreiv, eycb 8e 
o paratos Jlp^acnvea airoTepirw es Soucra airoKTeveovTa 
'Zpepbiv. e^epyacrdevTos 8e /ca/coD ToaovTov a8e&s 5tatrco- 
prjv, ov8apa emXe^apevos prj KOTe tLs pot SpepStos 
virapaiprjpevov aXXos erravaaTair] avOpdoircov. wavTOS 8e 
tov peXXovTos eaeadat apaprcoi' a8eX4>eoi<TOvos re ov8ev 
8eov yeyova /cat rrjs jSaatX^t^s ov8ev rjcraov ecTTeprjpai. 
SpepSts yap 8rj rjv o payos tov pot 6 8aipuv rrpoefyaive 
ev Trj o\[/l eTavaaTrjaecrOai. to pev 8rj epyov e^epyacrTal 
pot, /cat 2pep<$ iv tov K vpov prjKeTL vplv eovTa Xoyi^eade' 
oi 8e vpXv payoi /cpareouat t&v /3a(nXr}Lcov ) tov re eXnrov 
erviTpoivov Tiov oIklcov Kai o enelvov a8eXcj)eds SpepSts. 
tov pev vvv paXtara XPV P ctiaxpci rrpos t&v payuv 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


124 


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tv€tvov66tos Tipwpeeiv epo’i, ovros pev avocrloo popco 
TereXevTriKe vtto tcov eeourou olkyiiotcltccv' tovtov 8e prjKeTi 
Iovtos , devrepa t&v \oltv&v vplv, & Uepacu, yLverai poi 
avay kcliotoltov evTeWead cll tol OeXoo poi yeveadai TeXevTcov 
5 tov filov Kal 8rj vplv ra8e einaKrjTTo: deovs tovs fiaai- 
Xrjlovs eTviKaXeoov, Kal tv acn vplv Kal paXiGTa ’Axcupevu- 
8ewv Toi<n 7 Tapeovcri, prj Tvepubelv ttjv rjyepovlrjv avTi s es 
Mrjdovs TvepLeXdovaav, aXX ? eire 8b\a> exovac avrrjv 
KTrjaapevoL, 8o\co aTvaipedrjvai vtto vpecov, eire Kal adevet 
10 reco KarepyaaapevoL, crOevei Kara to Kaprepov avaac ocra- 
aOai. Kal ravra pev Tvoievai vplv yrj re KapTvov eKcfrepot, 
Kal yvvalKes re Kal 'ivo'ipvai tlktol6v, eovai es tov airavTa 
Xpovov eXevOepoicn • prj 8e avaacoaapevoun ttjv apxv v 
pr}8 5 eTvixev prj cracri avaado^eiv ra evavTia toxjtolcfi ap&pat 
is vplv yeveadai, Kal Tvpos 6 tl tovtomtl to reXos Uepaeoov 
eKacFTcc emyeveadai olov epol eiriyeyove. apa re ehras 
raura 6 Kapfivcrrjs (X7re/cXate Tvaaav ttjv ec ovtov tv prj^iv. 
II epaai 8e cos tov fiaaiXea el8ov avaKXavaavTa, tv avTes 
Ta re eadijTOs exopeva elxov, raDra KaTrjpeiKOVTO Kal 
20 oipooyfj acfrdovo) biexptwvTO. pera 8e raura cos eo^a/ceXure 
re to odTeov Kal 6 prjpos ra%tcrra eaairr], aTvrjveiKe 
~KapPvaea tov K vpov, fiacnXevcravTa pev tcl tv avTa ei rra 
erea Kal tv evTe prjvas, awaiba 8e to Tvapcnvav eovTa 
epaevos Kal drjXeos yovov. 

How the False Smerdis Was Detected. 

The Daughter of Otanes. The Seven Conspirators. 

The Deed of Prexaspes 

25 Ilepaecoi' 8 e toIcfi tv apeovai a ttuttIt] tvoWt) vtv€K€xvto 
tov s payovs exeiv Ta TvprjypaTa , aXX’ TjTVMJTeaTO ctvI 
5ta/3oX xi eiTve'iv Kapftvaea Ta ehve tv epl tov 2pep5tos 


HERODOTUS 


125 


davaTOV, tv a oi eKTroXepooOfj rrav to II epcrutov. ovtol 
pev vvv r)TTL(TT6aTO 'Epep8uv top K vpov fiaaCkea ez'earecora’ 
detz'cos yap Kal 6 Uprj^aaTrrjs e^apvos rjv prj pev arroKTelvai 
Djuep 8 iv ov yap rjv oi aacfraXes Kap/3vaeco rereXei/ri? kotos 
4>avai top K vpov viov a 7 roXcoXe/cez'at avTox^piv- o 5e <5 17 
pay os Te\evT7](7aPTOs Kapfivaew ade&s e^aaikevae, prjv as 
€TTTa tovs emXoLTOVs Kapfivarj es ra 6 /crco ere a Trjs 
Tr\r)p(jO(nos‘ ev toIcfl airede^aTO es tovs v7rrjKOovs ttolpt as 
evepyeaias peyaXas, coare curodavovTOS avTov ttoOop exetz> 
ivavTas tovs ev Trj ’ AaLrj, 7rape§ a vtcov Hepcrewv. biairep- 
ypas yap 6 payos es rrav Wvos tccv rjpx* irpoehre aTeXeirjv 
elvai aTpaTrjiris Kal <popov erf erea Tpia. irpoelire pev 
81 7 raura aurt/ca evuTTapevos es Trjv apxyv, 6y8oco 8e prjvi 
eyeveTO KaTa8r]Xos Tporroo rotcode * ’Oraz^s r\v ^apvaaireoj 
pev 7rats, Yez^t de /cat xPW ao ’ L opoios rw 7rpcbrco nepaecoz'- 
oSros 6 ’ Otolvtjs ttp&tos U7rcb7rreuae top payov cos ou/c eir\ 
0 Kupou Spepdts aXX’ os 7 rep rjv, rfjde crvpfiaWopevos, 
otl re ou/c e£e<£otra e/c r?}s d/cpo 7 roXtos /cat ort ovk e/caXee 
es ox/ziv ec ovtco ov8eva t&v Xoyipaiv II epcrecoz'. vrroTTevaas 
8e piv eiroiee Ta8e. ecrx e avTov Kap/3varjs SvyaTepa, Trj 
ovvopa rjv Qai8vpir)' Trjv avTrjv 8rj TavTrjv et%e rore 6 
payos Kal rauri 7 re avvoinee Kal Trja t aXXrjoi iracrpai Trjcn 
tov Kap/3uaeco yvvai^i. rrepiruv 8rj &v 6 ’Oraz^s 7 rapa 
Tai)Tr)V Trjv OvyaTepa errvvOaveTO Trap’ OTeco avOpwiroiv 
KoipooTO, el re pera Spepdtos roD Kupou et're pera aXXov 
reu. 77 de ot aPTerrepire cjrapevrj ov yivdovKeiv’ oure Yap 
roz; Kupou Spepdtz' i8ea0ai ov8apa ovTe ocrrts elrj 6 
GvvoiKeuv avTrj ei8evai. eirepire deurepa 6 ’OTavrjs Xeyaiv 
Et pi) avTrj pep8uv top K vpov yivwcnieis, crv 8e irapa 
5 ATOcrarjs TrvOev OTeoo tovtco avvoineei avTrj re eneivr] Kal 
ah’ rravTus yap 8rj kov top ye ecovTrjs a8e\(f>edv yivkaKei. 


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avTiirepirei Trpos raura rj 6vyaTr]p. 0 vre 9 AToaarj bvva- 
pai es \6yovs eXdeiv ovre aXXrjv ovbepiav IbeaOai toov 
avyKaT7]pevoov yvvaiKOOv' eirecre yap rax tcrra ovtos 

OOvdpOOTTOS, OCTTLS KOT6 k(TTl, TTCLpeXafie T7]V /3 a CT iXrjLrjVy 

5 bieaiveipe rjpeas aX\r]v aXX# ra£as. aKovovTi be raura 
tco ’Oravr} paWov KaTecjoaiveTo to irpriypa. Tpirrjv be 
ayyeXirjv eairepirei wap’ avrrjv \eyovaav raura' ’12 
Ovyarep, be T ae yeyovviav ev Kivbvvov ava\afiea6ai rov av 
6 TTCLTrjp virobvveiv Ke\emy ei yap brj prj eari 6 K vpov 
10 'Epepbis aXXa rov Karaboaeu eyao, ovtol piv aol re 
avywipbopevov Kal to Uepaeoov KpaTos exovTa bel xalpo^ra 
airaWaaaeiv, aXXa bovvai biKrjv. vvv bov Troirjaov Tabe’ 
eireav <roi avvevbrj Kal padys avTov KaTvirvoopevov, acjoaaov 
aurou ra cora' Kal rjv pev cjoaivrjTai exoov wra, vopi^e 
15 aeoovTrjv 'Lpepbi too K vpov crvvoiKeeiv, rjv be pi] exoov, av 
be too pay 00 'Zpepbt,. avTnrepirei irpos raura 17 <£aibvplrj 
(joapevrj Kivbvvevaeiv peyaKoos, r\v ttolt} raura' ei yap brj 
prj tv yx^vei ra wra oxoov, kiriKapivTos be acjoaaaovaa 
eaT at, ev eibev ai bos aiaTOoaei piv' 6poos pevToi TOLyaeiv 
20 raura. rj pev brj vt ebe^aro raura ra> TaTpi KaTepyaae- 

aOai, tov be payov tovtov tov Xpepbios Kupos 6 lAapfivaeoo 
apxoov ra boTa aireTape e.T aiTiy brj tlvi ov apiKprj. 
i] oov brj Qaibvpir] avTri, rj tov ’Ora^eai OvyaTrjp, iravTa 
eirLTeXeovaa ra vt e 5 e£aro too iraTpi, eireiTe a vtt}s pepos 
25 eyiveTO ttjs cltl^los irapa tov payov (ev TepiTpoTy yap 
bi] ai yvvalKes <fi oitoogi Tolai Tlepayai ), e\6ovaa nap* 
avTov rjvbe, VTVOopevov be /caprepcos tov payov ycjoaae Ta 
bora, padovaa be ov xaXe 7 rcos aXX J evTeTeoos ovk exovTa 
tov avbpa oot a, bos ijpepr] rax^ara eyeyovee, irepipaaa 
30 earjprive r<5 TvaTpl Ta yevopeva. o be ’Ora^s irapaXa^bov 
9 AaTradLvrjv Kal Toofipvriv, Hepaeoov re tpootovs eovTas Kal 


HERODOTUS 


127 


eoovTco €TiT7]8eoTdrovs es 7 ticftip, diryyyaaTO Trap to 
irpyypa' oi be Kai aVToi apa virooirTevop ovtco tovto 
tX eiv i OLveve'tKavTos be rod ’Ord^eo? tovs \6yovs ebetjaPTo. 
Kai ebo^e a<pL eKaarov apbpa II epaeoop it poaeT ai piaacrdai 
TOVTOP OT6CC 7 TL(TT€V€L pdXtOTa. ’0 TCLPyS peP PVP kadytTOLl 

? IvTacfipevea, Toofipvys be Meyafiv^op, ? ArnraOipys be 
'Tbappea. yeyopoToop be tovtcop €§ irapayipeTai es ra 
SoDcra Aapelos 6 'ToTdcr7reos e/c ILepcreoop yKW tovtoop 
yap by rjp oi 6 iraTyp vwapxos. e.irel &v ovtos cltLk6T0, 
Toicri e£ toop II epaeoop ebo£e Kai Aapelop ir poaeT aipiaacrd at. 
crvpeXdoPTes be ovtol eoPTes ewra eblbocrav acjoiai Xoyovs 
Kai 7 t'kttls. € 7 r €LTe 8e es Aapelop airiKeTO ypoopyp aTOcfrai- 
vecrOai, eXeye acjoi rade • ’£70? raura eboKeop pep avTos 
povpos eiriaTaadai, oti re 6 payos ety 6 fiaaiXevoop Kai 
2 pepdis 0 K vpov TeTeXevTyKe' Kai avTov tovtov elveKev 
tjkoo aTOvbfj cos avaTyaoop hri too payee davaTov. eireiTe 
be avpypeiKe ceaTe Kai vpeas eibepai Kai py povvov epe, 
iroieeip avTLKa poi boKeei Kai py vTrepfiaXXeaOai' ov yap 
apeipop. elire irpos raDra 6 ’OTapys’ ’12 7 rat * TaTaaTeos, 
els re iraTpos ay a dov Kai eK<j>aipeiP olKas aec ovtop eovTa 
tov ivaTpos ovbev yaaco’ ttjp pevToi eirix^ipyo’^ TavTyp 
py ovtco crvPTdxvve a/ 3 ovXoos, aXX’ eiri to acxjopopeaTepop 
avTyv \apfiave' del yap ivXevpas yevopevovs ourcos 
€7 nxcLpeeLv. Xeyei 7rpos raura Aapelos' "Apbpes oi 
irapeoPTes, Tpoirco tco eipypepco e£ ’ 0 Taveoo ei XP 1 )aeode, 
eirldTaaOe on airoXeeade KaKLcrTa’ e^oiaei yap tis irpos 
top pay op, ibiy TrepifiaXXbpepos ecovTce Kepbea. paXiaTa 
pep pvp ooejoeiXeTe e'K vpeoop avToop flaXopepoi iroieeip raOra* 
eireiTe be vplp apaejoepetp es irXedpas eboKee Kai epoi 
vwepedeade, rj iroieoopep crypepop y l(TTe vplp otl yp 
virepireay y pvp ypepy, cos ovk aXXos cjodas epev KaTyyopos 


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earai, aXXa cr</>ea avros eyb) Karepeu Tvpos tov payov. 
Xe yet Tpos ravra ’Oravrjs, eiveidr] &pa aivepxbpevov 
Aapelov’ ’Ex eire rjpeas avvr axvveiv avay Kamels Kal 

VTvepfiaWeaOai ovk eas, Wi e^r\yeo avros oreco rpoiviv 
5 7 r apipev es ra / 3 aai\rjia Kal ervix^P^opev avrolai. 
4 >v\aKas yap di] diearecoaas oldas kov Kal avros, el prj 
idAv, aXX 9 aicovaas’ ras reco rpoiwo Tveprjaopev ; apei- 
fierai Aapelos roiaide’ ’Oravrj, rj 7 roXXa tan ra \6yop 
pev ovk ola re drjXAaai, epycc de’ aXXa 5’ earl ra \6yco 
10 pev ola re, epyov de ovdev an avrcov \aprvpbv yiverai. 
vpels de tare (j)v\aKas ras KareareAaas eovaas ovdev 
XaXeiras nape\6elv. rovro pev yap fjpecov eovruv roiAvde 
ovdels bans ov ivaprjaei, ra pev kov Karaideopevos rjpeas, 
ra de kov Kal deipaivuv rovro de e%co avros aKrj\j/iv 
15 evTvpeneararrjv rrj rvapipev, 4 >as apn re r/Keiv eK Hepaecov 
Kal fiov\eaQai n enos rvapa rod ivarpos arjprjvai r& 
fiaaikei. os av pev vvv r&v TvvXovp&v IkAv rvapirj, aura? 
ol apeivov es xpbvov earai’ os d 9 av avnfiaiveiv t veiparai, 
diadeiKvvaOu evdadra eAv noXepios, Kal erveira Aaapevoi 
20 eaoo epyov exApeda. \eyei Tufipvris pera ravra’ ’'A vdpes 
4 >L\oi, rjplv Kore KaWiov nape^ei avaaAaaadai rrjv apx'hv, 
rj ei ye prj oloi re eaopeda avrrjv ava\a/3elv, anodavelv) 
ore ye apxopeda pev eovres Hepaai vno M rjdov avdpos 
payov, Kal rovrov Ara ovk exovros. oaoi re vpeuv 
25 Kapfivarj voaeovn napeyevovro, navross kov pepvrjaOe ra 
eweaK7]\l/e II eparjai reXevrAv rov /3Lov prj neipcopevoiai 
avaKraadai rrjv apxw‘ T & Tore ovk evedeKopeda, aXX’ enl 
dia/3o\fj edoKeopev eineiv ~Kap/3vaea. vvv Av riOepai 
\prj(j)ov TveWeadai Aapeiu Kal prj diaXveadai eK rod ctuXXoyou 
30 rodde aXX’ rj iovras enl rov payov idecos. ravra elne 
Ta:(3pvr]s, Kal navres ravrrj aiveov. 


HERODOTUS 


129 


co be ovroi ravra e/3ovkevovro, eyivero Kara 
avvrvxiyv rabe. roiai payoiai ebo^e j dovkevopevoiai 
Hpij^aairea <f>ikov irpoaBeaOai, on re eireirovdee irpos 
Kap/3ucreco avapaia, os ol tov iralba ro^evaas aTokukeKee, 
Kai bion povvos rjiriararo tov Upepbios rod K vpov davarov 
avrox^p'i'V piv airokeaas, Tpos b 5 en eovra ev aivrj 
peyiarr\ ev II eparjai. tovtgiv brj piv eiveaev Kakeaavres 
4>ikov irpoaeKrcovro irian re ka/3ovres Kai opKioiai, rj pev 
e^eiv Trap 9 ecoimo prjb 9 e^oiaeiv prjbevi avOpdoiruv ttjv air6 
acj)eoov airar'qv es Hepaas yeyovvlav, viriaxvevpevoi ra 
iravra oi pvpia bcoaeiv. virobeKopevov be rod Hprj^aaireos 
ivoirjaeiv ravra, cos aveireiaav piv oi payoi, bevrepa 
irpoaec^epov, avroi pev 4>apevoi Hepaas iravras avyKakeeiv 
vi to to fiacnkriLov relx°Sy Keivov 5’ eKekevov avaftavra eirl 
irvpyov ayopevaai cos bird rod K vpov Xpepbios apxovrai 
Kai vir’ ovbevos akkov. ravra be ourco everekkovro cos 
7 narorarov brjdev eovros avrov ev II eparjai, Kai irokkaKis 
airobe^apevov yvoopr)v cos irepieiif] 6 K vpov ^Lpepbis, Kai 
e£apvr]aapevov rov 4>ovov avrov. <papevov be Kai ravra 
eroipov elvai iroieeiv rov Hprj^aaireos avy Kakecravres 
Ilepo-as oi payoi ave/3'ipaaav avrov eiri irvpyov Kai 
ayopeveiv eKekevov. 6 be rcov pev brj eKelvoi irpoaebeovro 
avrov, tovtoov pev eK(bv eirekrjdero, ap^apevos be air 
5 Axcupeveos eyeverjkoyrjae rrjv irarpirjv rrjv K vpov, pera 
be cos €s rovrov Kare^yj, rekevrcov ekeye baa ay ad a KDpos 
Ilepcras ireiroirjKOi, bie^ekdcbv be ravra e^ecj>aive rrjv 
akrjdeirjv, (papevos irporepov pev Kpvirreiv (ov yap oi elvai 
aacj)akes keyeiv ra yevopeva), ev be rco irapeovn avayKairjv 
piv Karakappaveiv <j>aiveiv Kai brj ekeye rov pev K vpov 
,Xpepbiv cos avros vto Hap/3vaeoj avay Ka^opevos airo- 
Kreiveie, rovs payovs be (Saaikeveiv. Heparjai be irokka 


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eirapyjaapepos d prj apaKrr}aaiaro biriaoo rrjp apxyv Ka ' L 
rods payovs reiaaiaro , currjKe kovrop eiri KecfraXrjp cfrepeadac 
curb rod Trvpyov Karoo. Uprj^aaTrrjs pep pvp eoop irapra 
Xpovov dvr)p boKipos ovroo ereXevrrjae. 

5 01 be drj errra roov Hepaeoov cos e/ 3 ov\evaapro avriKa 

emxtipkiv rolai payoiai Kai prj VTep^aXXeadaL, rjiaav 
ed^apepoi rolai deolai, roov tv epl Uprj^aarrea rrprjx^droop 
eibores odbep. ev re brj rrj obao pear} arixopres eyipopro 
Kai ra Trepi Uprj^aaTrea yeyopbra errvpdapopro. epOavra 
10 eKcrravres rrjs obov ebiboaap avns acfriau Xoyovs, oi pep 
apcfri top ’0 raprjp Tvayxv KeXedopres vtt epfiaWeaOai prjbe 
oibeoproop roov irprjyparoop ernrideadaL, oi be apcfri top 
A apelop avriKa re iepai Kai ra beboypepa iroieeip prjbe 
brrepf 3 a\\ea 0 ai. ooOi^opepoop d ’ a droop ecfraprj iprjKoop eirra 
15 fevyea bvo alyvinoop £evyea biooKopra Kai rlXXopra re Kai 
apvaaopr a. idopre s be ravra oi err ra rrjp re AapeLov 
Tvapres atveov ypooprjp Kai 'erreira rjiaap hri ra ( 3 aaCXrjia 
reOaparjKores roicn oppicn. emaraai be eiri ra s TrvXas 
eylpero olop n Aapeioo rj ypooprj ecfrepe * Karaideopepoi yap 
20 oi cfrvXaKOL apdpas rods Hepaeoop irpoorovs Kai odbep 
roiovrop diroirrevopres e£ adroop eaeaQai , Trapieaap deirj 
TropTvfj xP eoo pep°vs, odd ’ eireipoora odbeis. eirdre be Kai 
iraprjXOop es rrjp adXrjp, epkvpaap roicn ras ayyeXias 
eacfrepovat edpobxoccn, 01 acfreas iaropeop 6 ri deXopres 
25 r}Koiep‘ Kai apa iaropeopres rovrovs roicn TrvXovpolai 
cureLXeop on acfreas TraprjKap, laxop re fiovXopepovs rods 
eirra es ro rrpoaoo irapiepai. oi be biaKeXevaapepoi Kai 
arraaapepoi ra eyx^pibia rovrovs pep rods laxopras 
adrov ravrrj avyKepreovai, adroi be rjiaap bpopoo es rop 
30 apdpebopa. oi be payoi ervxop apcfrorepoi rrjpiKavra eopres 
eaoo Kai ra euro Uprj^aaTreos yepopepa ep fiovXrj exopres. 


HERODOTUS 


131 


eirel &v eldov tovs evvovxovs Tedopvfirjpivovs re Kal fio&vras, 
ava re ebpapov tvclXlv apcfroTepoi, Kal cos epaSov to 
Toievpevov, irpos clXktjv eTpaivovro. 6 pev 8rj avTcov 
(frdavet ra ro£a KaTeXopevos, 6 8e tv pos ttjv alxpyv 
erpaxero. ivOavTa 8rj avvipiayov aXXr]XoLcn. rco pev 
dr] ra ro£a avaXa/3bvTL avT&v, iovTcov re ayxov t&v 
T voXep'iwv Kal TVpocrKeipivwv, rjv XP r l crT a ovdiv 6 5 ? erepos 
T V a ’ L XPV ypvvero Kal tovto pev ? Acnvadlvrjv iraleL is tov 
pr\pov , tovto 8e ’ lvTaejypevea is tov ocfrdaXpov Kal icrTe- 
prjdr] pev tov bcjrdaXpov e/c tov rpcoparos 6 ’I VTa<j)pivr}s y 
ov pevTot arridave ye. tcov pev 8rj paywv ovTepos 
rpcoparcfec tovtovs, 6 8e erepos, e7retre ol ra ro£a ovdev 
XPyvTa eylveTO, rjv yap 8rj OaXapos eaexwv is tov 
avdpe coz'a, es tovtov KaTacjrevyei , 6eXwv avTov Tvpoadeivai 
t as dvpas. Kal ol crvveaTVLTVTOvcri t&v iwTa 8vo, Aapelos re 
Kal TcojSpu^s' (TvprrXaKivTos 8e tov Tco/3pueco rco paycp o 
Aapelos e7rearecos rjivopee ola iv CKOTei , rrpoprjdeopevos 
prj TrXrj^r] tov Taifipvr]v. opcov 8e piv apyov iweaTeooTa 6 
Tufipvris eipeTO o tl ov xP^rac T V o 5 e ehve' 

Ilpop^eopez'os aeo, pr] ivXrj^o:. Too^pvrjs 8e apeifieTO' 
’'Qdee to £i(j)os Kal 8l apcjroTepuv. Aapelos 8e rveiOopevos 
coai re to iyxcLpldiov Kal eru%€ /ccos tov payov. curoKTel- 
vavTes 8e tovs payovs Kal aivoTapbvTes avToov Tas Ke<j)aXas 
tovs pev rpcoparcas ioovT&v avTov Xeuvovai Kal advvaairjs 
eiveKev Kal <pvXaKrjs ttjs aKpoivoXios , ol 8e rvivTe avTCOv 
exovTes t&v paycov tcls KecjraXas Weov e£co, f3orj re Kal 
TaTayco xpt&pevoL, Kal Uipcras tovs aXXovs irveKaXeovTO 
i&yeopevol re to Tprjypa Kal beiKvvovTes Tas KecfraXas' 
Kal apa eKTeivov rravTa Tiva t&v paycov tov iv tv oal 
yivopevov. ol 8e Hepaai, paSovTes to yeyovos iK t&v 
e?rra Kal t&v payuv ttjv aTvaTr\v ibiKalevv Kal avTol 


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erepa tolclvtcl tolUlv, crTaaapevot be ra €7%€tpt5ta 
enreivov okov tlvcl payov evpicKov' el be pi] vv£ eireXdovaa 
eax e ) e\i7 rov av ovbeva payov. Tavrrjv ttjv rjpeprjv 
depaTevovai Ilepcrai Koivrj paXiara t&v rjpepe gov Kal ev 
5 avTrj opTTjv peyaXrjv avayovau, rj k€k\t]t at vto Uepaeoov 
payocjoovia, ev rfj payov ovbeva e£ecrri cjoavrjvai es to cfr&s, 
aXXa KaT olkovs eaovrovs oi payoi exovcn rrjv r\pepr)v 
TavT7]v. eireire be Karearr] 6 dopvfios Kal e/cros irevre 
rjpepeoov eyevero, efiovXevovTo oi eiravaaravres toIctl 
io payoidi 7r epl tgov tclvtoov Tprjyparoov. 

The Accession of Darius 

Aapeios re brj o 'TaraaTeos /3a(TL\evs airebebeKro, Kal 
oi riaav ev rfj ’A aly Tavres KarrjKOOL t\y]v ’kpafilaiv, 
K vpov re Karaarpe^apevov Kal varepov avris ~Kap(3vaeoo. 
’kpafiioi be ovbapa KarrjKovaav hrl bovXoavvr] Hepaycn, 
15 aXXa ^elvoi eyevovro Tapevres Kapfivcrea eir 9 klyvTTOv • 
aeKOvrcov yap ’kpaffloov ovk av eaficCkoiev II epaai es 
klyvivTov. yapovs re tovs Tpcorovs eyapee ev Uepariai 
o Aapelos, Kupou pev bvo Ovyarepas ’'kroaaav re Kal 
9 kpTVorrcovrjv, Trjv pev ’'kroaaav TpoavvoLKrjaaaav Ka p- 
20 fivari re too abeXcjoecjo Kal avns rw pbyco, ttjv be 5 kprv- 
crToovrjv t apdevov. ereprjv 5e Xpepbios rod K vpov Ovyarepa 
eyrjpe, rfj ovvopa riv Uappvs’ ecrx e ^ KaL T V V T °v 
’Oraveco dvyarepa, rj tov payov KarabrjKov errolrjae. 
bvvapios re t avra oi eTLpTrXearo. 

The Last Fortunes of Polycrates 
25 Kara be kov paXurra ttjv Kapfivaeoo vovaov eyivero 
rabe. vto K vpov Karacrradels r]v 2a pbloov VTapxos 
9 OpoLTrjs avr\p Heparjs. ovtos eTedvprjae Tprjyparos ovk 
oalov * ovre yap tl Tad&v ovre aKovaas paraiov eTOS Tpos 


HERODOTUS 


133 


IloXu/cpdreos tov 2 a plov ovbe lbwv irporepov eTeOvprjae 
Xafi&v avTov glt oXecrai, cos pev ol TXevves Xeyovcn, 5ia 
TOirjvde tlvcl aLTiy)v' €7rl rco^ /3aaiXeos Ovpecov KaTrjpevov 
tov re 5 OpoLrea Kal aXXov II eparjv rco ovvopa elvai 
Mcrpo/3area, ^opou apxovra tov kv Aacr/cuXeico, rourous 
etc Xoycov ks veined avpTeae'lv npivopkvwv be irepl aperrjs 
elireiv tov Mirpo/3area rco ’Opotrry t poffikpovra' 25 7 <zp 
ei> avbp&v Xoyco, os PaaiXei vrjaov 2d pov Tpos rep acp 
vop& 7r po(TK€ipkv7jv ov TpoaeKTrj(rao y &5e brj tl kovaav 
evirerka x eL P°>6rjvcu, rrjv t&v tls eTLXcopluv TevTeKalbeKa 
OTr\LTr\(n kiravacFTas ecrxe Kal vvv avrrjs TvpavveveL. ol 
pkv br] plv <j)a(n tovto aKovcravra Kal aXyrjcravTa rep 
ovelbei eTLdvprjaaL ovk ourco tov ehravTa raura Telcracrdcu 
cos IloXu/cparea tclvtws airoXkacu, bi ovTiva /ca/cco s rjKovae. 
ol be kXaaaoves Xeyovai t ep^ai ’0 poLTea ks Zapov 
KYipvKCL OTev br] XP 1 1PCLTOS berjaopevov (ov yap &v brj tovto 
ye XkyeTai ), Kal tov HoXvKpaTea ruxeu' KaTaKelpevov kv 
avbpe&vi, irape'ivai be ol Kal ’AvaKpeovTa tov Trjiov 
Kal /ccos elWe eK Tpovolrjs avTov KaTrjXoyeovTa tcl ’Opoireco 
TrprjypaTa, elWe Kal (twtvxIv tls ToiavTT) kireyeveTO’ tov 
re yap KrjpvKa tov ’Opoireco 7r apeXSovTa biaXeyeadai Kal 
tov HoXvKpaTea (ruxn*' 7 dp aireaTpappevov Tpos tov 
to'lx ov ) ovTe peTacrTpacjrrjvaL ovTe tl vTOKplvacrdaL. alnai 
pev br] aurac 5ic/>dcnai XeyovTaL tov davaTOV tov II oXvKpa- 
reos yeveodaL, t apean 5e TeWeaOaL oKOTeprj tls /3 ovXeTaL 
avTeaiv. 6 be &v ’OpoLTrjs l^opevos kv Mayvrjalr] Trj vt ep 
M aLavbpov TOTapov OLKrjpevr] eTepTe Mvpaov tov Tvyeu 
avbpa A vbov ks 2d pov ayyeXlrjv (pepovTa, pad&v tov 
HoXvKpaTeos tov voov. IloXu/cpar^s yap can 7rpcoros 
T&v rjpe'ls lb pev 'EXX^co^ os OaXaaaoKpaTeeLv eTevorjdrj, 
Tape £ Mino re tov Kvcocralov Kal el br] tls aXXos TpoTepos 


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tovtov rjp^e rrjs daXaaarjs' ttjs be avOponrrjLTjs Xeyopevrjs 
yeverjs UoXvKpaTrjs 7rpcoros, eXnlbas iroXXas ex^v ’Ic ovlrjs 
re Kal vrproiv ap^eiv. paOwv oov raOra ptv biavoevpevov 6 
’Opoirrjs nep\f/as ayyeXlrjv eXeye ra be‘ ? OpoLrrjs HoXvKpa- 
s ret &Se Xeyei. Trvvdavopal ae eTnfiovXeveiv pev TrprjypacrL 
peyaXoicn, xPW a7a be 701 °^ K &vai Kara ra (j)povrjpaTa . 
av vvv &be noLrjaas opSwcreis pev creaiVTOV, crcocreis be /cal 
epe • epol yap /3a aiXevs Kapfivarjs em^ovXeveL OavaTov 
/cal pot tovto e^ayyeXXeTai aa4>rjveoos. av vvv epe 
10 eKKopicras avrov /cal xPW a7a > 7 & P^ v avTcov avros e%€, 
ra be epe ea exw elvenev re xPVP^lt<* v ap^eis anaarjs 
ttjs 'EXXaSos. el be poi amaTeeis ra tv epl t&v xPVP&twv, 
7r ep\pov oans tol iriaTOTaTOs rvyxbvei e&v, ra> ey<b 
anobe^co. raura a Kovaas o HoXvKpaTrjs rjadr] re teal 
15 efiovXeTO’ Kal /ccos Ipeipero yap xPVP^rcov pey aXcos, airo- 
nepnei npcoTa KaToxpbpevov M aiavbptov M aiavbplov av8pa 
Tcbv acTT&v , os ol r\v ypappaTUJTrjs’ os xpbvco °v ttoXXoj 
varepov tovtwv tov Koapov tov €/c rod avbpe&vos rod 
Ho\vKpareos eovra a£i oderjrov avedrjKe iravra es to 
20 "Hpaioz'. 6 be ? Opolttjs paOo:v tov KaTaaKonov eovTa 
7r poaboKipov enolee tol abe' Xapvanas oktco TrXripcoaas 
XWcov irXrjv /capra fipaxeos tov irepl aura ra % e ^ ea > 
eTLToXrjs tcov Xldaiv xP V(J bv ene^aXe, KaTabrjaas be ras 
XapvaKas elx e erolpas. eXd&v be o M.aiavbpios Kal 
25 derjaapevos aTrrjyyeXXe too II oXvKpaTei. o be iroXXa pev 
t&v pavTicov anayopevovTuv noXXa be tcov cfrlXoiv eareX- 
Xero avTos amevai, npos be Kal ibovarjs tt)s OvyaTpos 
o\pLv evvTrvLov TOLrjvbe’ eboKee ol tov iraTepa ev tco rjept 
peTecopov eovTa Xovadai pev vi to tov Atos, xp' Le(T ^ ai be vno 
30 tov 'HXlou. TavTrjv Ibovaa ttjv oxj/LV iravTolr) eylveTO 
pi] anobrjpTjaaL tov HoXvKpaTea irapa tov ? 0 poiTea, Kal 


HERODOTUS 


135 


brj Kai iovtos a vtov €7rl ttjv TrevTr]K6vTepov ewe^ripi^eTO. 
6 be oi 7]Tel\y]cre, fiv acos airovoaTrjarj, 7 roXXov piv XP® V0V 
7r apdevevcreadai. rj be ripYjaaTo emTeXea tclvtcl yeveadar 
fiovXecrOat yap irapdevevecrOaL 7rXeco XP® V0V V T °v irarpos 
eareprjadai. HoXvKpaTrjs be iraaris avp/3ovXLris aXoyrjaas 
eirXee rrapa tov ’O poLrea, apa ayopevos aXXovs re 7 roXXovs 
t&v eraipoov, ev be brj nai ArjpoKrjbea tov KaXXu/)co^ros 
KpoTCOVLTjTrjv avbpa , ir]Tpbv re ebvra Kai ttjv Texvr\v 

aaKeovra apiara t&v hot ec cvtov. amKopevos be es ttjv 
MayvrjcrLrjv o UoXvKpaTrjs biecfrOapr] KaK&s, oure ecovrov 
atjioos ovre t&v ecovrou cj)povr]paTcov' on yap prj oi 

Hv prj kog Lvov yevopevot Tvpavvot, ovbe els t&v aXXwv 

^XXtjvlkcxjv Tvpavvcov a£tos ean HoXvKpaTei peyaXoTpe- 
7 r eirjv avpPXrjdrjvai. awoKreivas be piv ova a£uos awr]- 
yrjGios ’OpoLryjs avearavpoxre' t&v be oi eTopevwv ogol 
pev ricrav 'Lapioi, aTrrjKe , KeXevoov Gtfieas ecoimp x^P lv 
eibevai eovras eXevdepovs, ogol be ricrav %elvoi re Kai 
bovXoi t&v eiropevccvy ev avbparroboov Xoyco iroiebpevos 

elxt- UoXvKpaTrjs be avaKpepapevos errereXee iracrav ttjv 
oxf/iv T7\s Ovyarpos * eXovro pev yap vtto rod Alos , o/ccos 
vol, expi^TO be vtto rod rjXLov avieis avros eK tov Gcoparos 
LKpaba. HoXvKpareos pev brj ai 7r oXXai evrvxi at es 
tovto eTeXevTrjaav. 

Fortunes of the Physician Democedes 
’AmKopevoov be Kai avaKopiadevTWV t&v ’Opotreco XPV~ 
paroov es Ta ZJoDcra avvrjveiKe xpo^co ov ttoXX( 2 vcrTepov 
fiaaiXea Aapelov ev ay prj Orjpiojv airodpcocrKovTa arc ’ 
lttttov GTpa^>rjvai tov iroba. Kai koos icrx^poTepo)s eorpa- 
4>ri' o yap oi acrTpayaXos e^ex(^PV ae T & v Updpcov. 
vopi^oov be Kai 7 r porepov irepi ewvrov ex eiv Alyvirnoiv 
tov s boKeovTas elvai irpuTOVS rrjv irjrpiKrjVy tovtolgl 


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expciTo. oi be cr Tpe/3kovvTes Kai fiiwpevoi tov tt bba 
Kamov pe£ov epya^ovTO. e'K eirra pev br] rjpepas koll £tttul 
VVKTCLS VITO TOV TTOLpeOVTOS KULKOV 6 AapeToS aypVTTVLriGl 

el 'x eT0 > T V be brj byborj rjpeprj exovTi oi (j)kavpcvs irapa- 
5 Kovaas tls irporepos eri ev Xapbiai tov Kporcoia^reco 
ArjpoKrjbeos ttjv Texvyv ^aayyekkei ra> Aapetar 6 be 
ayeiv piv tt]v Taxio'Trjv Trap 9 ec ovtov eKekevcre. tov be 
cos e^evpov ev Tolai ’Opocreco avbpaTroboicri okov brj 
cnrrjpekrjpevov, rraprjyov es peaov irebas re ekKOVTa Kai 
10 paKeai ecrOrjpevov. OTadevTa be es peaov eipdoTa 6 AapeTos 
ttjv Texvyv ei err Igtoito' 6 be ovk virebeKeTO, appoobecov 
prj ec ovtov eKtfirjvas to Trapairav tyjs 'EXXa5os fj cltt ecrTeprj- 
pevos. KaTecjravrj de rco Aapeiuo Texva^eiv eiricrTapevos , 
Kai tov s ayayovTas avTov eKekevcre paaTiyas re Kai 
is KevTpa 7r apacjrepeiv es to peaov. o be evOavTa brj &v eK- 
cjraivei, </>as arpe/cecos pev ovk eTiaTaadai, opikrjaas be 
irjTpco cfrkavpcos extw ttjv Texvrjv . per a be cos oi err eTpexj/e, 
'E kkrjviKo'iai irjpaai xP e &pevos Kai rjiria pera ra iaxvpa 
Trpocraywv vtvov re piv kayxbveiv ewoiee Kai ev xpbvoo 
20 okiyco vyiea piv eovTa clt e<5e£e, ovbapa ere ekwi^ovTa 
apTLTTOvv eaeaOai. Scopeerat brj piv peTa raDra 6 AapeTos 

Tebecov XP V(T ^ V bvo %evyeai’ 6 be piv err etpero ei oi 
bnrkrjaiov to kokov eTTiTrjbes vepei, oti piv vyiea eivoirjae. 
rjaQeis be rco e7ret 6 AapeTos unroTrepirei piv tt apa tcls 
25 ec ovtov yvvalKas. ivapayovTes be oi evvovxoi ekeyov 
repos ras yvva^Kas cos fiaaikei ovtos eirj os ttjv \pvxw 
airebcoKe. vivoTvivTovaa be avrecov eKaaTrj (f>iakrj es tov 
Xpvcrov ttjv drjKrjv ebcopeeTO ArjpoKrjbea ovtco brj ti ba\pikei 
bcoperj cos tovs cnroTiTTOVTas cltt 6 tuv cj)iakewv crrarrjpas 
30 eiropevos o oUeTYjs, rco ovvopa rjv Xkitoiv, avekeyeTO Kai 
oi XPW a ttoXXo^ ti XP V(T0 V crvvekexOr 


HERODOTUS 


137 


’Ey xpovoo 8e 6 X 170 ? /jeera ravra raSe aXXa avvrjveiKe 
yeveaOai • ’A rbaarj rrj K vpov pev Ovyarpi, A apeLov 8e yv- 
volikI hrri rod paarov 6(j)v cjrvpa, pera 8e eKpayev hvkpe.ro 
rrpoaco. oaov pev 8rj \povov r\v e\aaaov, rj 8e Kpvrrrovaa 
kcll aiaxwopevr] ecjrpa^e ovbevi, erreire 8e kv kclkco rjv, pere- 
irepxl/aro rov A r)poKr]8ea kcll oi err e5e£e. 6 8e <fias vyiea 
rroirjaeiv k^opKol piv rj pev oi avrvrropyrjaeiv eKeivrjv rovro 
to av avrrjs 8erjdfj, 8ei\aeadai 8e ovbevos r&v baa es ai- 
axvvrjv earl <j>epovra. d)s 5e apa piv pera ravra iwpevos 
vyiea arre8e^e, evOavra 8rj 5 t 5 ax 0 eu 7 a 67 to rod ArjpoKrjbeos 
17 "Aroaaa rrpoaefyepe ev rfj Koirrj Aapeiu \6yov roiov8e‘ 
*0, fiaaiXev, ex&v 8vvapiv roaavrrjv Karrjaai, ovre n Wvos 
TTpocrKT&pevos ovre bvvapiv Ueparjai. oikos 8e ean av8pa 
Kai veov Kai XPV pbiroov peyaXoov 8earrorr\v c paLveadai n 
arrobeiKvvpevov, iva Kai Hepaai eKpadwai on U7r ? avbpos 
apxovrai. err’ apcjrorepa 8e roi (jrepei ravra rroieeiv, Kai 
Iva acfrewv II epaai emareccvrai avbpa elvai rov rrpoeare&ra 
Kai Iva rpifiojvrai rroXepu prjbe axoXrjv ayovres erri/3ov- 
Xevwai roi, vvv yap av n Kai arro8e%aio epyov, ecos veos 
els rjXiKirjv' av^opevo) yap rev acopari avvav^ovrai Kai ai 
< ppeves, yr}pa<TKovn 8e avyyrjpaaKovai Kai es ra rrprjypara 
rravra arrap(3Xvvovrai. rj pev 8rj ravra e/c 8i8axys eXeye, 
o apeL(3ero roiaibe' ’Q yvvai, rravra oaa rrep avros 
eTivoeo: rroirjaeiv eiprjKas * ey& yap fiefiovXevpai £ev£as 
yecpvpav e/c rrjabe rrjs rjTeipov es ri)v ereprjv r\rreipov erri 
'EKvdas arpareveadai * Kai ravra oXiyov xpbvov ear ai 
reXevpeva. Xeyei Aroaaa ra8e‘ "0 pa vvv, ervi %KvOas 
pev rr)v rrp&rrjv ievai eaaov • ovroi yap, erreav av PovXrj, 
eaovrai roi' av 8e poi erri rrjv 'EXXaSa arpareveaOai. 
emOvpeoo yap Xoyco rrvvOavopevr) AaKaivas re poi yeveaOai 
deparraivas Kai ? Apyeias Kai ’Arrt/cas Kai JLopivdias . 


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exets 5e av8pa eirLTrjdeoTdTOv avdpcov iravruv 5e£at re 
e/caora T7js 'EXXaGos /cat KdT^yrjadaddi, tovtov os aev 
tov 7 voda e^urjaaro. dpeifierdi Aapetos ' ’12 7 vvat, hrel 

Tolvvv tol 8oKeei rrjs 'EXXa5os rjpeds 7 rpcora cnroTreLpacrdcu, 
5 KCLTCLO'KOTrovs pot 8oKeei Ilepcrecot' irp&rov dpeivov elvai 
opov roura) tQ> av \eyeis irepipdi es avrovs, ot pddovres 
Kai idovres e£dyy eXeoi/at e/caora dVT&v rjpiv Kdt hr etra 
e£eTL(TTdp€VOS k'K dVTOVS Tp&J/Op dL. TdVTd €Lir€ Kdi 
dpa c 7 ros re Kdi Ipyov kiroiee. eireLre ydp rax^ra 
10 rjpepr) ezreXapi/'e, /caXecras Uepcreuv dvbpds Go/ctpous irevre- 
KdideKd hereWero a<j)L eiropevovs ArjpoKrj8ei 8ie%e\0eiv ra 
TTdpdOdXdCFO'Ld TTjs 'EXXados, o/ccos re pi 7 8id8prjG6Tdi 
afads o AripoKrjdris , aXXa piv irdvrus O 7 rtcrco dird^ovai. 
evTtikdpevos 8e tovtolgl Taura, devrepd /caXecras dvjov 
15 ArjpoKrjded edeero dvrov o/ccos e^yrjadpei'os irdGdv Kdi 
eTide^ds ti) v *EXXa5a roTcri Ilepcrflo-t o 7 rto-co 7?$er Gcopa <5e 

pjj/ TO) TTdTpi Kdl.TOLGL a5eX<£eOtCTt €KekeV6 TTdVTd Td 

eKelvov ewiirXd \dfibvTd dyeiv , <£as aXXa ot 7roXXa7rXi7crta 
dVTidwaeiv’ 7 rpos 5e es to, 5c opa 6X/ca5a ot 6(f)rj Gvp(3d\ee- 
20 addi T\rj(Tds ciydObov irdvroiuv, rrjv apa ot Tv\evdedddi. 
Aapetos pev 8rj, doKeeuv epoL , <x7r’ ovdevos GoXepoG voov 
eTdyyeWero ot raOra, A 77 poKrjbr^s 8e Setcras pr] ev e/C7ret- 
p<Sro Aapetos, oi/rt tTnbpdp&v irdvrd ra didopevd edeKero, 
aXXa ra pev ecoiroO /caTa x&pyv e^rj KdTd\e'i\peiv y ivd 
25 O 7 TLGC 0 defied <X 7 re\0Av exot, pevroi 6X/ca5a, ot 
Aapetos eTdyyeWerdi es dooperjv Tolai aGeX^eotat, 
5e/ce addi ecfirj. evTeihdpevos 8e Kdi tovtcq raura 6 Aapetos 
a 7 rocrTeXXet aurous e7rt OaAdacrdv. /carajSa^res 5e ourot 
es <&oiVLKr)V Kdi $ olvlktjs es StGawa ttoXlv aurt/ca pet' 
30 TpiTjpeds 8vo kTv\y]p(j)(Jdv, apa 5e aGrfjat /cat yav\ov 
peydv TTdVTolcov dydO&v TdpdaKevdGdpevoi 8e tt dvrd 


HERODOTUS 


139 


€7r Xeov es rr]v 'EXXaSa, wpoalaxovTes 8e avrrjs ra wapa- 
OaXacraLa edrjevvTO Kal aweypcufiovTO, es 6 ra woXXa 
avrrjs Kal ovopaaTOTaTa OerjaapevoL olwlkovto tt)s ’I TaXlrjs 
es Tapavra. evOavTa 8e en prjarojvrjs rrjs ArjpoKrjbeos 
’ Api(TT0<t)i\L8ris t&v T apavTLvwv 6 PacnXevs tovto pev ra 
W7]da\ia wapeXvae t&v M.r]8LKecov ve&v, tovto 8e avTovs 
tovs II epaas elp^e As KaTaaKowovs 8r\0ev ebvTas' ev ai 
5e ovtol raura ewaaxov, 6 Ar}poKrj8r]s es ri )v K poToova 
awLKveeTat. awLypevov 8e rj8rj tovtov es ttjv ecourou 6 
5 Apicrroc/nXi^s eXvae tovs II epaas Kal tcl wapeXa/3e tAv 
ve&v awebooKe afyi. wXeovTes 8e evOevTev ol Hepaai Kal 
8uj)K0VTes ArjpoKrjbea awiKveovTai es ttjv KpoTcova, evpovTes 
8e plv ayopa^ovTa olwtovto aurou. tAv 8e KpoTCOvLrjTeoov 
ol pev KaTappubeovTes ra II epcnKa wprjypaTa wpoievai 
eToipoi rjaav, ol 8e clvtclwtovto re Kal toIgl gkvtoXolgl 
ewaiov tovs TLepa as wpo'iaxopevovs ewea ra5e* ,r Av8pes 
Kporcoz'tTjrai, opare ra woieeTe' av8pa fiaaiXeos bprjweTrjv 
yevopevov e^aipeeade. Kal kAs raura fiacriXei Aapelco 
eKXPi Jaet wepivfipladai ; kAs 8e vplv ra woievpeva e£a 
KaX As, rjv aweXrjade fjpeas ] ewl TLva 8e Trjabe wpoTeprjv 
GTpaTevcrbpeOa woXiv ; tiv a 8e wpoTeprjv av8pawo8i£ea0aL 
weiprjaopeOa ) raura XeyovTes tovs Kporcoz^ras ovk Av 
eweiOov, aXX’ e^aipedevTes re tov ArjpoKrjbea Kal tov 
yavXov tov apa r\yovTO awaipeOevTes awewXeov owiacc es 
tyjv ’A airjv, ov8 ’ ert e^rjTr]aav to wpoaoiTepoo Trjs 'EXXaSos 
awLKopevoL eKpaOelv, eaTeprjpevoL tov rjyepovos. raura 
pev vvv ourco ewprjx^V) ovtol 8e wpAtol e/c tt)s ’ Aalr]s es ttjv 
'EXXa5a olwlkovto UepaaL, Kal ovtol 8lcl TOLovbe wpijypa 
KaTaa kowol eyevovTo. 


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BOOK V 


Histiaeus and Coes Rewarded by Darius 
Aapelos 8e cos Stands tLxkjto. top ^XX^ctitoptop 
CLTTLK eTO es 2ap5ts, epprjadrj Trjs e£ 'Ianatou re tov 
M iXrjaiov evepyealrjs /cal rrjs rvapaipeaios tov M VTiXrjpalov 
Kcoeco, peTarrepxl/apepos 8e acfreas es 2d pdis edidov avTolac 
5 aipeaip. 6 pep 8rj 'IcrriaTos, are Tvpavvev cop Trjs M lXtjtov, 
Tvpavvidos pep ov8epirjs 7rpoaexp^fe, aWeei 8e M vp/cipop 
tt]p ’Ji8cop(bp, fiovXopepos ev avTrj toXlp KTiaai. ovtos 
pep 8rj TavTTjp alpeeTai, 6 8e Koorjs, old re ov Tvpappos 
brjpoTrjs 8e edop, aWeei M.VTiXr]PrjS Tvpappevcrai. reXeco- 
10 OePTWP 8e apcfroTepoicri ovtol pep /card ra eiXoPTO eTpa- 
7 TOPTO, Aapelop 8e avprjpeiice emOvprjcrai ePTelXaadac Me 7 a- 
/3a£co Ilafoz'as eXoPTa apacnvavTovs rr oirjaai e/c Trjs 
’Evpcorrrjs es ttjp ? AaLrjp * 

(Megabazus quickly executed the order of Darius, reducing the 
Paeonians to subjection.) 

M.eya(3a£os 8e aye op tovs Uaiopas airi/ceTO errl top 
15 'E XXrjarroPTOP, epdevTep 8e bcaTepatcodels arr'uceTO es ras 
Xap8us. are 8 e TeixtoPTOS r]8r) 'IcrTcaiov tov M-iArjcrLov 
ttjp irapa A apeLov aiTrjaas eri>xe piadop 8coperjp cfrvXa/crjs 
Trjs crx^8Lrjs, eoPTOs 8e tov x&pov tovtov tt apa 'ETpvpopa 
7 roTapop, pad&p 6 Meya/3a£os to rvoievpepop e/c tov 
20 'Iartaiou, ebs rjXde rax^ra es ras 2ap5ts aycop tovs 
Uaiopas, eXeye Aapeico raSe - ^0 fiaaiXev, koIop tl XPVP& 
eTolr]aas, ap8pl *'E XXr]Pi beipco re /cat aocjrco 8ovs ey/cTiaa- 
aOai ttoXlp h Gp^i/c# , tva I8r] re pavmrjyrjcnpbs eaTi 
a<j)6opos Kal rroXXol Kcorrees Kai peraXXa apyvpea, opiXos 

140 


HERODOTUS 


141 


re ttoWos pev "IZXXrjv 7reptot/ceet , tvoXXos be fiapfiapos, ot 
TpoaraTeu hvi\a(36pevoi tvoly]govgl tovto to av iceivos 
e^rjyerjTai kgll rjpepr]s Kai vvktos. av vvv tovtov tov 
avbpa wav gov tclvtcl ivoLevvTa, tva prj olktjlco ToXepco 
avvexV- rpoirco be tjtlcc peTaTepxpapevos iravaov' eiveav 
be a vtov TrepiXaprjs, tv oieeiv o/ccos prjKeTL Keivos es "EXA^as 
clt rt£erat. tclvtcl Xeycov 6 M.eya/3a£os ei>7rerecos eireide 

tov A ape'iov cos ev Tvpoop&v to peXXov yiveadcu. peTa be 
irepxpas ayyeXov es ttjv XLvpklvov 6 Aapetos eXeye Tabe’ 
'IariaTe, fiaaiXevs Aapetos Tabe Xeyef eyu (frpovTLfav 
evpiGKCJ epoi re Kai to2gl epolai TprjypaaL elvai ovbeva 
G6V avbpa evvoeaTepov, tovto be ov XoyoLGL aXX ? epyoiGi 
olda paOuv. vvv &v, emvoeu yap TvprjypaTa peyaXa 
KaTepyaaaaOaL, airinveo poi tvclvtoos, tva tol aura 
VTvepOeoopaL. tovtolgl toIgl eizeai TVLGTevaas o 'Iartatos 
Kai apa peya iroievpevos fiaaiKeos avpfiovXos yeveaOai 
cltlk6to es tcls 2ap5ts. aiuKopevcp be oi eXeye Aapetos 
T abe * 'Icrrtate, eydo ae peTeirepxpaprjv Tcovbe elveKev 
C7TCITC raxccrra evoaTrjaa airo XKvdeuv Kai av pot eyeveo 
e£ ocpdaXpbov, ovbev /cco aXXo XPW a oflrco & Ppax& 
eTve^rjTrjaa cos ere ibeiv Te Kai es Xoyovs poi aTLKeadat , 
eyvuK&s otl ktyjpcltcov iravTCOV eaTL TipiwTaTov avTjp 
(j)LXos avveTOS Te Kai evvoos 7 to, tol eyo Kai apcpOTepa 
avveibois exco papTVpeeiv es irprjypaTa Ta epa. vvv &v, 
ev yap eTV0Lr\aas aTLKopevos, Tabe tol eyco TvpoTeLvopaL 
ALlXtjtov pev ea Kai ttjv veoKTLGTOV ev Opr/LKT) tvoXlv , av 
be poL eiropevos €s SoDcra e%^ Ta tv ep av eycc epos re 
gvggltos e&v Kai avpfiovXos. raura AapeTos e’t7ras /cat 
KaTaoTrjaas ’A pTacppevea abeXvpeov ec ovtov opoivaTpLov 
VTvapxov elvaL SapStcoi', aTVTjXawe es Soi/cra apa ayopevos 
'IoTiatoj'. 


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The Origin of the Ionian Revolt 
Mera be rjpx^To to bevTepov e/c Na£ou re /cal MtX^rou 
"Icoat yiveuQai kclkcl. tovto pev yap rj Na£os evbaipovirj 
robv vrjacov t poecpepe, tovto be /card tov avTov xpovov rj 
MLXtjtos avTrj T€ ecovTrjs paXiora brj tot€ aKpaaaaa /cal 
5 brj /cal ttjs 9 lc ovir]s rjv Trpb<TXW a > Tore be e/c tovt^cov tcov 
ttoXloov cobe fjpxero /ca/ca yiveaQai Trj 9 lc ovirj. e/c Najou 

ecpvyov avbpes tcov rraxecov vto tov brjpov, (pvyovTes be 
cltlkovto es M IXrjTOV. Trjs be M lXtjtov eTvyxave e tltpo¬ 
ttos ecov 9 kpKTTayopris 6 MoXxaYopeco, yapfipos re ecov /cal 
10 avexpios Tcrrialou tov Avaayopeco, tov 6 Aapelos ev 
Xovaoun KCLTelx 6 - b yap ToriaTos Tvpavvos rjv MtX^rou 
/cal eTvyxwe tovtov tov xpbvov ecov ev Xovctolctl , OTe oi 
Nd£tm rj\6ov, £eT voi rrpiv ebvTes tco Tartalai. amKopevoi 
be oi NafjioL es ttjv MiKrjTOv ebeovTO tov 9 ApiVTayopeco, 
15 el kcos avTolai rrapaax 01 bvvapLv Tiva nai naTekdoiev es 
tt]v ecovTcov. o be erviKe^apevos cos, rjv bu 9 aurou /careX^coat 
es Tr)v TvoXiv, ap%ei Trjs Na£ou, cwrjxpiv be rroievpevos ttjv 
£ eLvirjv Tr\v Tcrrialou, Tovbe acjn \byov rr poaecpepe' Autos 
pev vpiv ov (pepeyyvos eipi bvvapiv rrapaax&v ToaavTrjv 
20 coare KaTayeiv aeKOVTcev tcov ttjv tvoKiv exovTcov Na^lcoz'- 
7 rvvdavopai yap OKTaKLax^yv acririba N a^lonn elvai 
/cal 7 rXota pa/cpa 7roXXd - prjxavrjaopai be iraaav arrovbrjv 
rroievpevos. emvoeco be Trjbe. 9 ApTacj)pevr]s poi tv yxbvei 
ecov (fiikos' o be 9 ApTacppevrjs vpiv 'Tcrrda7reos pev eari 
25 rvals, Aapeiov be tov /3aai\eos abeXcfreos, tcov b 9 errida\aa- 
aicov tcov ev Trj 9 Aairj apxa rravTiov, excov (JTpaTirjv 
re rroXkrjv /cal 7roXXas veas. tovtov cov boneao tov avbpa 
rroir]<jeiv tcov av xpyifapev. Taura aKovaavTes oi Na^tot 
irpoaeOecrav tco 9 ApuTTayopri irp^acreLv Trj bvvaiTO aptara 
30 /cal U7T icrxecrOaL bcopa eKe\evov /cal bawavrjv Trj crTpaTifj cos 


HERODOTUS 


143 


avrol bLaXvaoPTes, eXw Ibas TvoXXas exoPTes, otclv em- 
(fravec oat es tt\v Na £op, ttclvtcl TToiTjaeiv tovs Na£tous ra av 
avrol /ceXeucocrt, cos be Kal tovs aXXous z^atcoras* tcop yap 
ptjgcop TOVTecop ovbepla kco rjp vtto Aapetco. aTViKopepos 
be 6 ’ApLaTayoprjs es tcls 2ap<5ts \eyei tv pos top ’Apra- 
cjopepea cos Na£os ecrj prjaos peyaOei pep ov peyaXri, aXXcos 
be KaXrj re Kal ayaOrj Kal ayxov ’Icoza^s, xPW aTa ^ * VL 
7 roXXa Kal apbpaTvoba. 2v cop eiri Tavrrjp tt\p x^PV v 
crrpar^Xaree, Karaycop es a vttjp tovs cjovyabas e£ avTr\s. 
Kal toi raura TvourjaaPTi tovto pep Igtl eroipa tv ap’ epol 
XPWCLTa peyaXa tv ape£ tcop apaiaipcopaTCOP tt\ arpartf) 
(raura pep yap 5t/cata rjpeas tovs ay opt as tv apexew), 
tovto be prjaovs fiaaiXei tv pogktt]G eai avTrjp re Na^oz^ Kal 
tcls e/c raur^s i] pTir) pep as, Ilapoz' Kal "A pbpop Kal aXXas ras 
Ku/cXa5as KaXevphas. epdevTep be oppcopepos eu 7 rerecos 
€7 vidrjaeaL Euj 3olri, prjcrco peyaXri re Kal evbatpopi, ovk 
eXaaaopi Ku 7 rpou Kal /capra evTveTei aipedrjpai. aTVoxpboai 
8 e eKaTOP pees rauras Tvaaas x ei P ( ^ aa(T ^ aL - o 5e apeifieTO 
avTOP TOtaide’ 2u es oIkop top /3aatXeos eGrjyrjTrjs ylpeat 
TvprjypaTcop ayadcop Kal raura ev Tvapaipeeis TvaPTa, tvXtjp 
tcop pecop tov apiOpov. clptI be eKaTOP pecop biv]KOGiai toi 
eTOipoi eaoPTat a pa rco eapt. Set 5e tovtolgl /cat avTOP 
fiacrikea Gvpeivaipop ylpeaOai. o pep brj ’ApLaTayoprjs cos 
raura rjKovcre, tv epi,x a PVS *bop a 7 n 7 t€ MtX^roz', o 5e 
’Apra^pez'rjs, bos 61 tv epxjzaPTt es Souaa Kal VTvepPevTi ra e/c 
tov 9 kpiGTay'opeco Xeyopepa avpeTvaiPos Kal auros Aapetos 
eyepeTo, TvapecrKevacraTO pep biriKocnas Tpirjpeas, tvoXXop 
be /capra opiXop Hepcreoop re /cat tcop aXXc op crvppaxwp, 
gt paTr\yop be tovtcop cltv ebe£e Meya(3aTrjp apbpa II eparjp 
tcop ’Axcupepibecop, ecovTov re /cat Aapelov apex/ziop, tov 
Havaaplrjs o K XeopfipoTov Aa/ce5 at pop tos, et 617 a\r}dr]s ye 


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k(TTL 6 Xoyos, voTepco XP° vc i> tovtoop rjppoaaTO Ovyarepa, 
epcoTci <jx<s>v rrjs 'EXXa 80 s Tvpavvos yepeoOac. airohe^as 
he Meya( 3 aT 7 ]P oTpaTr\yop ’Apracfrpevrjs aireareike top 
(TTpaTov irapa top ’ ApcoToyopea. TrapaXaPoop he 6 
5 MeyaParris e/c rrjs MtX^rou top re ? A plot ay opea /cat I aha 
(TTpcLTLTjp /cat tovs Na£tous eirXee tt pocpaoLP err EXX^^or/w - 
tov, eireLre he eyepero ep Xlco, eax e v * as * s K amaoa, 
cos epdevrep fioperj apepco es ttjp N a^op 5ta/3aXot. Kal ov 
yap ehee tovtco tco otoXco Na^tous caroXeodac, irprjypa 
10 roiophe avpyjpeix^V ycpeoOaL’ irepuoPTOS Me7a/3aT€co ras 
€ 7 rt tcop pebop (jovXaicas 67Tt peos MvphLris eruxt ovhecs 
cjovXaoocop' 6 he heipop tl wocrjoapepos eneXevoe tovs 
hopvcjoopovs e^evpoPT as top clpxopto tclvtt] s tt)s peos, tco 
ovpopa rjp 2/cuXa£, tovtop hrjoac hia daXapLrjs hceXoPTas 
15 Trjs peos kcltcl tovto, e£co pep KecjoaXrjp icoLevPTas, ecru he 
to ocopa. hedePTOs he tov 2/cuXa/cos e^ayyeXXec tls tco 
’A piaTayopr} otl top £ elpop oi top M vphiop AleyafiaTiqs 
hrjoas XvpaipoLTO. 6 5 ? eXdc op tt apacreero top Ueporjp, 
Tvyxb-Pcop he ovhepos tcop eheeTo ovtos eXOcop eXvoe. 
20 irvdopepos he KapTa heipop eTocrjoaTo 6 Meya^aTrjs /cat 
eairepxtTO tco ’ ApLOTaybprj. 6 he elire' Xoi he /cat 
tovtolol Totcrt irprjypaaL tl eoTL) ov ere bareoTecXe 
’ ApTa<j)pepr]S epeo ireideodaL /cat irXeeip r§ a p eye 0 neXevoo ; 
rt 7 roXXa Tvpy)(T<jeis ; TavTa ehve 6 ’ Ap lot ay 6 prjs. 6 he 
25 OvpooOeis tovtolol , cos vu£ eyepeTO, eirepire es Na£o^ ttXoLco 
aphpas cj)paooPTa s toIol Na£totat ttclpto to tt apeoPTa ocjoL 
TrprjypoTa. oi yap cop Na£tot ovhep ttclptcos TvpooehenoPTO 
€ 7 rt a</>eas top otoXop tovtop oppyoeodaL. eirei pePTOL 
MdoPTO, avTLKa pep eorjpeLnaPTO tcl €/c tcop ay poop es to 
30 Tet%os, ivapeoKevaoaPTO he cos TvoXLOpicriobpepoL /cat cn/ra 
/cat 7TOTOL, /cat TO T€t%OS koO^OPTO. KOL OVTOL peP 


HERODOTUS 


145 


7 r ape<TKeva£ovTO cos Tapeaopepov acfii woXepov, oi 5’ eweLre 
btefia \op 6 K tt}s Xlou tcls peas es tyjp Na^, irpos 
Tecfrpayphovs irpoaefyepoPTo kcll eToXiopKeop prjpas rea- 
aepas. cbs 5e ra re exovres rjXOop xPW aTa °' 1 n epaai, 
ravra KaTebeba7raprjTO acj) t, /cal avTco ra) ’A piVTayopr) 
TpoaavcualpLQiTO 7 roXXa, toG 7 r\evpos re edeero rj ttoXlopklt], 
kvdavTOL relxca to'lo’l cfrvycun tgop Na^lco/' oiKoboprjaaPTes 
aTaWacraoPTO es ttjp rjiretpov , /ca/ccos TrprjaaoPTes. ’Apt- 
crTayoprjs be ovk el%e ttjp vttoctx^lp TC ? ’A prac^pepei 
eKTe\eaai’ apa be eirLefe pip rj bawa ptj ttjs crrparujs 
aTaLTeopepy /, appcoGee re roG arparov Tprj^aPTos /ca/ccos 
/cal MeYa/Sar# bia/3efi\ripepos, eboKee re r^ fia(n\r]i'r)P 
tt]s M.Lkr]Tov airaipedr}cre<jdaL. appccbecop be tovtwp 
e/caara e(3ov\evero aToaraaiP’ avpeTLTTe yap Kai top 
eariy pepop ttjp KecfraXrjP airlx® 0 ' 1 Xovctojp irapa 
* lanaLov , arjpaipoPTa airiaTaadai ’ ApLarayoprjp curb 
(3a(n\eos. o yap 'IariaTos fiovXopepos ra> ’A piarayopri 
crrjprjpai (nroGTrjpaL aXXcos pep ovbap&s el%e dcrc^aXecos 
(TTjpfjpai axrre cj)v\aaaopepo:p tojp ob&p, o be t&p bovXcop 
top TTidTOTaTOP aTO^vprjaas ttjp Ke<fia\r]P ecrTi^e Kai 
apepeipe apa4>vpaL ras Tpixas, cbs be apecfivcrap rax^crra, 
CLTeTepire es M ikrjTOP ePTeiKapepos avTcb a XXo pep ovbep , 
eiveap be aTLKT]TaL es MIXtjtoz', neXeveip 7 ApLCTTayoprjp 
£vprjaaPTa pip ras Tpixas KaTibeaOai es ttjp Kecj)a\r]P * ra 
Ge (TTiypaTa earjpaipe, a>s /cal 7r poTepop poi eip'qTai, 
airocFTaaLP. TavTa be o 'Iariaios eiroiee crvpcfyoprjp 
iroLevpepos peyaXrjp ttjp ecouroG KaTOXW T W * v Xovaoic rt* 
airoGTacnos &p ytpopeprjs 7 roXXds elx^ ekTibas peT^creadaL 
€ 7 rl daXaaaap, prj be peuTepop tl TOLevarjs Trjs M 1 X 17701 / 
ovbapa es avTrjP rj^eip eTi eXoyifeTO. 

"IartaTos pep pup raGra biapoevpepos aireTepire top 


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ayyeXov, 9 kpiarayopr} de crwernTTe tov avTOv xpwov 
7r avTa ravra avveXOovTa. ourco dr) e/c tov ep<f>aveos o 
5 ApicrTayoprjs arreaTrjKee , rrav erri Aapeico pr)xav<!cpevos. 
Kai rvp&TOL pev Xoyco perels tt}v Tvpavvida iaovopLrjv 
5 erroLee rfj MiXrjTU, cos av hovres aurco oi M ikrjaioi 
crwamcrTalaTo, pera de Kai ev rrj aXXr) J Ic cvir) tcouto 
tovto € 7 rolee, tov s pev e^eXavvcov t&v Tvpavvwv, rovs de 
<f>L\a ffovXopevos iroieeaOai Trjcn rroXicn e^edidov, aXXov es 
aXXrjv ttoXlv irapadudovs, oOev elr) e/caoros. Tvpavvaiv 
10 pev vvv KararravaLs eyiveTO ava ras rroXias, ’Apicrr ayopr]S 
de o MiAtjo-los cos tov s Tvpavvovs KaTewavae, aTpaTrjyovs 
ev eKaaTT) t&v ttoXlojv KeXevaas e/cdcrrous KaTaaTrjcrai , 
devTepa avTos es AaKedaipova Tpir)pei arvbcrToXos eyiveTO’ 
edee yap drj <rvppaxiy)s tlvos oi peyaXr)s e^evpedrjvat. 

Vain Attempt of Aristagoras to Secure Spartan Alliance 

is 5 AmKveeTai d 9 &v o 9 ApLcrTayoprjs 6 M iXrjTov Tvpavvos 
es ttjv HTapT7)v KXeopeveos exovTOS ttjv apxyv tco dr) es 
Xoyovs r)Le, cos AaKedaipovioi Xeyovai, e%co^ x^ Keov 
rrivaKa ev tco 777 s arracks rrepiodos eveTeTprjTO Kai 
OaXaaaa re 7 racra Kai rvoTapoi rravTes. amKvebpevos de 
20 es Xoyovs 6 ’ApLciTayopr)s eXeye rrpos avTov Tade’ 
KXeopeves, arrovdijv pev Trjv epr)v prj dc^paarjs Trjs evdavTa 
arri^LOS' tcl yap KaTrjKovTa eaTi rotaDrcr ’Icoi'coi' TrcuSas 
dovXovs elvai avT eXevdepcov oveidos Kai aXyos peyiarov 
pev avTolat r)plv, en de t&v Xolt&v vplv, oacp irpoevTaTe 
25 Trjs 'EXXa5os. vvv cov irpos de&v t&v 'EXXt^ccoz' pvaacrOe 
’'Ico^as Ik dovXocrvvrjs, avdpas opaipovas. eu 7 rerecos de 
vplv raOra old re xup&w ^crrr oure yap oi ffapfiapoL 
aXKLpoi eiai, vpels Te ra es tov tt oXepov es Ta peyuiTa 
avrjKeTe aperrjs rvepi. rj Te paxv avTcov ecrrt TOLrjde, 


HERODOTUS 


147 


ro£a Kai aixPV /3paxea* ava%vpL8as 8e exovres epxovrai 
es ras paxas Kai Kvp/3aaLas erri rfjai Ke<j)a\rj(n . ovrco 

€V7T€T€€S X €L P c °0yvai ^Gl. €OTt Kdl ayaOa To'lGl T7)V 
f)Treipov eKeivrjv vepopevoiGi oaa ov8e toIgl GwawaGL 
oXXolgl, airo xP V(T °v ap^apevoiGi, apyvpos Kai x a ^ K °s 
Kai ecrOrjs TroiKiXrj Kai vrro^vyia re Kai av8pairo8a * ra 
dvpco iQovXopevoi avroi av exoire. KaroUrjvrai 8e aXXr)- 
Xoov exopevoi cos € 70 ? ^pacrco, ’Icoj'coi' pev r&vde o'ide 
Av8oL, oUeovre s re x^PW ayadrjv Kai TroXvapyvpojraroi 
eovre s. deiKvvs 8e eXeye ravra es rrjs yrjs rrjv rrepiodov, 
rrjv ecjrepero ev rQ> it ivaKi evrerprjpevrjv. Av8&v 8e, ecfrrj 
Xeyuv 6 7 Apiarayoprjs, ol8e exovrai Qpvyes oi 7 rpos rrjv 
rjc 0 , TroXvTrpo^aTOJTaTOL re eovres rravrcov r&v €700 olSa 
/cai TroXvKapTTOTaTOL. $pvy&v 8e exovrai lAarviradoKai, 
rous ripels 'Lvpiovs KaXeopev tovtolgl 8e rrpbaovpoi 
KtXi/ces, KarrjKovres ervi OaXaaaav njv8e, ev rrj rj8e 
Ku 7 rpos vrjaos Kelrar oi' 7 revraKOGia raXavra fiaaiXei 
rov errereiov <j)6pov emreXevGi. KtXc/cco^ 5e rcovde exovrai 

7 Appevioi oide, /cal ourot eovres rroXvirpo^aroi, 9 AppevLuv 
de Alanrjvoi X&PVV rrjvde exovres. ex eTaL ^ rovrwv 777 
rj8e lAiGGirj, ev rfj 8rj rrapa rrorapov rovde Xoacnrrjv 
Keipeva eari ra SoDca ravra, evOa fiaGiXevs re peyas 
diairav iroieerai, Kai rcov XPVP^ T0)V 0i Qyo’avpoi evOavra 
ei<rt m eXovres 8e ravrrjv rrjv iroXiv Oapoeovres rjdrj r<2> Ad 
7 rXovrov irepu epL^ere. aXXa rrepi pev x&PV* &P a °v 
7roXXrjs ov8e ourco XP 7 ? crr ? s Kai ovpcov apiKp&v XP^ov eari 
vpeas paxas ava/3aXXeadai irpos re MeaarivLovs eovras 
iaowaXeas Kai 9 ApKa8as re Kai 7 ApyeLovs, rolcn ovre 
Xpvaov exopevov eari ovdev ovre apyvpov, r&v rrepi Kai 
riva evayei TpodvpLrj paxopevov a7r odvrjaKeiv, irapexov 8e 
rrjs 7 Aairjs rra<jr)s apx*w evTereojs, aXXo ri aiprjaeade] 


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’ kpuTTayopris pev ravra eXe£e, K Xeopevrjs be apeifieTO 
TOiaide’ %eive M iXrjaLe, dva/3aXXopal tol es TpiTrjv 
rnxeprjv viroKpiveeadai. Tore pev es togovtov rfkavav 
€tt€lt€ be 7] Kvpir] ijpepr] eyevero rrjs vrroKpiGios Kal rfXOov 
5 es to GvyKelpevov, eipero 6 K Xeopevrjs tov 7 ApiGTayoprjv 
OKoaeoov ijpepeuv card daXaaarjs rrjs 7 luvuv odds eir] rrapa 
fiaaiAea. o be 7 ApiGTayoprjs, raXXa euv crowds Kal 
bLaftaXXuv eKelvov ev, ev tovtu eGcpaXrj' xP e ° v 7 dip piv 
prj Xeyeiv to eov, fiovXdpevdv ye 2 rrapTirjTas Qayayeiv es 
10 T 7 ]v 7 Aglitjv, Xeyei b 7 &v Tpiuv prjvuv (pas elvai ttjv avobov. 
o be vrraprraGas tov erriXoarov Xoyov tov o 7 ApiGTayoprjs 
opprjTO Xeyeiv rrepl Trjs obov, ehre‘ ^0 ^elve AliXr]aie, 
airaWacraeo e/c 'LrrapT'qs rrpo bvvTOS rjXLov' ovbeva yap 
Xoyov everrea Xeyeis AaKebaipovLoiai, edeXuv G<peas card 
u daXaaarjs Tpiuv pr]vuv obov ayayelv. o pev brj KXeo- 
pevrjs TavTa ehras f]ie es ra oUla, o be 7 ApiGTayoprjs 
Xafiuv iKeTTjpirjv r]ie es tov KAeopeveos, eaeXduv be ecru are 
UeTevcov eiraKovcrai eKeXeve tov K Xeopevea, caroirepipavTa 
to rr aiblov ’ rrpoGeGTrjKee yap brj tu K Xeopevei ij OvyaTrjp, 
20 Trj ovvopa rjv Yopyu' tovto be 61 Kal povvov TeKvov 
eTvyxave eov beuv oktu fj evvea rfXiKirjv. KXeopevr]s be 
Xeyeiv piv eKeXeve ra fiovXeTai pr]be erriax^iv tov tt aiblov 
eiveKa. evdavTa bi] o 7 ApiGTayopr]s apx €T0 & beKa 
TaXavTuv vmaxveopevos, rjv ot erriTeXear] tuv ebeeTO. 
25 a vavevovTos be tov KAeopeveos rrpoefiaive toIgi xPVP a(TL 
direpf3aXXoov o 7 ApiGTayoprjs, es b rrevTrjKovTa re TaXavTa 
virebebeKTO Kal to tt aiblov rjvba^aTO' Ilarep, biacpdepeei 
ae 6 £ elvos, rjv prj cotogtcis irjs. 6 re bi] KXeope^s 
ijadels tov rraiblov Trj rrapaivecri rjie es eTepov oiKrjpa Kal 
30 6 ’ApiGTaydprjs caraXXacraeTO to rrapcarav e/c Trjs XirapTT]s } 
ovbe ol e^eyeveTo errl rrXeov <etl arjpijvai rrepl ttjs avobov 
Trjs rrapa (3aaiXea. 


HERODOTUS 


149 


Athenian Alliance Secured by Aristagoras 

’ AweXavvopevos be 6 ’ ApiaTayoprjs e/c tt}s XTapTrjs rjie 
es ras ’ Adrjv as* avrr] yap 77 toXis t&v XoiTewv ebvvaaTeve 
peyicFTOv. eTeXOkv be eiri tov brjpov 6 ’Apiarayoprjs 
ravra eXeye ra Kal ev rfj XirapTr} irepi t&v ayad&v tcov 
ev rfj ’Ac nrj Kal tov ToXepov rod HepaiKov, cos ovre acnriba 
ovre bopv vopi^ovai eviverees re x eL P°>07]vai eir](rav. 
ravr a re brj eXeye Kal t pos Tolai Tabe, cos ol MtX^crtot t&v 
’Adrjvaloov elal clttolkoi, Kal olkos a<peas eirj pveaOai 
bvvapevov s peya. Kal ovbev 6 tl ovk vt'ktx 670 ola Kapra 
beopevos, es o aveTveiae <7</>eas. toXXovs yap olKe elvai 
eviverearepov bia/3aXXeiv rj eva , el K Xeopevea pev tov 
AaKebaipoviov povvov ovk olos re eyeveTo biafiaXXeiv, 
Tpels be pvpiabas ’Adrjvaiuv eTOirjoe tovto. ’ Adrjvaloi 
pev brj avaTveiaOevTes eypyj^laavTO eiKoai veas divoGTei- 
Xai fiorjdovs "Ic oat, aTpaTrjydv dwobe^avTes avTcbv elvai 
MeXa vOiov, avbpa t&v clgt&v eovTa ra ivdvTa boKipov. 
avTai be ai vees apxv KaK&v eyevovTO 'E XXrjai re Kal 
fiapftapoiai. 

The Burning of Sardis 

’ApKTTayoprjs be, eweibrj ol re ’Adrjvaloi cltikovto eiKoai 
vrjval, apa dy'opevoi ’Eperpiecoi' TvevTe Tpirjpeas, ew oteero 
aTpaTrjirjv es 2ap5is. avTos pev brj ovk eaTpaTeveTO aXX 
epeve ev MtX^rco, aTpaTrjyovs be aXXovs aivebe^e M.iXrjaio:v 
elvai, tov ecovTov Te abeXifredv lAapoirlvov Kal t&v aXXcoz> 
acTCOv 'EppocfravTOV. bnviKopevoi be tQ (jtoXoo tovtco 
"looves es "E fyeaov ivXola pev KaTeXnvov ev Koprjau ttjs 
’Ecjreairjs, avTol be ave/3aivov x eL P L TroXXf), tv oievpevoi 
’Ecjrealovs rjyepovas. Tvopevopevoi be Tvapa TVOTapbv 
K avvTpiov, evdevTev eTveiTe vTvepfiavTes tov TpcoXo^ 
cltikovto , aipeovai 2ap5cs ovbevos acfri avTiaidevTos, 


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HERODOTUS 


a ipeovat be x^pls rrjs d/cpo7roXtos raXXa tv avra' ttjv be 
aKpoivokiv eppvero avTos ’ApTacfrpevrjs ex°>v avbp&v 
bvvapiv ovk bkiyrjv. to be pi] kerjkaTrjaai ekovTas a</>eas 
tt]v 7 r o\iv e<JX e rode. rjaav ev TrjaL ^apburi ohiiai ai pev 
5 ivkevves Kakapivai, ocrcu 5’ avreaiv Kai ivkivdivai rjcvav, 
Kakapov elx ov Tas opo<j)as. rovreaiv 5i] piav t&v rt s 
£TTpaTLUTeoov cos eveTvprjae, avTiKa a7r’ oUirjs es oUl 7]V lov 
TO 7 vvp eirevepeTO to a(JTV ivav. Kaiopevov be too aareos 
oi Avboi re /cat ocrot Ilepaeco^ evrjaav ev Trj ivoki, cuvokap- 
10 <t>0evTes 7T avToOev coore ra ivepieax^Ta vepopevov tov 
irvpbs Kai ovk exovTes e^rjkvcriv eK tov aareos, avveppeov es 


Te ttjv ay opijv /cat e7rt tov Ila/crcoXo^ tv oTapov, os a<j)i 
\prjypa xP^aou KaTacfropeoov eK tov TpcoXou b ta pearjs Trjs 
ayoprjs pee t /cat e7retra es tov "Eppov TOTapbv e/c5t<5ot, 
15 6 5e es dakaaaav eiri tovtov bi] tov Ila/crcoXo^ /cat es 
tt]v ayopijv adpoi^opevoi ot re Avboi Kai oi Ilepaat 
i)vayKa£ovTO apvveadai. oi be "leones opbovTes tovs pev 
apvvopevovs t&v Tvokepioov, tovs be avv Tvkrjdei t roXXco 
irpoa^epopevovs e^avex&privav beiaavTes Tvpos to opos to 
20 Tpukov Kakeopevov , evOevTev be vto vvKTa curakkaa- 
aovTO eiri ras z'eas. /cat 2ap5tes pev eveTpr)crOr)(Tav, ev 
be ai)Trjcn Kai ipov e7rtxcopt?7S Oeov ~Kv/3r]Pr]s, to gk^tvto- 
pevoi oi Ilepaat vaTepov avTeveTvipTvpaaav Ta ev ''EXXiycrt 
tpa. rore 5e ot Ilepcrat ot evTos Akvos tv OTapov vopovs 
25 exovTes TvpoTrvvOavbpevoi rauTa avvrjki^ovTO Kai efiorjOeov 
to tat Avbo'icn. Kai /ccos ev pev 2dp5tat ou/cert eovTas 
tovs "Ico/'as evpiaKOvat, eivopevoi be /card GTifiov aipeovai 
avTobs ev ? E<£eaco. /cat avTeTax^aav pev oi "Icoves, 
avp^akovTes be ivokkov ecra6)dr]aav. Kai Tvokkovs avT&v 
30 ot Ilepaat cj)ovevov(Ti, akkovs Te ovopaaTobs, ev be bi] Kai 
EvakKibriv aTpaTrjyeovTa ’Eperpteco/', aTe4>avrj4>bpovs Te 


HERODOTUS 


151 


aY&z'as avapaiprjKOTa Kal vtto 'Lipcovldeco tov K r)Lov 
7ro\\d aiveOevTa. ot de avTcov curecjovyov ttjv paxyv, 
ecrKedaaOriaav ava ras to\lcls. 

Tore pev drj ovrco r/ycovlaavTO’ pera de 9 Adrjvaloi pev 
to irapaivav airoXiTOVTes tovs "Ico/'as eiriKaXeopevov atfreas 5 
7 roXXa di ayyeXcov 9 ApidTayopec: ovk ecjoaaav Tipcopyjaeiv 
a<pc. "Icoves de rrjs 9 Adrjvalcov crvppaxlys crreprjdevTes 
(oi/rco yap acj)L vti )px e TreTTOLrjpeva es Aa peiov) ov dev drj 
rjcrcrov tov t pos (3aaiXea iroXepov eaKeva^ovTO. fiacnXel 
de Aapeico cos e^ayyeXOr] 2 d p8is aXovcras epireTpyjadai 10 
vtto re 9 A6r]valcov Kal 9 Icovoov, tov de rjyepova yeveadai ttjs 
avXXoyrjs ware raura avvv^avdrjvai tov M iXriaiov ’A pi- 
crTayoprjVj 7rpcora pev Xey erai avTOV , cos eirvdeTO raura, 
9 Icovcov ovdeva Xoyov TroofjaapevoVj ev eldoTa cos ovtol ye 
ov /car airpo'i^ovTai airocrTavTes, eipeaQai oiTives elev ol is 
9 Adrjva'ioi , pera de irvdopevov aiTrjaaL to to£ov, Xa/3ovTa 
8e Kal eTLOevTa oiaTov avco irpos tov ovpavov aireivai, Kal 
piv es tov rjepa fiaXXovTa enreiv* ’O Zeu, eKyeveaOai poi 
9 Adrjvalovs Te'uraadai, ehravTa de raDra 7 rpovTa^ai evl 
tcov depairovTuv delirvov irpoKeipevov aurco es rpcs e/caarore 20 
eiirelv’ AeaTOTa , pepveo tcov 9 Adrjvalcov . 

(After the events here described, Histiseus prevailed upon Darius 
to let him return to Ionia, on the pretext of suppressing the revolt. 
He was unable to effect a return to Miletus, fled to Chios, and later 
met his death. Aristagoras, too, was killed in Thrace, and the 
Ionian revolt was finally suppressed by the capture of Miletus.) 


BOOK VI 

The Preparations of Darius against Greece 
Mera de rovro aTcerceipdro 6 Aapetos rdov 'E AXrjvoov 6 
ti ev voco exoiev , Korepa TroXepeeiv euvru rj irapadidovai 
(T(J)€cls avrovs. dieivepive cov KrjpvKCLS aXXous aXX# ra^as 
clvol ttjv 'EXXa 5 a, /ceXeu oov acreeiv fiaaCheL yrjv re /cat 
5 vdc op. rovrovs pev drj es rr\v 'EXXa< 5 a eirepire, dXXovs de 

KrjpvKas dieTepire es ras ecovrov daapocfropovs iroXias ras 
TrapadaXaacTLOvs, KeXev ojv veas re pa/cpas /cat anraycoya 
TrXota iroieeadcu. ovroi re dr] rrapeaKevd^ovro ravra /cat 
rotat rjKovai es rr]V 'EXXa 5 a Krjpv^i iroXXol pev r)Tceipooreoov 
10 edoaav ra irpotax^TO airecov 6 Ueparjs, rrdvres de vrjaL&rai 
es rovs air ikoLclto airr]aovres. ot re drj aXXot vr\(Jidorai 
didovci yrjv T€ /cat vdcop Aapeta? /cat /cat At^ ivtjtcll. 
TTOLTjaaai de afyi ravra Wecos ’Adrjva'toL eweKearo, doKeovres 
re eiri a^tat exovras rovs Aiyivrjras deduKevau, d)s dpa rw 
is Ilepo-T? €7rt acfreas arparevoovra t, /cat dapevoi irpo^dcnos 
eireXaPovro, fyoiruvres re es rr\v 2iraprriv Karr\yopeov 
r&v AiyLvrjricov r a Treivoi^noiev irpodovres rrjv 'EXXa 5 a. 

Organization of the Expedition of Datis and Artaphemes 
’Adr]vaLoi(ri pev drj iroXepos avvrjTrro irpos AiyivrjraSy 6 
de Ilepa7]s to ecovrov e7rolee, coare avapipvi](TKovrbs re aiel 
20 rod depdivovros pepvrjadal piv rcov ’AOrjvaLoov kcll Iletcrt- 
c Trparibeoov irpoaKarripevoov /cat diafiaXXovroov ’ AdrjvaiovSj 
dpa de fiovXopevos 6 Aapetos ravrrjs exopevos rrjs rrpo- 
</>a<rtos KaraarpecjoecrdaL rrjs 'EXXa 5 os rovs pr) dovr as avrco 
yrjv re /cat vdcop. AVapdoviov pev drj <f>Xavpoos Tpr]^avra 
25 to; aroXco rvapaXvei rrjs arparrjyLris, aXXovs de arparrj- 

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yovs airode^as airearekke erri re ’Eperptaz; /cat ’AOrjvas, 
Aariv re, eovr a M rjdov yevos , /cat ’Apra(f>pevea roz> 
’ Apracfrpeveos 7rat5a, adekc^Ldeov ecoi/roir evreikapevos 
be arrerrepTre e^avdpaTrodiaavras ’AOrjvas /cat ’Eperptaz' 
avayeiv eaivrti es b\pLv ra avdparroda. 

The Course of the Expedition before Reaching the Greek 
Mainland 

'12s 5e ot cFTpaTrjyoi ovtol oi aTrodexOevres TOpevopevoL 
7 rapa /3a<7tXeos rrpoaepeL^av rfj Na£co (ezrt ravrrjv yap drj 
irptirrjv €Tveix ov arpareveaOaL oi liepcr at), pepvrjpevoL 
rtiv irporepov oi Na£tot 7rpos ra opea olxovto 4>evyovres 
ovde vrrepeLvav. oi de Ilepaat avdparrodicrapevoL rods 
Kareka(3ov avrtiv, everrprjaav /cat ra tpa /cat rrjv ttoXiv. 
ravra de rroLrjaavres eiri ras aXXas vrjcovs avayovro. 
ev a> 5e ovtol ravra ewoLevv, oi AtjXlol enkiTvovres /cat avroi 
rrjv Arjkov olxovto <j>evyovres es Trjvov. rrjs de arparLrjs 
Kararvkeovcrrjs 6 Aarts Tvporfkdccras ovk ea ras veas t pos 
rrjv Arjkov irpoaoppi^ecrOaL , akka rveprjv ev rfj ^Frjvairp 
avros be irvOopevos Iva rjaav oi ArjkLOL, irepiroiv Krjpvna 
rjyopeve a<pL rade' ,r Avdpes ipol, ri <pevyovres olxecrOe, ovk 
eiTLTrjbea Karayvovres /car’ epev ; eyti yap Kai avros ewi 
roaovro ye <f>pove co /cat pot e/c jSaatXeos code eivearakraL , 
ev rfj x&PV 01 ^vo Oeoi eyevovro 7 ravrrjv prjdev aiveaOaL, 
prjre avrrjv rrjv x&PVV PV Te T0 ^ s obcfjropas avrrjs. vvv 
tiv Kai aiTLre e7rt ra vperepa avrtiv Kai rrjv vrjaov vepeaOe. 
ravra pev erreKrjpvKevaaro to'lgl ArjkioLaL , pera de 
Xtjftaz'coroO rpLrjKOdLa rakavra Karavrjaas erri rod (3a)pov 
eOvpirjae. Aarts pev drj ravra rroLrjaas errkee apa rti 
err parti erri rrjv ’Eperptaz^ Tptira, apa ayopevos /cat 
"Icoz'as /cat AtoXeas* pera be rovrov evOevrev e^avaxOevra 


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AtjXos eKivrjdrjj cbs eXeyov oi AtjXlol, Kal 7rpcora /cat vcrara 
juexpt' bpev aeiaOelaa. Kal tovto pev kov repas avdpA- 
Trotat t&v peXXovTUV eaeaOai kclk&v thrive 6 deos. eiri 
yap Aa pelov rod 'Taraaireos Kal Eep£eco rod Aapeiov Kal 
5 ’Apra^ep^eco rod Eep£eco, Tpi&v rovreuv eTvetjrjs yeveewv, 
eyeveTO TvXeco /ca/ca tt\ 'EXXa 5 t rj eirl eiKoai aXXas yeveas 
ras 7rpo Aapeiov yevopevas, ra pev and t&v Hepaeuv 
avrfj yevopeva, ra be cnv’ avT&v tcov KopvcfraLWV t vepi tt)s 
apxv s TvoXepeovTUV. ovtoos ovbev rjv aet/ces Kivrjdrjvai 
10 A rjXov to Tvplv eovaav clklvyjtov. oi be fiapfiapot, As 
cuvrjpav e/c rrjs ArjXov, tv poalaxov Tvpos ras vyaovs, 
evOevTev be aTpaTiijv re TvapeXapfiavov /cat oprjpovs to)v 
vrjau^Tecjov t alb as eXap(3avov. As be TvepnvXeovTes ras 
vrjaovs Trpoaecrxov Kal es K apvaTov (ou yap brj acfri oi 
15 Kapucrrtot ovre oprjpovs eblooaav ovre ecfraaav eiri 7 roXtas 
aarvyelrovas arparevecrdaL, XeyovTes ’Eperpta/' re /cat 
’ Adyvas ), evOavTa tovtovs eTvoXibpKeov re Kal tt]v yr\v 
affrecov eKeipov , es 6 /cat ot Kapucrrtot TvapeaTrjaav es to)v 
TLepaeoov ti)v yvAprjv. oi be Ilepcrat TvXeovTes KaTeaxov 
20 ras veas rrjs ’Eperpt/crjs X&pys Kara Tapwas /cat Xotpeas 
/cat AtYtXta, Karaaxbvres be es raura ra xupia 
avTLKa ltvtvovs T € e £ ej QclXXovto Kal irapeaKeva^ovro cos 
Tvpoaoiaopevoi rolai exdpolai. oi be ’Eperptees € 7 T€^€X- 
6elv pev Kal pax&aada t ou/c eiroievvTO ovXrjv , et /ccos 5 e 
25 biacpvXa^aiev ra relx^a, tovtov a<f)i tv epi epeXe, erveiTe 
eviKa prj entirely rrjv tvoXlv. TvpoafioXrjs be yivopevrjs 
Kapreprjs tv pos to retxos eTvnvTOV eTvl e£ rjpepas tvoXXoI pev 
apcfroTepoov' tt\ be efibopr) Ei/<£op/ 3 os re 6 ’AX/ctpaxou /cat 
^tXaYpos 6 Kweco avbpes t&v aaT&v boKipoi TvpobibovaL 
30 Tolai II epar\ai. oi be eaeXdovTes es Trjv tvoXlv tovto pev 
ra tpa ai/X^crat'res eveTvprjaav, aTvoTivvpevoi t&v ev 


HERODOTUS 


155 


2dp5l(7C KCJLTaKOLvQivTWV ipOOV, TOVTO 5e TOVS CLvdpOOTOVS 
rjv8paTTodi(TavTo Kara ras Aapeiov evroXas. 

The Arrival at Marathon and the Preparations of the 
Athenians 

XeLpcoaapevoi 8e rrjv ? E perpiav Kal hnaxovres oXiyas 
rjpepas errXeov es yrjv rrjv ’Attiktjv, Karepyovres re 
7 roXXov Kal 8oKeovres ravra rods ’AdrjvaLovs iroiTjaeiv ra 
Kal tovs ’E perpieas eToirjcrav. Kal rjv yap Ma padwv 
€TLT7]8eoTaTov x^plov rrjs ’ Attlktjs evnvivedaai Kal ay %o- 
rarco rrjs J E perpirjs, es rodro <r<£i Karrjyeero *iTnrirjs 6 
UeLCTLCTTpaTov. ’A drjvaZoL 8e cos e7r vOovto ravra , eftorjdeov 
Kal avrol es rov Mapadcova. rjyov 8e acfreas arparrjyol 
8eKa , r&v 6 beKaros riv M iXria8r)s, rod rov warepa 
Kipoova rov 'Xrrjaayope co KareXa^e <j>vyeiv e% ’AOrjveuv 
Heurlarparov rov T7r7r OKpareos. 

Kal 7rpcora pev eovres en ev rep aarei oi arparriyol 
airoTvepivovai es 'Z'lraprrjv KrjpvKa iXnnri8r]v, ’AdrjvaZov 
pev avbpa, aXXcos be fipepobpoprjv re Kal rodro peXer&vra • 
rep 8rj, cos avros re eXeye d >iXunribris Kal 5 AdrjvaioiaL 
arvrjyyeXXe, irepl to HapOeviov opos to vrrep Teyerjs 6 
Ila^ TepiTLirrei. /3cdaavra be to ovvopa rod QiXnnribew 
rov Hava ’Adrjvaioiai KeXedaai airayyeZXai , bi o ti 
ecouroO ovbepiav enpeXeiav woiedvrai,, eovros evvoov 
5 AOrjvaLoiai Kal tt oXXaxfj yevopevov a<j>i rjbrj xpyvlpov, ra 
8’ en Kal eaopevov. Kal ravra pev ’ AdrjvaZoi , Karaarav- 
rcov a<jn ev rjbrj roov tt prjyparoiv, marevaavres elvai 
aXrjOea ibpvaavro vtto rfj aKporrbXi llanos Ipov, Kal 
avrov curb ravrrjs ayyeXirj s Ovairjai eir ereioiai Kal 
Xaprrabi IXaaKovrai. rore be Trepijrdels vto tcov arpa- 
rrjy&v o QiXiTnribrjs ovros, ore irep oi ecjrrj Kal rov Hava 


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<j)avrjvai, bevTepalos e k tov ’A Orjva'iuv aoreos rjv ev 
S7r apTri, amKopevos be err l tovs apxovTas eXeye * ’0 
AaKebaipbvioi , ? Adrjvaloi vpeuv beovTai a^lai PorjOrjaat 
Kal pi] rreptibelv ttoXlv apxatOTaTr]v ev toIctl "E Wrjai 
5 bovXoavvr] 7 rept 7 reaovaav irpos avbp&v Pap/ 3 apo:v' /cat 
yap vvv ’Eperpta re rjvbpairbbto’Tat /cat ttoXl Xoytpo) rj 
'EXXas yeyove aadevearepr}. 6 pev brj a</>t ra evTeTaXpeva 
aTr)yyeX\€j rotcrt de eabe pev ( 3 or] 0 eeiv ? A 6 r]vaioi(Jij 
advvara be cr<£t rjv to rrapavTiKa rroteeiv ravra ov 
10 PovXopevoi(Ji Xvetv tov vopov rjv yap IcrTapevov tov 
prjvos eivcLTr ], eivaTrj be ovk e^eXevaecOat e^aaav pi] ov 
7rXrjpeos eovTos tov kvkXov. ovtol pev vvv Tijv rvavaeXrjvov 
epevov, rotat be fiapPapoun \iaTy]yeeTO 'Imrlrjs 6 Iletcrt- 
< TTpaTov es tov M apad&va, ? AOrjvaioLO'i be TeTaypevoiai 
15 ev Tepevei 'Hpa/cXeos errrjXdov fior]OeovTes IlXaratees 
rravbrjpei Kal yap Kal ebeb&Kecrav acfreas avTovs rotat 
’ AOvrjatotat ol IlXaratees, /cat ttovovs vtt ep avT&v ’ AOrjvaloi 
c tvxvovs r]br] avapaipeaTO * 

The Battle of Marathon 

Totat be ? AOrjvaloov orpar^Yotcrt eylvovTO bixa at 
20 yv&pai, t&v pev ovk e&vTOiv avpPaXe'lv (oXtyovs yap 
elvai crrpartfj tt\ Mrjbwv avpPaXe'tv) , t&v be Kal MtXrtdSeco 
KeXevovTWV. cos be blxa re eylvovTO Kal evUa i] x e ' L Puv 
tCjv yvoipeoov, evdavra, r]v yap evbeKaTOS \[/rjfyibofyopos o 
too Kvapcc Xax&v ’ Adrjvaloov rvoXepapxttw (to 7raXat ov 
25 yap ’AOrjva'ioi opb\J/r](pov tov 7 roXepapxov erroievvTO to'lctl 
CTpar^'yoto't), rjv be TOTe rvoXepapxos KaXXtpaxos ’Acjnb- 
va'loSj Trpos tovtov eX6o:v MtXrtdS^s eXeye Tabe’ ? E/> 
aol vvv , KaXXtpax*, cart fj KaTabovX&oai ’AOrjvas rj 
eXevdepas iroLrjoavTa pvripoavva XnreoOai es tov airavTa 


HERODOTUS 


157 


avOpkrrwv fi'iov ola ovbe 'Appobeos re /cat ’ApierToyeiTaiv. 
vvv yap brj , e£ ou eyevovTO ’AOvyjaloL, es idvbvvov t]kov(tl 
peyeaTov, /cat rjv pev ye U7ro/cu^coat rotcrt M^Sotat, beboKTat 
ra rreicrovT at rrapabebopevoi 'Imrir), rjv be rrepiyevr]Tai 
avTr] r] 7 roXts, ot '17 re ecrrt rrpecTr] tcov '~EiXXr]vLbcov 7toXlccv 
yeveaOai. /ccos &v brj raura ota re ecrrt yeveaOai, /cat 
/ccos es ae rot tovtcov avrjKet t&v rrpr/yparwv to Kvpos 
exav, vvv epxopai cfipacruv. rjpeoov t&v aTparrjyoov 
ebvroiv beiea bixa yivovrai at yv&pat, t&v pev leeXevovTWv 
crvp/SaXelv, t&v be ov. rjv pev vvv prj ervpPaXoopev, 
eXrropai Tiva araaiv peyaXrjv biacrelcreiv eprrecrovaav ra 
’Adrjvaicov ej)povrjpara a?are piqbiaai * rjv be avpfiaXwpev 
rrpiv ti Kai eraQpov ’AOrivaLoov pere^eTepoicri eyyevecrdai, 
Oeoov ra laa vepovrwv oloL re eipev rrepLyeveerdai rfj 
avpfioXrj. raura &v rravra es ere vvv reivei /cat e/c creo 
aprrjTaL' rjv yap av yveopr} rfj epfj irpoadr}, eart rot 
rrarpis re eXevdeprj /cat ttoXls Tpcorr] t&v ev rfj 'EXXa<5t* 
rjv be TTjv t&v arroarrevdovre^v rrjv avppoXrjv eXr], vrvap^ei 
rot tcov eyo: /careXe£a ayaQ&v ra evavria. ravra Xeycov 
6 MtXrtdS^s 7 rpoo 7 crarat tov lAaXXipaxov' rrpoeryevo- 
pevrjs be rod rroXepapxov rrjs yveoprjs e/ce/cupcoro avpfiaX- 
Xeev. per a be oi arparrjyol r<£ v rj yvecprj eefrepe ervpfiaX- 
Xeiv, cos eKCLcrrov avrcov eyivero TpvravrjLrj rrjs rjpeprjSy 
MiXTiabrj rrapebLboaav. 6 be beieopevos ovtl kco avpfioXrjv 
eTOLeero, rrptv ye brj avrov rrpvTavqir] eyevero. cos be es 
ene'ivov rrepirjXOe , evdavra brj eracrcrovTO eode oi 9 AOrjva'ioL 
cos ervpfiaXeovTe s* tov pev be^iov /cepeos rjyeeTO 6 rvoXe- 
papxos KaXXLpaxos’ 6 yap vopos TOTe et%€ oi/rco 
rotcrt ’ AOrjvaLoicrL, tov rroXepapxov ex €LV /cepas to be^iov. 
rjyeopevov be tovtov e^ebeieovTO cos apidpeovTO at <pvXaL, 
exopevai aXXrfXe^v’ reXeuratot be eTaaaovTO, exovTes to 


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eveovvpov Kepas, IlXaratees. cltto TavTys yap acfoi ttjs 
paxys ? A dyvaioov dvalas avayovToov es iravyyvpias tcls ev 
rfjai 7 T evTeTypiai yivopevas /careuxerac 6 Krjpv% o 9 KOyvaios 
apa re 9 A6yvaioiai \eyoov yiveaOai ra ayada Kal 
5 IIXarateOcTL. rore be Taaaopevoov toov ’AQyvaioov ev rw 
M apaOoovi eyiveTO Toiovbe ri* to dTpaTOivebov e^iaov- 
pevov tco M ybiKoo aTpaTOirebcp, to pev avTov peaov eyiveTO 
cttI rd £ias oXiyas, Kal TavTy yv aaOeveaTaTOv to aTpaTO- 
7 rebov, to be Kepas UaTepov eppooTO ifKyQei. cos be acjoi 
10 5 cerera/cro Kal ra acfoayia eyiveTO /caXa, evOavra cos 
a7 relO^dav ol 9 AOyvaioi, bpopoo Uvto es tovs fiapfiapov s. 
r/aav be aTabioi ovk e\aaaoves to peTaix^ov avTOOv y 
oktoo. ol be II epaai bpoovres bpopoo emovTas irapeaKeva- 
%ovto cos be^opevoi, paviyv re To'iai ? A Oyvaioiai eweefrepov 
is Kal irayx v oKedpiyv , opoovTes avTOVS eovTas oXiyovs, /cat 
tovtovs bpopco eireiyopevovs oure lttttov V 7rapxovayjs d<pi 
ovTe ToljevpaTOov. TavTa pev vvv ol ( 3ap(3apoi KaTeiKa^ov 
’AOyvaTioi be eireiTe aOpooi irpoaepei&v To'iai fiap(3apoiai, 
epaxovTo a^ioos \byov. irpboTOi pev yap 'EWyvoov 
20 ttcivtoov toov ype'is ibpev bpopco es 7r o\epiovs expyaavTO, 
TTpboTOL be aveaxovTO eaOrjTa re MybiKrjv opcodes Kal 
tovs avbpas TavTyv eadijpevovs' recos be yv Toiai EXKTjai 
Kal to ovvopa to M Tjboov cjoo(3os aKovaai. paxoptvoov be 
ev too Mapadaovi xpbvos eyiveTO iroXkos. Kal to pev peaov 
25 rou dTpaTOirebov evUoov ol fiapfiapoi, Trj Hepaai re avTol 
Kal Sa/cai ereraxaro* /card roOro pev brj evUcov ol 
ffappapoi Kal prj^avTes ebiooKov es Tyv peaoyaiav, to be 
Kepas eKaTepov evUoov 9 AQyva'ioi re Kal IlXaracees. 
viKcbvTes be to pev TeTpappevov toov fiapfiapoov (foevyeiv 
30 ec ov, To'iai be to peaov py£aai avToov avvayayovTes 
ra Kepea epaxovTO, Kal evUoov ? A OvyjaToi. cjoevyovai 


HERODOTUS 


159 


8e to'lgl II eparjai ehrovTO KowTovreSj es 6 errl ttjv 
OakcuTvav amKopevoi tt vp re alreov Kal eireXapfiavovTo 
Tcov vecov. Kal tovto pev ev tovtco tco ttovco 6 TroXepapxos 
8ia<jodeipeTai y avrjp yevopevos ayados, curd 5’ Wave tcov 
aTparrjycov ^TrjaiXecos 6 GpacruXear tovto 8e YLvveyeipos 
6 ^vcjooplcovos evdavTa eiriXapfiavopevos tcov acjoXaaTcov 
veos, ttjv x e ^P a OLTTOKOTels ireXeKei TriirTei, tovto 8e a Wot, 
9 AdrjvaLcov toWol t€ Kal ovopaaTol. eir ra pev 8rj tcov 
vecov eireKpaTijaav Tpoirco tolovtc p 9 AOrjvaioi, rfjcrt 8e 
Aourrjai 61 fiapfiapot, e^avaKpovaapevoi Kal avaXafiovTes 
e k ttjs vrjcrov ev Trj eknrov ra e£ ’Eperpujs av8pa7ro8a y 
Trepieiikeov 'Lovviov , fiovkopevoi cjodrjvat, tovs 9 Adrjvalovs 
aTLKopevoL es to ckttv. ovtoi pev 8rj TrepieTrXeov 'Zovvlov 
’Adrjvaloi 8e cos tto8cov elxov efiorjdeov es to acrru, Kal 
ecjodrjaav re airiKopevoi irplv rj tovs fiapfiapovs rjKeiv , Kal 
ecrTpaTOTebevcravTO amypevoi e£ 'Hpa/cXetou tov ev 
Alapadcovi ev aXXco 'Hpa/cXeuo tco ev JUvvocrapyeL. ol 8e 
fiapfiapoi Trjau vrjval vrrepaicoprjdevTes Qa\rjP 0V (tovto 
yap r\v eirlveiov TOTe tcov ’A drjvaicov) virep tovtov 
avaKOOxwcravTes ras veas aireir\eov oirlaco es ttjv ? A alrjv. 
ev TavTTj Tjj ev M.apadcovL paxxi airedavov tcov fiapfiapcov 
/card e^aKiax^Xlovs Kal TeTpaKoaiovs av8pas y 9 AdrjvaLcov 
8e eKaTov Kal evevrjKOVTa Kal 8vo . AaKebaipovicov 8e 
rjKov es ras 9 AQrjvas SlgxLXlol pera ttjv tt avae\rjvov y 
exovTes cnrovbrjv TroWrjv KaTaXafielVy ovtco cocrTe TpiTaZoi 
eK HiTrapTrjs eyevovTO ev Trj ? A ttlktj. vcrTepoi 8e a ttiko- 
pevot ttjs avppoXrjs tpelpovro opcos derjcraadai tovs 
Mrjbovs * eXOovTes 8e es tov Mapadcova ederjcravTO. pera 
8e alveovTes 5 A drjvalovs Kal to epyov avTcov airaWacraovTO 
otlgco. 


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BOOK VII 


Preparations of Darius for a Second Invasion of Greece 
’Eirei be rj ayye\ir\ cnrUeTO irepi Trjs paxw T VS & 
MapaOcbvL yevopevrjs irapa ftacnkea Aa pe'iov tov Tara - 
o-7reos Kai 7 T piv peyakws Kexapaypevov rotcrt ? A drjvaioLcn 
dia tt)v es 2 apSis eafioXrjv, Kai brj Kai Tore i roXXA re 
5 beivoTepa eiroiee Kai paWov opprjTO GTpaTevecrdai eiri 
r? )v 'EXXa5a. Kai avrUa pev eirrjyyeXXeTO irepiruv 
ayyeXovs Kara tto\ls eToipa^eiv aTpaTirjv, i roXXA 7rXea; 
eTLTacrcrwv eKacrTOiai rj irpoTepov irapelx ov > KaL T€ 

Kai hrirovs Kai gZtov Kai 7 rXota. tovtuv be irepiayyek- 
10 Xopevuv f) ’A aLrj eboveeTO eiri rpia erea, KaT a\ey opevwv 
re t&v apiaTcov As eiri tt]v 'EXXa5a arparevaopevoiv Kai 
irapacrKeva^opevcov. rerapra; be erei AiyvirTioi ol vtto 
Kapj Qvaew bovkcoOevTes aireaTrjaav curb Tlepaewv. evdavra 
dr] Kai paWov opprjTO Kai err* apcfrorepov s dTpareveadaL. 
is areXXopevov be Aa peLov err’ AlyvirTOV Kai ’Adrjvas tuv 
iraibuv avrov aracus eyevero peyakr) irepi rrjs r\yepovir\ s, 
As be Z prv airobe^avTa fiaaikea Kara tov Ylepcrewv vopov 
ovtoj (TTpareveadai. rjaav yap Aapeicc Kai irpbrepov rj 
^aaikevaai yeyovores rpeTs ira'ibes eK rrjs irporeprjs 
20 yvvaiKOS, Toj^pveco dvyarpos, Kai fiaaikevcravTi e£ ’Aroa- 
ar] s Trjs Kupou erepot reaaepes. t&v pev brj irporepuv 
eirpeajieve ’AprojSafa^s, tQv be eiriyevopevuv Eep^s. 
eovres be prjrpos ov rrjs avrrjs earaaia^ov, o pev ’Apro- 
/3a^avr]s /car’ 6 tl irpecrfivTaTOS re eir] iravrbs rod ybvov 
25 Kai otl vopc^opevov eir\ irpos iravTWV avdpdoira)v tov 
irpecrfivTaTOV Trjv apxv v *X eLV i S ep^rjs be As ’Aroacr^s re 
7 rals elr] Trjs K vpov dvyaTpos icai otl KOpos eirj o KTrjaa- 
160 


HERODOTUS 


161 


pevos t dial II epariai rrjv eXevdepLrjp. AapeLov be ovk 
aTobeiKPvpepov kco yvoiprjp eTvyx^ve Kara rcouro tovtoktl 
K al ArjpaprjTos 6 ’Aplaruvos apaPePrjK&s es 'Eovaa , 
eaTeprjpevos re tt}s ev Svrapr# aatkrjirjs Kal 4>vyrjp £tl- 
(3a\<bp ecourco €K AaKebaipovos. ovtos (bvrjp irvdo pevos 
t&p AapeLov iraibwv rrjv bLa<poprjv, eXdwv, cos rj 4 >cltls piv 
£X eL , E ep^rj avve(3ov\eve \eyeiv irpos to'Icti ekeye eirecn, cos 
avros pev yevoiTO Aapeiu rjbr] fiacnXevopTi Kal exovTi to 
Ilepcrecoj' Kparos, 7 ApTo/3a^avrjs be en ibi&Tr] eovTi AapeLco’ 
ovk &v ovre olkos eir] ovt 6 biKaiov aX\ov tivcl to yepas 
extiv 7r po iojvTOVj eireL ye Kal ev XirapTrj, ecfrri 6 AirjpaprjTos 
viroTidepevos, ovto) vopL^eadai, rjv oi pev irpoyeyovoTes 
ecocri irplv rj top t arepa acjreuv fiaaiXevcrai, 6 be pacn- 
XevovTi oxpLyovos emyevrjTai, tov emyevopevov ttjp eKbe^iv 
tt}s PaaLXrjirjs yiveaOai. xPV°' a l JL ^ i;ov ^ Eepjeco rfj 
ArjpaprjTOV virodrjKri yvovs 6 Aapeios cos \eyot biKaia 
fiaaiXea piv airebe^e. boKeeiv be poi y Kal avev TavTrj s Trjs 
V7rodr]Kr}s efiacriXevcre av Septs’ r] yap "A Toaaa elx e to 
7rav KpaTos. arrobe^as be fiaaiXea II epariai Sep^ea Aa- 
peios oppaTO (TTpaTeveadai, ’ aXXa yap pera raOra re Kal 
AlyvTTOv cnrocrTaaip rco ucrrepco erei irapaaKeva^opevov 
avprjpeiKe avTov AapeLov, ^aaiKevaavTa tcl iravTa e£ re 
Kal TpirjKOPTa erea, airodavelp, ovbe oi e^eyeveTO oure rous 
aireaTecoTas Alyvirmovs ovTe ’AdrjvaLovs Tipwprjcracrdai. 

The Succession of Xerxes. Invasion of Greece Urged by 
Mardonius 

5 AirodavovTos be AapeLov r) fiaaiXrjLrj apex&prjae es top 
7 ralba top eKeivov Aep^rjp. o toLpvp Eep^rjs eirl pep Trjv 
'E XXaba ovbap&s rrpodvpos rjv /car’ apxas crrpareuecr#at, 
ewl be A’CyvTTOP eiroieeTO arpart^s ayepaiv. Tapecov be 


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HERODOTUS 


Kai dvvaiuevos 7 rap’ aurw peyiarov Uepaeoiv Mapbbvios 6 
TaifipveGi, os rjv 'Eepfy pev aveipios, Aapeiov be abeXcjierjs 
7raTs, tolovtov Xoyov (’LytTo, Xeyoiv AeaTvora, ovk olkos 
earn 5 AtirjvaLovs epyaaapevovs tv oXXa brj /ca/ca Hepaas pi] 
5 ov bovvai 8 Lk.cls tgiv eTVolr]aav. aXX ei to pev vvv raura 
TvprjaaoLs tcl Tvep ev x e P^ rjpepoiaas be AlyvTvrov 

ti )v e$;vftplaaaav arpar^Xaree eiri ras ’ Atirjvas, Iva Xoyos 
re ae e%!? 7rpos avOpcoTvoiv ayatios Kai tls varepov 4 >vXaa- 
( TTjTaL €7rl 'y^ tyjv arjv arpareveatiai. outos pev ol Xoyos 
10 r}p TLpupos, tovtov be rod Xoyov TapevtirjKTjv t voieeaKero 
Trjvbe, cos rj ~EvpGnvrj TvepiKaXXrjs X&PV Ka ' L dhbpea TvavTola 
(frepei ra rjpepa aperrjv re a/cpi?, fiaaiXel re povv co tivrjTGiv 
a^Lrj eKTTjadai. raura be eXeye ola veurepaiv epyoiv 
emtiop'qrrjs e&v ical tieX giv avros rrjs 'EXXaSos VTvapxos 
is elvai. XP° V V Karepyaaaro re Kai aveTveiae Aepi-rjv 

chare Tvoieeiv raura. 

Sep^s be pera AlyvTvrov aXc oaiv cos epeXXe es x e ^P as 
a^eatiai to arparevpa to km ras ’ Atirjvas , avXXoyov 
emKkr\TOv Uepaevov tgiv aplaroiv eTOikero, iva yvupas re 
20 TvvtirjTai afyeoiv Kai avros ev tv da l ehrrj ra Oe\ei. cos be 
avve\extir](Toiv, eXeye Eep^rjs rabe • ,r Avbpes Uepaat, ovr 
avros KaTrjyrjaopai vbpov rovbe ev vplv mtiels tv apabe^a- 
pevos re aura) xpy ( 70 P aL - & s Tap €70) TvvvOavopai tgiv 
TvpeafivrepGiv, ovbapa kco rjrpepiaapev, emlre tv apeXa- 
25 Popev rrjv rjyepovirjv Trjvbe Tvapa Mrjboiv, Kupou KareXovros 
'Aarvayea- aXXa tieos re ourco ayei Kai avTolai ripw 
ToXXa enveivovai avp 4 >eperai em to apeivov. ra pev vvv 
Kupos re Kai KapPvarjs Tvarrjp re o epos AapeTos Karep- 
yaaavro Kai TvpoaeKTrjcravTO etivea , eTviaTapevoiai ev ovk 
30 dv tls Xeyoi. eyoi be ewelre tv apeXafiov tov tipovov tovtov , 
ecbpovTL^ov okcos prj Xeixpopai tgiv tv porepov yevopevoiv ev 


HERODOTUS 


163 


TLprj Trjbe /irjde eXaaaco TvpoaKTrjaopai bvvapiv UeparjaL * 
c ppovTifav be evplaKco apa pev Kvbos rjplv rvpoayivbpevov 
xboprjv re Trjs vvv eKTrjpeda ovk eXaaaova ovbe 4>XavpoTepr]V 
irap(j)opcA)Tepr]p be, apa be TLpccplrjv re /cat t'kjiv ywopevrjv. 
8lo vpeas vvv eych avveXe^a, Iva to voeoo Trprjaaeiv 
VTepdeoopcu vplv. peXXco f evicts tov 'EXXi7<77rot'roz' hXav 
arparov bia Trjs ^vpdcTvr]s erri Trjv 'EXXaSa, 'iva ’ k6r\valovs 
TLpooprjaoopat, baa brj TeTrocrjicaaL Uepaas re /cat tv arepa 
tov epov. copare pev vvv Kal Aapeiov WvovTa arpareue- 
aOai €ttl tovs avbpas tovtovs. aXX’ 6 pev TeTeXevTrjKe Kal 
ovk e^eyeveTO ot Tipwpr)aaaQai' ey& be vtv ep re eKelvov 
Kal t&v aXXcov Uepaecov ov tv poTepov iravaopai rrplv rj eXco 
Te Kal Tvvpooaai t as ’ AOrjvas, ot 76 epe Kal waTepa tov 
epov VTrfjp^av abiKa rroievvTes. 7rpcora pe^ es 2ap5ts 
eXOovTes apa 5 ApLaTayoprj rw MtX^atco, 5ouXa> 5e rjpeTepco, 
evewprjaav tcl Te aXaea Kal ra tpor bevTepa de rjpeas ota 
ep£af es ttjv acj)eTepr)v cnvo^avTas, OTe Aarts re /cat 
’Arpac^pei^s eaTparfyeov, emaTaade kov TvavTes. tovtqjv 
pevToi etVe/ca avapTrjpai err’ avTovs aTpaTeveaOai, ayaOa 
5e et> avTolai Toaabe avevplaKco Xoyi,£6pevos‘ el tovtovs 
Te Kal tovs TOVTOiai TXrjatox^povs KaTaaTpe\pbpeOa, ot 
IIeXo7ros too <£pu7os vepovTa t x&PWj JW T W IlepatSa 
aTrode^opev ra> Atos aWepi opovpeovaav. ov yap brj 
X&prjv yt ovbeplav /caroi^erat T^Xtos opovpeovaav rfj 
ijpeTepr), aXXa a<j>eas Tvaaas ey<b apa vplv plav x&pr)v 
Orjaoo, bia Tvaarjs bie&XOwv Trjs Eopcb7rr;s. TVwOavopai 
yap &be exeiv, oore rt^a 7roXt^ avbp&v ovbeplav ovTe edvos 
ovbev avOpboTvoov viroXelTveadaL, to rjplv olov Te eorat 
eXOeiv es paxyv, tovtcov t&v /careXe£a vrre%apaLpr)pevuv. 
raDra ehvas ervaveTO. peT ’ a vtov be MapbovLos eXeye‘ 
beaTOTa , ou povvov els tCov yevopevoov Hepaeoiv 


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I 


164 


HERODOTUS 


aptaros , aXXa /cat tcov eaopevuv, os ra re aXXa keywv 
eiriKeo aptara Kai akrjOeaTara Kai "Icoi'as rous ev rrj 
Fvpdoirri KarotKrjpevovs ova eacrets Kar ay ekaaai rjplv 
eovras ava^iovs. Kai yap betvov av e\r\ wprjypa, et 
5 Sa/cas pev Kai ? I vbovs Kai AWlotcls re Kai ’A cravpiovs 
akka re Wvea rvokka /cat peyaka abtKrjaavTa Uepaas 
ovbev , aXXa bvvaptv irpoaKraodat 1 Qovkopevot, Karaarpe- 
xl/apevot bovkovs exopev, "Ekkrivas be vrrap^avras abtKtrjs 
ov TtpoipriaopeOa. tl belaavres ) Kolrjv rrkrjdeos crvarpo- 
10 (frrjv) Kotrjv be xp^Mgtcoz' bvvaptv ) tcov eirtarapeda pev 
tt]v paxyv, emcTTapeda be ttjv bvvaptv eovaav acrdevea * 
exopev be avrcov ira'idas naTaaTpe^apevot, tovtovs ot ev 
rrj rjperepri KaroiKrjpevot ’leones re /cat Alokees Kai 
Acoptees Kakeovra t. erretprjOrjv be Kai avros rjbrj errekav- 
15 vcov €7rt rovs avbpas tovtovs viro rrarpos rod aov Kekev- 
crdels, Kai pot pexP 1 Ma/ce^o^s ekaaavr t /cat oktyov 
arvokiTvovTi es auras ’ A0r)vas arviKeadat ovbeis rjvTtaodrj 
es paxyv. <701 be brj pekket tls , co (3a(Tikev, avTtooaecrdai 
Tvokepov rrpocjoepcov, ayovrt Kai rrkrjdos to e/c rrjs ’Aert^s 
20 /cat veas ras arrao-as ; cos pev eye: boKeoo, ovk es tovto 
O apaeos avrjKe t ra 'EXX^co^ irp^ypara' el 5 e apa eyooye 
x/yevadeirjv yvoopr) Kai eKelvot errapdevres afiovkir\ ekOotev 
rjp 2 v es paxyv, padotev av cos eipev avdpcorvcov aptarot ra 
rrokepta. eerreo < 5 ’ &v prjbev airelpriTOV avroparov yap 
25 ovbev, aXX ? a 7 ro Trelpr]s rvavra avOpooTroicn cjoikeet ylveadat. 

The Expedition Opposed by Artabanus 

Map&mos pev roaavra emkerjvas rfy Eep£eco yvtoprjv 
erreiravTo * atcorrcovTcov be tcov aXXcoi' TLepaecov Kai ov 
rokpeovreov yvt'cp'qv ctTobeiKvvadai avrirjv rrj tt poKeipevrj , 


HERODOTUS 


165 


’AprdjSaws 6 'ToTa< 77 reos, 7 rarpcos euv Eepi#, rw &7 /cat 
irLavvos e&v eXeye Tabe‘ ^12 j^aaiXev, pr) Xexdeiaewv pev 
yvupeuv avTiewv aXX^X^crt ovk ecrrt ttjv apelv co alpeo- 
pevov ekeadai, aXXa Set rfj elprjpevr} xpacrflat, Xexdeiaewv 
be ecrrt , &cnrep tov xpwbv t ^v ciKrjpaTOv a vtov pev ew 
ecouroD ou biayivooaKopev, eireav be TrapaTpixpcopev aXXco 
Xpvaco, biayivuaKopev tov apeivo). ey<h be /cat irarpl ra> 
aco, abeXcfreu) be epvo, Aapetw rjyopevov prj aTpaTeveadai 
67rt 2/cu0as, avbpas ovbapodi yrjs acrrv vepovr as* 6 be 
eXirifav 2/cu0as tovs vopabas KaTaaTpepeadai epol re 
ovk eweLOeTO, arpaTevaapevos re ttoXXovs kcll ayadovs ttjs 
aTpcLTLTjs airofiaXuv bnrfjXde. ai) be, & fiaaiXev, peXXeis 
ew’ avbpas aTpaTeveadai iroXXov ert apelvovas fj 2/cu0as, 
ot /card daXaaaav Te aptarot /cat /card 777 ^ XeyovTa t 
et^at. au 5’ &v pfj fiovXev es Kivbvvov prjbeva toiovtov 
airiKeadai prjbepirjs avayKrjs eovarjs, aXXa epol ireWev' 
vvv pev tov avXXoyov Tovbe biaXvaov aurts be, ot av tol 
boKrj, irpoaKe-ipapevos eirl crec ovtov irpoayopeve ra rot 
boKeei elvai aptara. opas ra virepexovTa fwa cos Kepavvol 
o deos ovbe ea 4>avTa£eada 1 , ra 5e apiKpa ouSe/' piv 
/aafer opas be cos es oiKrjpaTa ra peyiaTa atet /cat 
bevbpea ra rotaOra bnroaKrjTTei tol (3eXea. tpiXeei yap 
o deos ra virepexovTa iravTa KoXoveiv. oi/rco be Kal 
arparos 7 roXXos i> 7 ro oXiyov bia^deipeTai /card Toiovbe' 
eireav acj)i o deos cfrdovrjaas (fiofiov ep/3aXrj rj fipovTTjv, bi 
&v e(f)dapr]aav avai-lais eoovTcov. ov yap ea cfrpoveeiv peya 
o deos aXXov 7 } ecovTOV. crol pev brj raura, co (3aaiXev, 
avpfiovXevu’ av be, co 7 rat rcoftoueco, wavaai Xeyuv 
Xoyovs paratous 7 rept 'EXX^coiK ovk eovTcov a^ioiv <f>Xavpcos 
CLKOVeLV. 


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HERODOTUS 


The Anger of Xerxes against Artabanus 

’ ApTafiavos pev tclvtcl e\e^e, E ep^rjs be OvpooOels apei- 
fieTai tolgI be' ’A pTafiave, irarpos els rod epov abeXe^eos' 
tovto ere pvcreTcu prjbeva a£t ov pavOov Xaf3elv eireeov 
paTalaiv. /cat rot TavTrjv ttjv aTiplr]V irpoGTiOripi eovTi 
5 /ca/c<3 re /cat advpcv, prjre avarpareveadaL epoiye eirl ttjv 
*EXXa5a avTov re peveiv apa Trjai yvvai^i' eya: be /cat 
avev aeo ocra 7 rep ehra emreXea ttolyigco. pi] yap ei k]v €/c 
Aapelov rod 'TaraGireos rod ? A paapeos rod ? Apiapapvew 
rod Tetaireos rod ’Axape/'eos yeyovcos, pi] TLpoop7]adpevos 
10 ’Adrivaiovs, ev eiriGTapevos otl ei rjpels i]Gvxlyv a^opev, 
aXX’ ovk eKelvoi, aXXa /cat paXa arpaTevaovra t e7rt 
rjpeTeprjv, ei XPV GTadpwaaaOai toIgl virapypevoiGi 
eneivoov, ot SapSts re eveTrpr]Gav Kal rfkaaav es ttjv 
’Agltjv. ovk &v e^avax^peeiv ovberepoiai bvvar&s ex € U 
15 aXXa iroieeiv rj rraOelv irpoKeirai aywv, iva rj rabe irdvra 
vto ''EXX^at 77 eKelva 7 ravTa vivo HepGTjGi yevrjTai’ to 
yap peaov ovbev rrjs exOprjs cgtl. koXov &v TrpoTverrov- 
Oot as rjpeas TLpoopeeiv rjbr] yivejai, Iva Kal to beivov to 
T vetGopai tovto padco, ekaaas e7r ? avbpas tovtovs , tovs 
20 ye Kal HeXoxJ/ 6 &pv£, e&v rraTepoov tcov ep&v bovXos, 
KaTeGTpeipaTO ovtco cos Kal es Tobe avToi re cbvdpcciroi Kal 
i] 7 77 avT&v e 7 rcovvpoL tov KaTaGTpe\f/apevov KaXeovT at. 

Xerxes and Artabanus Arrive at a Common Decision 

TaOra pev eirl togovto eXeyeTO, pera be evc^povr] re 
eylveTo Kal E ep^rjv eKvi^e rj ’ApTafiavov yvdvpr]' vvktI be 
25 1 SovXrjv bibovs Trayxv evpiGKe ot ov rrprjypa elvai GTpa- 
TeveaOai eirl ttjv 'EXXaSa. beboypevcvv be oi ovtis tovtcov 
KaTVTvcoGej Kal brj kov ev Trj vvktI elbe o\piv TOiijvbe, cos 
XeyeTat vi to HepGeoov eboKee o Eep^s avbpa ot eieiGTavTa 


HERODOTUS 


167 


peyav re /cat eveibea eiTvelv' Mera brj jftouXeueat, & rtepaa, 
crrpdreupa prj ayeiv eirl ttjv 'EXXa 5 a, TpoetTvas aXL^eiv 
Heparjcn (jrparov ; ovre &v peTafiovXevopevos tv oteets eu, 
ovre o avyyvooabpevos toi tv apa* aXX’ coa7rep tt]s rjpeprjs 
efiovXevaao Tvoieeiv , tclvttiv Wi toov od&v. tov pev raura 
ehvavra ebonee o Eep^s aTOTVTaadai, rjpepr}s be eTViXap- 
xpacrris oveLpov pev tovtov Xoyov ovbeva eTV oteero, 6 be 
Uepcreoiv avvaXlaas tov s /cat Tvporepov avveXe^e, eXeye cr</>t 
rabe' ” kvbpes Ilepaat, avyyvcopr}v pot ex^re on aTX^“ 
(TTpocj) a PovXevopcu * cfrpev gov re yap es ra epeoovTod 7rpcora 
ou/cco olvtjkgo, /cat ot Tvapv\yopeopevoi eaelva Tvoieeiv ovbeva 
Xpovov pev CLTexovrat. aKOvaavTL pevToi pot rrjs ’Arpa- 
fiavov yvcoprjs TvapavTina pev rj vebrr\s eTve^eae, ware 
aet/cearepa aTVopp'iypai eTvea es avbpa Tvpea^vrepov rj 
XPtbv vvv pevroi crvyyvovs xPV^opai T V eKeLvov yvuprj. 
(bs oov perabeboypevov pot pi] <jt paTeveadai eivi ttjv 
'EXX aba, rjavxoi care. Ilepaat pev cos rjKovaav ra Ora, 
/ce%ap?7/cores TvpoaeKvveov’ vvktos be yevopevr]s aurts rcouro 
oveipov rco Sep£# KaTVTveopevep eXeye eTVL(TTav' 12 7rat 
Aapetou, /cat 697 fyaiveai ev rtepa^at re aivenvapevos ttjv 
CTpaTY]Xa<Jir)v /cat ra epa e7rea ej> ovbevL vvoievpevos Xoy co 
cos 7rap’ ovbevos anovcras J eu vvv rob 9 tV 0 t, fjp tv ep prj 
aurt/ca (JTpaTy]XaTer\s, rabe toi e£ avT&v avaaxv 0 ’ 61 ’ 

/cat peyas /cat 7roXXos eyeveo ev oXLycp xpo/'co, ourco /cat 
Taiveivos otl(Too KaTa tcjlxos eaeai. Aepfy ]s pev Tvepiberjs 
yevopevos tt\ oxJ/l ava re ebpape e/c rTjs koltyjs /cat TvepTvei 
ayyeXov 9 ApTafiavov naXeovTa. aTTLKopevao be ol eXeye 
gepgrjs ra 5 e* ’Aprd/Sa/'e, excb ro vrapaurt/ca pev ovk 
eaaxfipbveov etVas es ere parata exea XPV (TT V^ dvena 
avpfiovXi js' pera pevToi ov 7 voXXov XP^ V0V peTeyvuv, 
eyvcov be raura pot TvoirjTea eovTa ra au vTedrjKao. 


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OVK &V dvvaTOS TOt elpi TCLVTCL fiovAbpeVOS 7 TOlUlV' 
rerpappevcc yap brj Kal pereyvwKon emfyoiruv oveipov 
(pavra^erai poi, ovbap cos avveTraivov eov rroieeiv pe 
ravra’ vvv be Kal biarreiArjaav ot'xerat. et cov deos ecrn o 
5 eTiTreprroov Kal ot rvavrws ev rjbovfj ean yeveadai arparrj- 
Aaalrjv € 7 rt rrjv 'E XAaba, errnrrrjaerai /cat aol rcbvro rovro 
oveipov , opotcos /cat epot evreAAopevov. euptcr/cco be &be 
av yivopeva ravra , et Xa/3ots rrjv eprjv aKevrjv rraaav 
/cat e/'Sus pera rovro t'foto es ro^ epoi' dpovov /cat erreira 
10 Koirrj rfj epfj KarvTvucreias. Sepoys pev ravra ot 
e\eye, y Apra/3avos be ov rQ irpurcp ot KeXevapan rreido- 
pevos, ota ovk a^ievpevos es rov {3aaiArjiov dpovov i^eadai, 
reXos cos rjv ay Ka^ero errolee ro KeAevopevov. evbvs be 
rrjv Eep£eco eadrjra Kal l^opevos es rov fiacrikrjiov dpovov 
is cos pera ravra Kolrov erroieero , rjAde oi Karvirviopevco 
rcbvro oveipov ro /cat rrapa Sep^rjv ecj)oira, vrreparav be 
rov 9 Aprafiavov ehre rabe’ Si> brj Kelvos els o aToaTevbcov 
"Eep^rjv crrpareveadai errl rrjv 'E AAaba cos brj Krjbopevos 
avrov ; aXX’ ovre es ro pereweira ovre es ro rrapavriKa 
20 vvv Karairpoti-eai arror perrwv ro XP e ^ v ytveadai, Eep^rjv 
be ra be t avrjKovareovra rzadeiv , avrco eKeivco bebrjAcorai. 
ravra re brj eboKee 9 Apraftavos ro oveipov arreiAeeiv /cat 
deppolai o’lbrjpioiai eKicaleiv avrov peAAeiv rovs 6</>0aX- 
pov s. /cat os ap/3coaas peya avadpooaKei Kal rrapi^opevos 
25 Hep|^, cos rrjv oxf/iv ot rov evvrrviov bie^rjAde arrrjyeopevos , 
bevrepa oi Aeyei rabe’ ’Etco pev , co fiacriXev, ola avdpcoiros 
ib&v rjbrj 7roXXa re Kal peyaAa rreaovra rvprjypara viro 
fjcrcrbvwv, ovk eoiv ere ra rravra rfj rjAiKirj eiKeiv, em- 
arapevos cos KaKov et rj ro 7roXXco^ emdvpeeiv , pepvrjpevos 
30 pev rov errl Ai acre ay eras K vpov aroKov cos errprj^e, pepvrj¬ 
pevos be Kal rov err 9 Aidiorras rov Kap/3uereco, avcrrparevo- 


HERODOTUS 


169 


pevos be Kal Aapetco hvl XkvOcls. eTLarapevos ravra 
yvkprjv elxov arpepl^ovTa ere paKapierrov elvai Tpos 
tclvtoov avOpoiToov. exet be baipovlrj tls yiveraL opprj ) 
Kal "EXX^as, cos ot/ce, cjrdoprj tls KaraXap^aveL OerjXaros , 
ey<b pev /cat avros TpaTopaL /cat rrjv yveoprjv perarldepaL, 
av be errjprjvov pev Ilepo-flat ra e/c rod Qeov TepTopeva , 
Xpaa^at be /ceXeue tolgl e/c ereo tpl^tolgl TpoeLprjpevoLerL 
es rrjv tv apaerKevrjv, Tolee be ourcos o/ccos rod 6eov Tvapabi- 
bovTos t&v er&v evberjereL prjbev. tovtojv XexQevrajv, 
evdavra eTapdevres rfj o\pL, cos fjpeprj ty&ero raxterra, 
Sep^s re vTeperWero ravra ILeparjcn /cat ’Apra/foz'os, 
os x porepov axoaxeuScoz' povvos eefraLvero, Tore extaxeuScoz' 
(pavepos rjv. 

Preparations for the Expedition 

"Eep^rjs <bfj> rod (JTpcLTov ourcos ervkyepcTLV xoteerat, 
Xcopov TvavTa epevv&v rrjs rjTelpov. clto yap AlyvTrov 
aXcoatos ext pev reaaepa erea TXrjpea tv a papreero errpa- 
tltjv re /cat ra Tpoacpopa rfj arpartf}, xepxrco be erei 
avopevcp ecrrpar^Xaree x ei P l peyaXrj nArjOeos. aroAcov 
yap t&v rjpeIs Ibpev xoXXco brj peyicrros ouros eyevero, 
cocrre prjre tov Aapeiov tov evvl 2/cu0as xapa tovtov 
prjbeva ej)alveaOaL prjre tov Xkv 6 lkov, ore 2/cu0at Ktp- 
pepLovs biOJKovres es rrjv AlrjbLKrjv eafiaXovres erx^bov 
Tvavra ra az'to rrjs ’ Aerlrjs KaraarperpapevoL evepovro, 
t&v elvetcev varepov Aapetos ertpeopeero, prjre Kara ra 
Xeyopeva tov 5 Arpeibeoiv es 5, IXto^ prjre tov Muacoz' re /cat 
Teu/cpcoz' tov tv po rcov Tpcot/ccoz' yevopevov , ot biaftavres es 
rrjv JZvpcoTvrjv Kara Bocrxopoz' tov s re QprjLKas KaTeerrpe- 
\pavTO tclvt as Kal ext tov ’Iovlov tovtov Karefirjerav pexpt 
re Hrjveiov Torapov to Tpos peerapfipirjs rjXaerav. aurat 


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at iraerai ov 5’ erepat 7rpos TavTrjcn yevopevai arparr]- 
Xacrtat pnjs 777(756 o0/c a£tat. rt yap ovk rjyaye 6/c ttjs 
’Acrt^s efl/'os 67 rt ttjv 'EXXa5a Eep^rjs ] aoiov be irivopevov 
vbcep ou/c €7reXt7T€, 7rX^ 7 co/> peya\eev iroTapcev ; ot pev 
5 yap veas TrapeixovTO , ot 5e es 7refo^ ereraxaro, rotat 5e 
LTnros TpocrereraKTO, to'igi be Iwirayceya 7rXota apa 
CTpaTevopevoLcn, roiai be es ras yecfrvpas paKpas veas 
irapex^v, to'lcfl be crtra re /cat ^eas. /cat roDro pev, cos 
irpocnrT aid avTeev Teev TrpeeTeev TrepnfkebvTeev irepl tov 
10 "Adeev, irpoeroipa^ero e/c Tpi&v erecov kov paXtara es tov 
"A deev ev yap ’EXatoD^rt 777 s Xepdovrjdov oppeov Tperj- 
pees, evOevrev be oppeepevoi eepvddov m to paoTiyeev 
TravTobaTTol 777 s dTpaTir\s, biaboxoe 5’ eej)OLTeev &pvddov 
be /cat ot 7 rept tov "Adeev KaTotKrjpevoL. 70tat 5e avToldi 
15 TOVTOidL To'ldl 7T€p /Cat 70 Opvypa, 7rp0(76767a/C70 /Cat 70^ 
XTpvpova ttot apov ^ev^avT as yee^vpeeaai. TavTa pev 
vvv ovTces erroiee. 

’Ev ee be ovtol tov irpoieeLpevov ttovov epya^ovTO, ev 
TovTee o ire^os aTas auXXeXey pevos apa Eep^y eiropeveTO 
20 es Xapbes, e/c KpiTaWeev opprjdels Teev ev Ka 7 T 7 ra 5 o/ct 77 • 
evdavTa yap eLpr]To avWeyeada t iravTa tov kot 7]Treipov 
peWovTa apa avTee "Eep^rj iropebeadai dTpaTOv. airiKO- 
pevos be es 2ap5ts irpeeTa pev aireirepire KrjpvKas es tt]v 
'EXXa5a alTrjdovTas yrjv 76 /cat vbcep /cat irpoepeovT as 
25 behrva fiaaikel TapaaKeva^eiv Tr\rjv ovTe es ’ Adrjvas ovt€ 
es Aanebaipova aireirepTre eirl yrjs alTrjdiv , 777 be aXkrj 
TravTr}. Tcevbe be etveica to bevTepov aTrerrepire 67rt 777 ^ 
76 /cat vbeep’ oaot irpOTepov ovk eboaav Aapetcp TrepxpavTi, 
tovtovs irayxv eboKee TOTe belaavTas beecreiv fiovXopevos 
30 eev avTO 70070 eKpadelv eirepire . 


HERODOTUS 


171 


Bridging of the Hellespont 

Mera be raura irapea /ceuafero cos eXc ov is ’'A ftvbov. oi bi 
ev rourco tov '~EX\r]cnrovTov i^evyvvaav en Trjs ’Agltis is ttjv 
Eupcb7T77^. ecrrt be Trjs Xepaovrjaov Trjs ev 'J£\\rjcnr6vT(p, 
'Zharov re ttoXlos pera£u Kal M abvTOV, clktyj Tprjx^a 
es Oa\acrcrav KarrjKovaa ? A(3vbao Karavriov. es ravrrjv 
oov ttjv aKTrjv e£ ’A fivbov oppoopevoL iyecjovpovv toIgl 
tv pod etceLTO) ttjv pev XevKoXivov <&oLvu<e s, ri]v be (3v/3XLvr]v 
AiyvwTLOL. eGTL be ewra Grabioi e£ ? A fivbov is ttjv 
air a vtLov. kcll brj efeiry pivov rod nopov emyevopevos 
Xtip&v piyas avveKoxf/e re iKelva ttclvtcl kcll bLiXvae. cos 
b ’ eirvOero Eepi^s, beLva noLevpevos tov 'EXXi7<77roi'roz' 
e/ceXeucre TpLr]KOGLas eirLKeaOcLL paarLyL nXriyas kcll kcltcI- 
vcll is to niXayos nebeoov £evyos. r)br] be r]Kovaa cos kcll 
aTLyias apa tovtolgl anenepil/e gtl&vtcls tov 'JZXXrjanov- 
tov. iveTiWeTO be oov pan l^ovt as XiyeLv fiapfiapa re 
Kal aTacrda\a’ *0, TLKpov vboop , bearroTrjs tol biKrjv 
iTLTLdel Tr]vbe } otl plv rjbUrjGas ovbev npos iKeLvov abLKov 
7r aOov. Kal /3acriXeus pev Eep^s Sca/^aerat ere, rjv re 
av ye (3ovXrj r)v re prj‘ gol be /card b r LK7]v apa ovbels 
avOpoonoov dveL cos iovTL Kal doXepco Kal aXpvpco noTapoo. 
ttjv re brj daXaaaav e^ereXXero tovtolgl f rjpLovv Kal 
toov ineGTecoTOOv rfj feu£c tov *EWrjGnovTov anoTapeiv 
ras KecjoaX as. Kal oi pev raura inoieov toIgl npoaeKeLTO 
avTrj i) axapts TLprj , ras be clXXol apx^eKToves i^evywaav 
cos be ra re rco^ yecjovpioov KaTeGKevaGTO Kal tcl nepl tov 
”A6oov , e^aDra x^peptcras apa rc ? €apt napeaKevaapivos 
6 GTpaTos iK toov 'EapbLoov opparo iXoov is ,r A( 3 vbov. opprj- 
pevoo bi oi 6 ijXLOs e/cXcrw ttjv iK tov ovpavov ebprjv acjoavrjs 
rjv ovt’ irvLvecjoiXoov iovToov aWpirjs re ra paXurra, az'rt 
fjpiprjs re vv£ iyeveTO. ibbvTL be Kal padovTL tovto too 


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E ep^rj ewipe\es eyeveTO, Kai eipeTO tovs payovs to 6 e\ei 
wpofyaiveiv to <f>aapa. oi be efyaaav cos ^EXX^cri wpobei- 
Kvvet 6 deos en\ei\piv t&v toXLoov, \eyovTes vfkiov elvai 
'EXX171W 7 r podeKTopa, GeXrjvrjv be G<j>eo)v. raura wv 6 o- 
5 pevos o Sep^s wepixapys CTOieeTO tvjv e\aGiv. 

(Arrived at Abydus, Xerxes reviewed his army, sent Artabanus 
back to Susa as his vice-regent, and exhorted the Persians to prove 
themselves a match for their forbears in bravery.) 

The Crossing of the Bridge 

T avTrjv pev tvjv rjpeprjv wapeGKeva^ovTO es tvjv biafiaGiv, 
tv) be vGTepairj avepevov tov vfhiov eOe\ovTes ibeadai 
aviaxovTa, OvpirjpaTa re wavTola ewi t&v ye<fivpeo:v koto- 
yi^ovTes Kai pvpaivrjai GTOpvvvTes tv)V obov. cos 5 ’ 
10 ewaveTeWe o r]Kios, Gwevboiv e/c %pv(jer\s 4 >ia\r]S ^ep^v ]s 
es tv]v daXaaaav evx^TO wpos tov vfKiov prjdepiav oi 
cvvTVxiyv TOiavTV)v yeveaOai, vj piv tt avcret KaTaGTpeypa- 
crOai tv]V ~Evpcowv]v wpoTepov rj ewi Teppa gl toIgl eneivv ]s 
yevvjTaL. ev^apevos be eae( 3 a\e tvjv (friaXvjv es tov 

15 '~EX\vjgwovtov Kal xpvvtw KprjTrjpa Kal HepGiKov £c<£os, 
tov clklvclkvjv KaXeovai. raura ovk e%co arpe/cecos biaKplvai 
ovTe ei rco 17X00 avaTiSeis KaTvjKe es to weKayos oure el 
peTepeXvjae oi tov '’EWvjgwovtov paGTiykaavTi Kai avTi 
tovtoov tvjv daXaaaav eScopeero. cos be TavTa oi ewewoivjTO, 
20 biefiaivov Kara pev tvjv erepvjv tuv yecfrvpeuv tvjv wpos tov 
II ovtov o we£os Te Kai 17 iwwos awacra, KaTa be tv)v 
wpos to MyaXov rd vwo^vyia Kai vj OepawvjLvj . vjyeovTO 
be wp&Ta pev oi pvpioi II epcrcu, ecr Te<t>ava)pevoi wavTes , 
pera be tovtovs o GvppeiKTOS gt paTOS wavToiwv edveccv. 
25 TavTrjv pev tvjv vjpepvjv ovtol, tvj be VGTepairj wp&TOi pev oi 
re iwwoTai Kai oi tcls \ 6 yxas Karco TpewovTes * eGTe - 


HERODOTUS 


173 


4>avc cvto be /cal ovtoi. juera 5e 61 re itvtvoi oi ipoi /cal to 
app a to ipov, €7rl 5e auTOs T€ Sep^r/s /cal ol aixpocjobpoL 
/cal ol iTYTTorai oi €7rl tovtolgl 6 aXXos arparos. 

/cal al /'ees apa avrjyovTO es ttjv cltv evavrlov. rjdrj be 
rjKovaa /cal vararov biafirfvai fiaaikea TvavTOOV. 

Sep^s 5e €7rel 5te/3ry es tt)/' Eupco7r7?^, eOrjelro tov 
GTpaTov vi to paGTiycov biafiaivovTOL. bie/3r] be o arparos 
avTod ev eTVTa rjpeprjai /cal ei rra eixjopbvrjcn, eXivvaas 
ovbeva \pbvov. evdavTa XeyeTai Eep^eoo ribr] biafiefir]- 
KOTOS TOV ^XXrjGTOVTOV av5pa eiTVeiV 'EXX77CT7T OVTLOV’ 
^0 ZeD, tI 5?7 az'Spl elbopevos Ueparj /cal ovvopa clvtI Aids 
"Eep^rjv Oepevos avaararov ttjv 'E XXaba deXeis Tvoirjaai, 
ayoov tv avras avdpooTvovs ] /cal 7 ap avev tovtoov e^rjv tol 
7 voieeiv ravra. 

Numbering of the Host 

'0 be ev tco Aopla/cco tovtov tov xpwov tt}s GTpaTtrjs 
apidpov €7 voieeTO. oaov pev vvv enaaTOi Tvape'ix ov TfXrjdos 
es apidpov, ovk e%co eiirelv to aTpeKes (ov yap XeyeTai 
Tvpos ovbapoov avdpoo tvoov), avpwavTos be tov GTpaTov tov 
ive^ov to TvXrjdos e<f>avr] e^boprjKOVTa /cal enaTov pvpiabes . 
e^rjpldprjaav be Tovbe tov tpotvov avvayayovTes es eva 
X&pov pvpiaba avdpooTvoov /cal avvva^avTes TavTrjv cos 
paXiGTa elxov Tvepieypa\pav e^oodev kvkXov ivepiypa- 
\[/avTes be /cal aTvevTes tovs pvplovs aipaairjv tv epiefiaXov 
KaTa tov kvkXov, v\pos avrjKovaav avbpi es tov bp(paXov. 
TavTrjv be TVOirjaavTes aXXovs eaefiifia^ov es to Tvepiomobo- 
prjpevov, ptXP 1 °v nbvTas tovtoo too tpotvoo e^pWprjaav. 
apidpTjaavTes be KaTa Wvea bieTaaaov. apidpos be tt}s 
ltvtvov eyeveTO oktoo pvp Labes, tv a pe£ tcov KaprfXoov /cal 
toov appaTcov. 


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Tcov be Tpirjpeuv apiOpos eyevero exrd Kal dirjKOcnai 

Kdi X&Xl<U. 

Athens the Savior of Greece 
'H be (TTpaTrjXacTLri rj ( 3 acn\eos ovvopa pev elx* cos ex’ 
’Adrjvas eAavvei, koltUto be es irdaav ttjv 'E Wdba. 

5 irvvOavbpevoi be ravra xpo xoXXoD ol ''EWrjves ovk ev 
bpolcp iravre s eiroievvTO. ol pev yap avTuv bovTes yrjv 
Kal vbup rco Ilepcn? el\ov Oapaos cos obbev ireiaopevoi 
axapL xpos tov papfiapov ol be ov bovres ev beipari 
peyakco icaTeaTacrav, are ovre vecvv eovaeoiv ev rfj 
10 'EXXdSc dpiQpov d^Lopaxw beKeadaL tov emovra, ovre 
fiovXopevoov t&v ttoW&v avTaTTeadaL tov iroXepov, prjbt- 
{ovtuv be Trpodvpus. evOavTa dvayKaly e^epyopai yvai- 
py]v divobe^aadai eirl(j) 6 ovov pev xpos t&v irXeovwv avOpu- 
iruv, opcos be, Trj ye poi QalveTai elvai dXrjdes, ovk 
is eTnaxvo- co. el ’A drjvaloL KaTappubrjaavTes tov embvTa 
KLvbvvov e^ekiivov ttjv crcpeTep^v, rj Kal pr] e/cXtxo/'res aXXa 
pelvavTes eboaav acjiea s avTobs Eep^y, /card ttjv OdXaaaav 
ovbapol av eireipoovTO avTiebpevoi /3acriXei. el tolvvv /cara 
tyjv OaXaaaav prjbels tjvtlovto Sep^rj, /card Ye av ttjv 
20 y]ireipov Toiabe eyiveTO. el Kal xoXXoi Teix^v Kid&ves 
r/crav eXrjXapevot bid tov ’I aOpov ILeXoTOwrjaloun, irpobo- 
devTes av AaKebaipovioi bird t&v avppaxw ovk eKOVTOiv 
dXX’ ux’ avayKalrjs, /card xoXts aXiaKopevwV biro tov 
vavTLKov (TTpaTov tov ( 3 ap( 3 apov, epovvojOijaav, povvicOevTes 
25 be av Kal dirobe^dpevoi epya pey dXa direOavov yevvalcos . 
rj raura av eiraOov, fj irpo tov op&VTe s av Kal tov s 
aXXoi/s ''EXX^as prjbl^ovTa s bpoXoyly av expycravTO irpos 
’Eepfrv. Kal ourco av ex’ dpcfroTepa i] 'EXXds kyivero biro 
II epayai. ttjv yap oxfreXlriv ttjv tuv re ix^v t&v bid 

30 tov ’I aOpov eXrjXapevuv ov bbvapai irvOeaOai rjrts av rjv 


HERODOTUS 


175 


(3acn\eos eTiKpareovros rrjs OaXaaarjs. pvp he ’AOrjpalovs 
ap tls \eyc op aojTrjpas yeveadcu rrjs 'E Wahos ova ap 
apapravou Ta\r]deos‘ ovtol yap eirl onorepa t&p irp^y- 
paTcop erpaivovTOj ravra pexj/eLP epeWe * eXopepoL he Tr]P 
'EXXaSa Trepielvai e\evdepr]p, tovto to ''EWrjPLKOP irav 
to \oltop, ,oaov prj eprjhLae , a vtoI ovtol rjcrav ol eireyel- 
pavTes Kal fiacrikea peTa ye Oeovs avoocrapevoi. ovhe 
acfreas xP 7 l <7T VP La <t>ofiepa eXOovTa e/c Ae\cj)cop Kal es he'lpa 
(3a\bvTa eireiae eKXnvelv tt]p 'E Waha, aXXa KaTapelvavTes 
aveaxovTO top emoPTa ewl ttjp X^PV p he^aaOai. 

II ep\paPTes yap ol ’ AOrjpa'iOL es Ae\cj)ovs OeoTpOTrovs 
Xpyo’Trjpia^eo'daL rjcrap eTOipoi' Kal <7</>i TVOL^aacn rrepl to 
tpop Ta popi^opepa, cos es to peyapop eaeXOoPTe s l^opto, 
Xpa rj II vOlir], Trj owopa tip 5 AplcttopIkt], Tahe‘ 

0 ) peXeoi, tl KadriaOe ; \ltcop cj>evy’ e<rxara yalrjs 
hcopaTa Kal tto\los Tpoxotiheos aKpa Kaprjpa. 
ovTe yap r) KecfraXf] pepei epirehop ovTe to acbpa, 
oi)Te Trbhes p'eaToi out’ c op X^P es ) ovTe tl peaa^s 
XelweTaL , aXX J a£rj\a tt eXer /card yap plp epeLireL 
7rDp re Kal o£us ’ r Apr]Sj IjvpLriyepe s appa hLcoKcop. 

7 roXXa he /caXX 5 a 7 roXet Tvvpy&paTa , kov to crop olop’ 
7 roXXous 5’ adapaTCOP prjov s paXepco irvpl hcocreL, 
oc 7rou zw ihp&TL peovpepoL eaT7]i<.aaL, 
helpaTL 7ra XkbpepoL, /cara 5’ a/cporarocs opocfroLGLP 
alpa peKap KexvTaL, irpoihbp KaKOTrjTOS apayKas. 
dXX’ i'roz' e£ ahvTOLo, /ca/cots 5 ? eivLKLhpaTe Ovpop. 

TavTa aKovaaPTes ol toop ’A drjpaloip OeoirpoiroL avpcj)oprj Tjj 
peyldTTj exptuPTO. Trpo(3ak\ovcrL he crcfre as avTOV s 07ro 
toD KaKov tov KexPV^P^ 0 ^ Tlpcoz' o A phpo(3ov\ov y toop 
A e\<f>bop aprjp hoKLpos opoLa tco pa\L(JTa } cri )pe/3ov\eve acj)L 


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UeTrjpLas Act fiowi devrepa avrLS eXdovras xP*<rO aL T # 
XPT]ffTY]piW COS LKeTCLS. 7 TeLdopeVOLGL be TCLVTCl To'lGL 
’AdrjvaioLGL Kal Xeyovar XP*?™*' apeLvbv tl 

Trepl rrjs Tarpidos, aideadeLS ras LKerrjpLas raade ras tol 
5 rjKopev cpepovres’ r) ov tol aTLpev e/c tov advrov, aAA 
avrov rfjde peveopev ecrr av k al reKevrijaccpev, ravra be 
XeyovaL rj TpopavrLS xpa devrepa rade * 

ov dvvarat IIaAA(xs At ? ’OXvpTLov e^iXaaaadaL, 
\Laaopevr) toWoIgl XoyoLs ical prjTidi t vKvfj. 
io crol be rod 5 avris exos epeco, adapavrL TeXaaaas 
t&v aWcov yap aXLGKopevoov baa KeKpoTOS ovpos 
evros ex^c Kevdpcov re KiPcupcoz'os ^adeoLO, 
retxos Tpiro'yepel ^vKivov didol evpvoiva Zeus 
povvov airopOriTOV reXedeLV, to ere renva t ovrjaeL. 

15 pr]5e av y ? hnro<Jvvr\v re peveiv Kal t e£ov tovra 

toWov olt rjTelpov arparov rjavxos, aAX’ viroxuptw 
v&tov emcFT pep as' eri tol Tore KavrLos eaar). 
o) deir) 'EaAapis, aToXels be av renva yvvaLK&v 
rj tov <TKLbvapevr]S Ar)pr)repos rl avvLovarjs. 

20 Taura acpL rjTLcorepa yap tcov Tporepccv Kal rjv Kal 
edoKee elvaL, avyy pa\papevoL aTaWaaaovro es ras Adrj- 
vas. As be aTeXdbvres ot deoTpoTOL aTrjyyeWov es tov 
drjpov, yv&paL Kal aXXac t oXXat ey lvovto bL^pevuv to 
pavTT )lov Kal aide aweary)KvlaL paXLara' t&v t pe- 
25 a/ 3 vTepoiv eKeyov pere^erepoL doKeeLV acpLGL tov deov ttjv 
clkpotoXlv XPV (TaL TepLeaeadaL’ rj yap d/cpo 7 roXts to 
TrdXai tuv ’Adrjvalcav pr)X$ e TecppaKTO . oi pev dr) 
avve/ 3 aXXovro rovro to ^vXlvov re'lx °s elvaL, ol d av 
eXeyov ras veas arjpalveLv tov deov, Kal ravra s 7 rapap- 
30 reeadaL eKeXevov raXXa aTevras. rods &v di) ras veas 


HERODOTUS 


177 


keyovTas elvai to £vkivov Telxos eacfrakke ra dvo ra 
TeXevTcua prjOevTa vn to rrjs HvOlrjs, 

co deiT] HakapLs, curokels be av Tew a yvvaiK&v 

rj 7 rov aKidvapevrjs ArjprjTepos rj avviovar/s. 

kcltol TavTa ra eirea avvex^ovro at yv&pai t&v <papevo:v 
tcls veas to %vkivov Telxos elvai' oi yap xP r l°'P 0 ^y oi 
TavTTj raOra ekapfiavov, cos a p<pi Xakaplva del cr0eas 
eaaoodijvai vavpaxir]v irapaaKevacrapevovs . rjv be t&v tls 
’A drjvaLccv avrjp es 7rpcorous z'ecoo'rl 7raptco^, rco ovvopa pev 
rjv QepMTTon\er]s , 7rcus 5e Neo/cXeos e/caXeero. ouros c cvrjp 
ovk e077 7ra^ opflcos rous xP 7 l°’l JL 0 ^( , y ovs avp^akkecrOai, 
keycov Toiade, el es ’AOqvalovs el% € to €7ros eiprjpevov 
eovToos, ovk av ourco piv doKeeiv rjTLOos XP' 1 JcrOyvaL, aXXa 
co<5e *12 crx€rXl77 SaXapls, <Wl roD *12 0et77 SaXapls, el' 7rep 
7 e epekkov oi OLKrjTOpes apft avrrj TekevTrjcreLV. aXXa 
7 ap es rous 7r okepiovs rco 0eco elprjaOai to xP r ) (JT 'hP L0V 
vvkkapfiavovTi /card to opOov, aXX J ou/c es ’ A 6 r]valovs . 
irapaaKeva^ecrdai &v avrov s cos vavpaxv (T0VTas crvvefiov- 
keve, cos tovtov eovTOS tov ^vkivov Teixeo s. Tavrr\ 
QepiGTOKkeos arrofyaivopevov ’Adrjvaloi ravra a<pi(n eyvw- 
aav alpercorepa eu'ai pakkov rj ra tcoj' XPV^P 0 ^^ 
ovk eoiv vavpaxiyv apreead ai, to be avpirav ehrat ovde 
Xelpas avTaeipeadai, akka eKkurovras X&PVV T ^ v ? Attlktjv 
akkrjv Tiva oiKi^eiv. eTepr) re OepiaroKkei yvcopr] 
epTpoade Tavrris es Kaipov rjpiaTevae, ot€ ’AdrjvaioLcn 
yevopevcov XPVP^ T0:V peyakwv ev rto kolv< 2 >, to, eK t&v 
perakkuv. <701 TvpoarfkOe t&v airo Aavpeiov, epekkov 
ka^ecrOai dpx'pbov e/cacrros Se/ca bpaxp^s’ TOTe QepcaTO- 
K\er]s aveyvooae ’Adr^vaiovs ttJs diaipecrios TavTrjs iravaa- 
pevovs veas tovtoov tcov xP y lP^ iT(j0V TroirjcraaOai bir]KO(jias 


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es tov 7 roXepov, tov Tpos AiyivrjTas \eyuv. ovtos yap 
o ToXepos owras ecrc cere Tore ttjv 'EXXa5a, avayKacras 
OaXaaaiovs yeveadat ’ AQrjvaiovs. ai be es to pev eTOir\- 

Orjaav, ovk expyaOyo'av, es beov be ovtoo rfj 'E Wadi 
5 eyevovro . avrai re brj ai vees to'lctl ’Adrjvaioicn TpoToir\- 
delaai VTrjpxov, erepas re ebee TpoavavTrjyeeadaL. ebo^e 
re (T(j)i pera to xPV (TT yP L0V PovXevopkvoiai emovTa hri 
ty]v 'EXXa5a top fiapfiapov beneadai Trjcn vrjvai t avbrjpei, 
t <£ Oebo Teidopevovs, apa 'EXX^/'coi' roTai PovXopevoiai. 

Plans of the Greeks to Resist the Invaders 
10 Oi be "EXX^es eir elre aTLKaTO es tov ’ladpov, efiov- 
AevovTO tt\ re (TTrjcrovTai tov t o\epov Kai ev ololgl 
%c opoiai. rj VLK&aa be yvcopr] eyiveTO ttjv ev QeppoTvXriai 
eaPoXrjv </>uXa£ar GTeivoTepr] yap ecjraiveTO eovaa Trjs 
es Qecraa\Lr]v Kai pLa ayxoTepr] re ttjs ec cvtcov. ttjv be 
is aTpaTrov, bP rjv rfkwcrav oi akovTes 'EWrjvoov ev QeppoTV- 
\ricn, ovbe fibeaav eovaav TpoTepov r\ irep amKopevoL es 
OeppoTvXas €7T vOovto T pr)XWLWV. TavT7]v &v efiov\ev- 
aavTO (jyvXacraovTes T7]v eaPo\r)v PV ?r apievai es ttjv 
'EXXa5a tov papfiapov’ rj be bia T pr)xivos eaobos es ttjv 
20 'EXXa5a earl rfj aretz'orar^ rjpLirXedpov. ov pevTOi /card 
tovto ye e<JTL to GTeivoTaTov Tr\s X&pys ttjs aX\r]s, aXX’ 
epwpoade re OeppoTvXeoov Kai oTiade, KaTa re ’A\tt]vovs, 
oTiade eovTas , eovaa apa^iTos povvr], Kai epTpoade KaTa 
<5>olvuca 7 roTapov ayxov ’Avd'qXrjs toXlos , a\\r] apa^iTos 
25 povvr]. tgov be QeppoTvXeoov to pev Tpos eaTeprjs opos 
aPaTbv re Kai aTOKpr]pvov, v\prj\6v, avaTeiv'ov es ttjv 
OIttjv' to be Tpos ttjv rj co Trjs obov daXaaaa vTobeKeTai 
Kai Tevayea. eari be ev Trj eabbu rauriy Oeppa XovTpa, 
t a XvTpovs KaXeovaL oi €Tlx&plol, Kai Pwpos IbpvTai 


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179 


Hpa/cXeos err avToTcri. e8e8pr)TO 8e reixos /card ravras 
ras ea@o\as, Kal to ye rraXaiov rrvXai errrjcrav. to • pev 
vvv Teix 0 * T b olpxo^ov eK 7raXaiov re e8e8prjTO Kal to 
7 r \eov avTov 77617 vtto XP^ V0V &t€WO* toIctl 8e avTis 
opOooaaai e 6 o£e TavTrj arrapvveiv curd Trjs 'E Wa8os tov 
fiapfiapov. Koopr} 8e ecrrt ayxoTaToo T V S o8ov, ? A Xwrjvol 
ovvopa' €K TavTrjs 8e eTicriTie'icrdaL eXoyt^ovTo ot "EX- 
Xrjves . cos 8e errvOovTo tov Hepcrr]v eovTa ev Ihepir), 
8ia\vdevTes eK tov ? I crdpov ecrrpareiwro es QeppowvXas. 
Eep^rjs 8e Kal 6 Trends rropevdels 8 l a QeaaaXLr]s Kal 
? Axadrjs eaPePXrjKoos r\v Kal 8rj rpiraTos es MrjXieas. 

Roll of the Greeks at Thermopylae 
BouriXeus pev 8rj Sep^rjs ecrrparo7re6euero Trjs M^XtSos 
ev tt\ T pr]X LV lxij 0L ^ tr EXXrjves ev rfj 8lo8co' /caXeerac 
8e 6 x&P°s ovtos vto pev toov rrXeovoov ^XXrjvoov 0 eppo- 
rrvXai, vi to 8e toov emxwptuv Kal rrepioiKoov IluXai. 
e(TTpaTOTre8evovTO pev vvv e/carepot ev tovtokji toZcji 
Xvoploiai, erreKparee 8e 0 pev toov rrpds fioprjv avepov 
exovTOOv irdvTOOv pexpL T prjxwos, ot 8e toov Tpos votov 
re Kal peaapPpLr^v cjoepovTOOV to eirl TavTH]s Trjs rjrreipov. 
rjaav 8e oi8e 'WKXr)voov 01 vrropevovTes tov Heparjv ev 
tovtoo too %copar IjrrapTirjTeoov re TpirjKOcnoi 07rXTrai Kai 
Heyer]Teoov Kal AlavTiveoov x' L ^ LO h w' Lcre€s eKaTepoov, e£ 
5 Opxopevov re Trjs 5 ApKa8Lr]s eiKOcri Kal eKaTov Kai eK 
Trjs Xourrjs ’ ApKa8Lr]s x^Xior toctovtol pev ? ApKa8oov, airo 
8e K optvOov rerpa/coeuot Kal curd <$>XeiovvTos 8ir\KOcrioi Kai 
^A.vKr]vaioov 6y86oKovTa. ovtoi pev dr ro IleXoTro^^o’ou 
iraprjaav, a 7 rd 8e Boicorco/' Qecnrieoov re eTTaKocnoi Kai 
Qrjpaloov rerpa/cocuou rrpos tovtokji err kX^rot eyevovTo 
AoKpoi re ol ’Qttovvtlol tv avaTpaTirj Kal QooKeoov x ^ Xtot . 


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avToi yap acjreas ol "EWrjves eireKa\eaavTO, XeyovTes dt’ 
ayyekoiv cos avToi pev r]Koiev it pohpopoi tojv aXXcov, 
oi he Xouroi tcov crvppax^v TrpoadoKLpoi iraaav elev 
rjpepr^Vj r) dbAacraa re (r<j)L e'ir] ev <pv\aKrj vi r ? ^ Adrjvaic^v 
5 re cjrpovpeopevr] Kal AiyLvrjTecov Kai tcov es tov vavriKov 
arparov Tax^wTCOV, Kai afyi eir] heivov ovhev ov yap Oeov 
elvat tov eiriovTa eiri ttjv 'EXXaSa aXX ? avdpcoTOV, 
elvai he OvrjTov ovheva ovhe ecrecrdai tco KaKov e£ apxys 
yivopevco ov avvepeixOr], tolcti he peyiaToun avTcov 
10 peyuiTa’ ocfre'ikeiv cov Kai top eireXavvovra, cos eovra 
OvrjTOV, air6 rrjs ho^rjs irecreiv . oi he raura irvvOavopevoi 
efiorjdeov es Trjv T prjxpva. tovtolctl rjaav pev vvv Kai 
aXXoi <TTpaT 7 ]yoi Kara iroXcas eKaarcov, 6 he dcopa^opevos 
pa\i<jra Kai iravros tov OTpaTevpaTOS rjyeopevos 
15 AaKehaipovios rjv Aecovihrjs 6 ’ Ava^avhpiheco KTrjaapevos 
ttjv PaaiXrjirjv ev HirapTr] e% air poahoKrjTOV. hi^cov yap 

oi eovTcov irpea/3vTepcov aheXcjrecbv, KAeopeveos re Kai 
Acopteos , aire\r]\aTO tt\s cjrpovTihos irepi Trjs fia(n\r)Lr)S. 
airoOavovTos he KAeopeveos airachos epaevos yovov, Acopieos 
20 re ovKeTL eovTos aXXa Te\evT7]aavTOs Kai tovtov ev 
ZuceXlfl, ourco hr] es Aecovihrjv avefiaive rj fiaaiKrjirjj Kai 
h loti irpoTepos eyeyovee K XeopfipOTOV (ovtos yap rjv 
vecoTaTOS 5 Ava^avhpLheco irals) Kai hr] Kai elx e lAAeopeveos 
OvyaTepa. os TOTe r]te es QeppoTvXas eirike^apevos avhpas 
25 T€ tovs KareoTecoras TpirjKoaiovs Kai Tolai eTvyx^ov 
iralhes eovres. irapaAaficov he airiKeTO Kai Orj^aicov tovs 
es tov apidpov \oyi(japevos elirov , tcov eaTpaTrjyee 
AeovTiahrjs 6 E vpvpaxov. Tovhe he eiveKa tovtovs airovhrjv 

eiroLT](jaTO Aecovihr]s povvovs 'E Wrjvcov irapaXa^elv, otl 
30 acjrecov peyaAcos KaTr]yopr]TO prjhi^eiv’ irapeKaAee cov es 
tov iroKepov Oekcov eihevai elWe (rvpirep\pov<Ti elWe Kai 


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181 


arrepeovcn e/c tov epcpaveos ttjv 'EXX^z'coz' avppaxir]v, 
oi be aXka cppoveovTes errepirov. tovtovs pev tovs apcpi 
Aec ovibrjv 7rpcorous arrerrepypav 27raprt?)rat, iva tovtovs 
op&vTes oi aXXot avppaxot arpareucoz'rat pr]be Kai ovtol 
prjdLaucri, rjv a vtovs TrvvdavwvTaL virep^aWopevovs’ per a 
be, K apveta yap acpt rjv eprrob&v, epeWov opTacravTes Kai 
<pv\aKas \nrbvTts ev Trj S7T apTrj /card ra%os j QorjdrjaeLV 
7r avbrjpei. cos be Kai oi \oltol t&v avppax^v evevuvTO 
Kai avToi eTepa rotaOra rroLrjaeLV’ rjv yap /card rcoi/ro 
’0\vju7 rtas tovtolctl toIctl rrprjypacrL avpTecrovcra * ovk &v 
boKeovTes /card ra%os oi/rco btaKpLdrjaeaO at tov ev OeppoTV- 
\r\(Ti 7 ro\epov erreprrov tovs Tpobpopovs. 

Futile Efforts of Xerxes to Break Down Greek Resistance 

Ovtol pev brj oi/rco btevevuvTO rroLrjcreLV' oi be ev 
OeppoTTvkr\cn "EXX^es, erretbr] ireXas eyeveTO Trjs ea(3o\rjs 
o Hepa7]S, KaTappoobeovTes efiov\evovTO rrepi arraWayrjs. 
to'lo’l pev vvv aXXotcrt IIeXo7roz'Z'?7<Ttotcrt eboKee ekdovat es 
He\oTrbvvr]crov tov ? I crOpov ex^tv & cpvXaKrj’ Aeoovibrjs be 
cfrco/cecoz' Kai AoKpuv rrepLcnrepxQzvTWV Trj yvaipyi TavTrj 
avTov re peveiv expricpL^eTO rreprceLV re ayyeKovs es ras 
7 roXtas KeXevovTas crept emfiorjdeeiv, cos eovTevv avT&v 
b\iyoov (TTpaTov tov M.rjbo)v aXeJa crOai. raDra /3oi/Xeuo- 
pevoiv cnpeoov eireprre SepJ??s KaTaaKorrov imrea ibeadat 
OKoaot eiai Kai o tl t oieoiev. a/aj/coee be ere e&v ev 
OeaaaXLri cos aXtapevr] elr) TavTrj (jTpaTtr) oXLyr], Kai tovs 
rjyepovas cos elrjcrav haKebaipovioi re /cat Aecovibr]s, ekv 
yevos 'Hpa/cXetS^s. cos be rrpoorfkacre o imrevs irpos to 
CTT paTOTebov, ed'qe'tTO re /cat /carcopa rrav pev ov to 
(JT paTbrrebov' tovs yap ecrco TeTaypevovs tov retxeos, to 
avopOkcravTes elxov ev cpvXaKrj, ovk ola re rjv KaTtbeaSat • 


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6 be tovs e£u epapQape , rotcu rvpo rou reLxeos tcl orrXa 
eneiTO. ervxov be tovtop top xp' ovov Waited cu/jlovlol e£u 
rerayiievoi. tovs pep brj u pa yvppa^opepov s tup apbpup y 
tovs be Tas Kopas KTepi^opepovs. tclvtcl brj Oeupepos 
5 eQupa^e Kal to rrXrjdos epapOape. paOup be tclptcl 
arpe/ceoos aivrfKavpe oirlau /car’ rjavxW ovTe yap tls 
ebiuKe a\oylr)s re eKvpr]ae 7roWrjs' arreXdup re e\eye 
irpos S ep^7]v ra tt ep orrurree tt avTa. clkovup be S ep^rjs 
ovk elxe crvpfiaXeaOai to eop, otl TrapeaKeva^oPTO us axo- 
io Xeopepoi re Kal airoXeoPTes /card bvvapiv' aXX’ ai)TU 
y eXota 7 ap ec palvovTO tolUlp, peTerrep^aTO A r\papr\TOP 
top 9 ApiaTUPOs, koPTa ep ra) crTpaToivebu. amKopepop 
be pip eipUTa Eep&s e/cacrra tovtup, edeXup pade'tp to 
7 roievpepop irpos tup AaKebaipopiup. 6 be elire • ’'H/couaas 
is pep Kal TvpoTepop pev, eure oppupep hrl ttjp 'EXXaSa, 
7 repl rcoj' apbpup tovtup' aKovaas be yeXuTa pe edev 
XeyoPTa Trj tt ep u pup eK^aopepa irprjypaTa raura. 
epol yap ttjp aXrjOeirjp acrKeeip aPTia crev, a) /3acrtXeu, 
£ 70 ^ peyuJTOS eari. olkovctop be Kal pvp. 61. apbpes 
20 ourot a7rt/carat paxv^opepot rjplp rrepl Trjs eabbov Kal 
raura 7ra paaKeva^oPTai. popos yap cr<fii ovtu ex^p earl’ 

erveap peXXuai Kipbvpeveip Trj \pvxy, TOTe Tas KecjraXas 
KoapeoPT at. eirlaTaao be' el tovtovs re Kal to vrropepop 
ep 1jTrapTrj KaTacfTpepeai , eart ou5e^ aXXo Wpos apQpuirup 
25 rd cre, /3 aaiXev, viropepeei xeTpas aPTaeipopepop' pvp yap 
irpos pacnXrjirjp re KaXXiaTrjp tup ep ''EXX^at irpocrcfrepeai 
Kal apbpas apiarovs. /capra re 617 Sep^rj airiGTa etpaipero 

ra Xeyopepa Kal bevTepa eireipuTa oPTLPa Tporrop toctovtol 
eoPTes Trj ecourou arparn} paxwoPTat. o be ehre' 

30 ^aatXeu, epol xpavOcu us apbpl xpevaTr], rjp prj raura rot 
TavTri e/c/3f} r?} € 70 ? Xe 7 a;. raura Xeyup ovk erretOe top 


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183 


S kp^yv. rkaaepas pkv 8y irapyKe ypkpas, eXirlfav aid 
<7<#>eas aTodprjaeadaL' irepwry 8k, cos ovk airaWaaaovro 
aXXa ol ec palvovro avai8dy re /cal a(3ov\lrj 8iaxp^pevoi 
pkveiv, irkpivei kid aurous M rjdovs re Kal Kuralovs dvpudels, 
kvreiKapevos crepeas faypyaavras ayeiv es oxf/iv ryv 
ecourou. cos 5’ kakireaov cpepopevoi es rous ''EXX^as ol 
M y8oi, emTTOU 7 roXXol, aXXoc 8’ kirecrrjLcrav, Kal ovk 
cnryXavvov Kahrep peyaXccs Tpoairralovres. 8y\ov 5’ 
eirolevv 7 ravri reco Kal ovk yKiara aurco fiacriKei on 
7 roXXol pkv avOpaiiroL elev, oXlyoc 8k av8pe s. kylvero 8k y 
avp(3oXy 8 l 9 ypkpys. eirehe 8k ol Mr)8oi rpyxcws irepid - 
7 tovto, evdavra ovtol pkv vTe^yiaav, ol 5e Ilepcrai 
€K8efapevoi kiryiaav, rous adavarovs e/caXee fiaaLXevs, t&v 
rjpX e 'T8apvys, cos 617 ourol 7 c eu7rerecos KarepyaaopevoL. 
cos Se /cal ourot avvepicryov rotor ''EXX^ar, ou3e^ wXeov 
kcpkpovro rrj s arpanys rys M.y8iKys aXXa ra aura, are 
ez^ areivoTropcjo re paxbpevou Kal 8bpaau fipaxvrkpoLcri 
Xpe&pevoL y tt ep ol ''EXXr/z'es /cal ou/c exovres irXydei 
XPWaadai. Aa/ce5aipozaot 8e epa xovto a£lcos X 070 U, 
aXXa re airo8eiKvvpevoi kv ovk kmcrTapevoLaL pax^da 1 
k^eTLcrrapevoL, Kal o/ccos kvrpk^eiav ra vcvra, aXees 
cpevyeaKov 8y0ev, ol 8e fiapfiapoi bp&vres cpevy ovt as /3o§ 
re /cal irarayco kiryicrav, ol 8 9 av KaraXap/3avbpevoL 
U 7 r earpecpov avrlot elvai ro'io’i fiapfiapoicn, peraarpecpb- 
pevoi 8k KarefiaXXov wXydei avapidpyrovs t&v TLepcreaiv 
6TLTTTOV 8e Kal avrcov tu)v 1j ira prey rkcov evdavra oXlyoi. 
kwel 8e ov8ev k8vvearo 7 rapa\a/3eiv ol Uepaai rys kao8ov 
ireipcopevoi Kal Kara reXea /cal iravrolcos tt poa/3aXXovres, 
curyXavvov oirlcrokv raur^ac rfjcn tt poab8oiai rrj s 
paxys Xkyerai fiaaiXea Oyevpevov rpls ava8papeiv e/c rou 
Opovov, 8elaavra irepl rrj arpanfj . rore pkv ourcos 


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rjycovLGavTO, rfj b 9 VGTepair} oi (3ap/3apoi ovbev apeivov 
aeO\eov' are yap bXiycov eovTCOv, eXirLaavres Gcfreas 
KaTaTeT pcopaTiGdai re kc a ovk olovs re eGead ai ert \6ipc is 
avTaelpecrdai avvefiaWov. oi be "EXX^es Kara t&%ls re 
5 Kai Kara Wvea KeKOGprjpevoL rjGav Kai ev pepe'L eKaaroi 
epaxovTO, Tr\y]v QcoKecov’ ovtol be es to opos €Ta‘X.6i](TC iv 
<f>v\a^ovTes ttjv aTpairov. cl>s be ovbev evpiGKov aXXoio- 
repov oi Ilepaat rj rfj irporepairi eveopov, currjXavvov. 

The Treachery of Ephialtes and the March of the Im¬ 
mortals over the Mountain Pass 

’ ArropeovTos be / 3 a<n\eos 6 tl xPV^rai tco irapeovTL 
10 TTprjypaTL, 'EtlclXttjs 6 ^vpvbrjpov avrjp M^Xteus rfKdk oi 
es \byovs cos peya tl tt apa fiaaikeos boKecov olaeaSai, 
ecjopaae re ttjv aTparrov ttjv bta tov opeos c pepovGav es 
QepporrvXas Kai btecjodeipe tov s TavTr\ vrr opeivavTas 
'E Wrjvcov. Sep^s be, errei specie ra vrreGx^o o 
is ’Et tloXttjs KaTepyaaeadai, avTLKa rrepixapW yevbpevos 
errepire "Tbapvea Kai tcov eaTpaTrjyee 'TSap^s* oppeaTO 
be rrepi Avxvcov ac^as e/c tov GTpaTorrebov. e%a be cobe 
rj cLTpairos a vttj’ apx^Tai pev airo tov ’ Agcotvov iroTapov 
tov bia tt) s biaaejoayos peovTOS, ovvopa be rw ope'L tovtco 
20 Kai rfj aTpaTrao tcovto /cetrat, ’Avorraia- Teivec be rj 
’Avoiraca avTrj /card paX^ T °v opeos, X 177 ei be /card re 
’AX7T r]vov tvoKlv, TrpcoTrjv eovaav tcov AoKpibcov irpos 
Mr)\ieoov, Kai /card MeXap7ruYou re KaXeopevov \160v Kai 
/card KepKCOTcov ebpas, rfj /cat to GTeivoTaTOv eart. /cara 
25 TavTrjv br] ttjv aTpairbv Kai ovtcos exoverav 01 Ilepaat tov 
’ Agcottov biafiavTes erropevovTO iraGav ttjv vvktg, ev be&rj 
pev exovTes ope a ra OiTaioov, ev apiGTepfj be ra T pr\XLVLCOv. 
rjeos re brj bieefoaeve Kai ot eyevovTO err aKpooTrjpico tov 



□ Lamia 










HERODOTUS 


185 


opeos. Kara be tovto tov opeos ecj)v\aGG0Vj cos Kai 
it porepov poL dedriXoiTcu, QoiKeoov x'l^ lol owWiraL, pvopevot 
re rrjv acjiereprjv X&pyv KaL <j>povpeovres rrjv arpairov. 
r] pev yap Kara eafioXrj e^vXaaaeTO in to t&v eip^rai- 
ttjv be bia rod opeos arpairov edeXovrai <E>co/cees virobe^a- 
pevoi Aec ovibrj ecfrvXaGaov. epaOov be cr^eas ol <3>coKees 
o:be avafiefirj Koras' avafiaivovres yap eXavOa vov ol 
Uepaat to opos irav eov bpvbbv IttIt Xeov. t\v pev brj 
vrjveplrj, \pb<j)ov be yivopevov 7 roXXov, cos olkos tjv cjrvXXcov 
VTvonexvpevwv vrvo toIgl 7togL, ava re ebpapov ol <hco/cees 
Kai evebvvov ra oirXa, Kai avri/ca ol fiapfiapoL rraprjGav. 
cos be elbov avbpas evbvopevovs 07rXa, ev ddopan eyevovro' 
eXrropevoi yap ovbev gc/)l cjravrjaeadaL a vtl^oov eveKvprjaav 
GTparcc. evdavra 'TSapz^s Karappcobrjaas prj ol <3?co/cees 
ecoGL AaKebaupovLOL , elpero ’EtloXttjv oirobairos elrj o 
GTparos, irvOopevos be arpe/cecos bieraGGe toos Ilepcras cos es 
pax 7 ]v. ol be <hco/cees cos efiaXXovTO toIgl ro^evpaGL 
7 toXXoIgl re icai ttvkvo'lgl, olxovto <fievyovres eirl rod 
opeos tov Kopvpfiov, eiriGTapevoi cos eirl G(j)eas opprjdrjGav 
apxyv, Kai TapeGKevabaro cos airoXeopevoL. ovtol pev 
brj ravra ecfrpoveov, ol be apcj)i ’E7T LaXrrjv Kai *T bapvea 
Uepaat, QaiKeuv pev ovbeva Xoyov erroievvro, ol be Kare- 
fiatvov to opos Kara raxos. 

The Defending Force Receives the News of the Betrayal 
of the Pass 

T oIgl be ev OepporrvXrjGL eovGt 'EXXrjvuv Tpborov pev 
o pavTLs ALeyLGTLTjs eGib&v es ra Ipa ecjrpaae tov peXXovra 
eGeadai apa rjo'l G<pL Savarov, eiri be Kai avropoXoL rjGav 
ol e^ayyelXavres t&v Uepaecov rrjv ireplobov. ovtol pev 
en vvktos eGTjpTjvaVf rpiTOL be ol rjpepoGKOiroL Karabpa- 


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povTes and t&v aKpaiv r)br) biacfraivovarjs rjpepr]s. evOavTa 
effovXevovTo oi "EWrjves, kcll crcfrewv eax^ovro at yvcbpar 
oi pev yap ovk ewv ttjv tcl^lv e/cXt7 relv, oi be avrereivov. 
pera be tovto dianpidevres oi pev airaWaaa ovto Kai 
5 biaaKebaadevTes Kara 7roXts eKacrroi erpairovTO, oi de 
avTcov a pa A ecovidri peveiv avrou irapecncevadaTO. \eyerai 
de Kai cos avTOS afaas aireirep^e Aeuvibrjs, pr\ aivokuvTai 
Krjbopevos' aura? 5e /cat HirapTir]Teu)v to'lcfi irapeovai ovk 
exew evirpeirecos e/cXt7ret^ ttjv ra£ iv es ttjv rjXdov 4 > uXa- 
10 £ovTes apxyv. oi pev vvv cvppaxoi oi aTOTepiropevoi 
olxovto re amovres Kai eireidovTO AecovLbrj, Qeamees be 
Kai Qr](3a'loi Karepeivav povvoi irapa AaKebaipovioifn . 
tovtoiv be Qrj(3a'Loi pev aeKovres epevov Kai ov fiovXopevoi 
(/caretxe yap a<peas Aecovibrjs ev bprjpo:v Xbyco iroiev- 
15 pevos), Oeamees be eKOvres paXiara, oi' ovk ec^aaav 
airoXnrbvres AeoovLbrjv Kai tovs per avTov a7raXXd£e<70at, 
aXXa Karapeivavres avvairedavov. earpar^yee be avrcov 
Ar}pb(j)i\os Aiabpopeoo. 

The Final Struggle at Thermopylae 

E ep%r]S be eirei rjXLov avareiKavTOS airovdas eiroLrjaaTo, 
20 eiriax^v X9 0v °v & ayoprjs kov paXiara ir\r}6b:pr]v tt poao- 
bov eTTOieero’ Kai yap e7reara\T0 ’E7rtdXreco outgo* 
curb yap rou opeos rj Karafiaais awropcorepr] re ecrrt /cat 
ftpaxvTepos o x&P°s ttoWov rj irep fj Tvepiobos re /cat 
avafiaais. ot re brj (3ap/3apoL oi ap<j)i 'Eep^rjv irpoariLaav 
25 /cat ot apcfri Aeoovibrjv ''EWrjves, cos ttjv eiri Oavarcp 
e^obov TroievpevoL, rjbri 7 roXXco paXXov rj /car’ apxbs 
eire^qiaav es to evpvrepov rou avx&os. to pev yap 
epvpa tov Teixeos e<pv\aaaeTO, oi be ava tcls tv poTepas 
rjpepas vwe^ibvTes es ra aTeivoiropa epaxovTO. TOTe be 


HERODOTUS 


187 


avppiayovTes e£co toov areivcov eirurTov irXydei iroWol tcov 
/ 3apf3ap(ov‘ oTiaOe yap oi yyepoves tcov reXe cov exovres 
paaTiyas eppcuri^ov iravTa avbpa, alel es to Tvpoaco 
eiroTpvvovTes. ttoWoI pev by eaeTnrTov ai)Tcbv es Tyv 
Oakaaaav Kal biecfrdeipovTO, 7roXXco S’ eri ir\evves aarer 
7r areovTO col U7r’ a\\y\cov‘ yv be \6yos ovbeis tov 
airoWvpevov. are yap eiviarapevoi tov peWovTa acfricri 
eaeaOai Savarov £k tcov irepaovTcov to opos , curebeLKvvvTO 
pcopys oaov el\ov peyidTOV es tovs (3ap/3apovs, irapaxptu- 
pevoL T€ Kal aTeovTes. bopaTa pev vvv to'igl i rXeocri 
avTcov TrjviKavTa yby eTvyx ave KaTeyyoTa, oi be toXcti 
^' ufiecn, biepya^ovTO tovs Hepcras. Kal AecovLbys Te ev 
tovtco tco 7 rovcc TTLiTTeL avyp yevopevos apiCFTOS, Kai eTepOL 
per’ avTov ovopaaTol ^TrapTiyTecov y tcov eyco cos avbpcov 
a^Lcov yevopevcov eirvOopyv Ta ovvopaTa, eirvdopyv be Kai 
airavTCOv tcov t piyKOcr’icov. Kal by Hepcrecov 'ki'ktovcti 
evdavTa aWoi Te t oXXol Kal ovopacrToi, ev be by Kai 
Aapelov bvo TrcuSes, ’kfipoKopys Te Kal T irepavOys , e/c tt\s 
’A pTaveoo OvyaTpos QpaTayovvys yeyovores Aapeico. 
Eep^ecb re by bvo abeA^eol evdavra iriTTovcn paxopevoi 
Kal vivep tov veKpov tov Aecovibeco Hepcrecov Te Kai Aa/ce- 
baipovicov codicrpos eyiveTO 7roXXos, cs o tovtov Te apeTy 
oi "ILWyves VTe^elpvcrav Kal eTpe\J/avTO tovs evavTiovs 
rerpa/as. tovto be avvecTTyKee pexP 1 °v 0L wv E7rtaXrr? 
irapeyevovTO. cos be tovtovs yKeiv ei tvOovto oi EXX^es, 
evOevTev yby erepotouro to ve'iKos’ es Te yap to aTeivov 
Tys obov avex&peov oivicrco Kal tt apapei\J/apevoi to TeXxos 
ekdovTes L^ovto eirl tov koXcovov TravTes aXees oi aXXoi 
irXyv QyfiaLcov. 6 be koXcovos €<m ev Trj eaobco, o/cou vvv 
6 \Wivos \ecov eoTyKe eirl Aec ovlby. ev tovtco a<f>eas tco 

%copco aKe^opevovs paxalpV cri i Toicri avTCOv eTvyx^ vov ^ Tl 


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irepLeovaai, Kal xepcrt KCLL VTopacn KaTexcoaav oi fiapfiapoi 
fiaWovTes, oi pev e£ evavTir\s emairopevoi Kal to epvpa 
tov reLxeos avyxcoaavTes, oi be irepieXdovTes iravTodev 
7 r epiGTabov. 

Fame of the Men Who Fell at Thermopylae 

5 AaKebaipovicov be Kal QecrTlecov tolovtcov yevopevcov 
opcos \eyerai avrjp apiaTos yevecrdai 'LivapTif]TrjS AirjveKrjs’ 
tov rode <joaai eiirelv to eiros it piv fj cvppel^ai crcjoeas toIgl 
M rjdoLai, irvdopevov irpos reu t&v Tprjxwicov cbs eireav oi 
fiapfiapoi airicoai ra TO^evpaTa, tov rfkiov vi to tov 
10 ivXfideos tcov oLgtcov aivoKpvirTOVcn' togovto i rXrjdos 
avTcov elvar tov be ovk eKirXayevTa tovtolgl eiireiv, ev 
akoyiri iroievpevov to tcov Mfjbcov irXfjdos, cos iravTa acjoi 
ay ad a 6 Tp^x^o* ^elvos ayy eXXot, ei airoKpvirTOVTcov 
tcov Mfjbcov tov fjXiov viro GKifj eaoiTO irpos avTovs fj 
is paxv Kal ovk ev fjXLco. raura pev Kal aXXa ToiovTOTpoira 
eivea (fracri, AvqveKea tov AaKebaipoviov \nveadai pvrj- 
poavva. pera be tovtov apiaTevaai \eyovTai A aKebai- 
povioi bvo abeXcjoeoL, ’AXcjoeos re Kal Alapcov ’OpaujoavTOV 
iralbes. Qeamecov be evboKipee paXiGTa Tib ovvopa r\v 
20 Aidvpapfios ' AppaTibeco . da^delai be acfot avTod TavTTj 
777 irep eireaov Kal toIgl irpoTepov TeXevTrjaaaL fj tovs 
virb Aeoovibeoo airoirepcfodevT as otxccrdai, eiriyeypairTai 
ypappaTa XeyovTa Tabe' 

pvpiaaiv iroTe Tribe TpLijKoaiais epaxovTO 
25 €/c II eXoirovvaaov x^XtaSes TeTopes. 

TavTa pev bfj toZgi iraai eiriyeypairTai, rotcrt 5 e 'Zirap- 
Tif]Tr\(ji ibirj • 

co ^elv\ ayyeXXeuv AaKebatpovioLs otl Trjbe 
Keipeda rots Keivcov pfjpacn ireidopevoi. 


HERODOTUS 


189 


AoLKebaipLOvioiai ptev 8rj tovto, t& 8e pavTi rode' 

pvrjpa robe n\eivoio M eyuTTLa, ov Tore Mrjdoi 
S7r epx^ov 7 roTafJLdv Krelvav apeL\l/apevoL, 

/ jlclvtlos, os Tore Krjpas €7 repxopevas aa<j)a eid cos 

ovk er\r] S irapTrjs r)yepovas Tvpo\nreiv. 5 

ewiypappaaL pev vvv nai aT'f]^V (TL j V T ° T °v pbvTios 
eirLypappa, ’ Ap4>LKTvoves eial cr^eas oi emKoapricraPTes' to 
8e rod pavTios MeYtarieco ljipo:vibr]s 6 Aeco7rpe7reos eart, 
Kara %eivlr]v 6 eTtypaxpas. 

(While the Spartan force was holding the Pass of Thermopylae, 
the Greek fleet under the command of the Spartan Eurybiades 
was stationed at Artemisium on the north coast of Euboea, where 
it gained some slight successes in encounters with the Persian fleet, 
which suffered severe losses from storm. After the news of the 
disaster at Thermopylae, the Greek fleet retired to the coast of 
Attica and put in at Salamis. There it was learned that the 
Peloponnesians had gathered at the Isthmus of Corinth, leaving 
Boeotia and Attica unprotected from the foe, who were marching 
rapidly in that direction.) 


BOOK VIII 


Deliberations of the Greeks at Salamis. Advance of the 
Persian Army and Capture of Athens 

'Os 8e es ryv 2a\aplpa avpy\6op ol orpaTyyol airo tup 
elpyphup ttoA'uop, efiovhevopTO, irpodePTOS Evpvfiiaoeu 
yviipyp biro^alpeadai top povXbpepop, okov oontoi emTy- 
SebraTov elvai pavpa X lyv tt odeadai tup abrol X"P^ 

5 iyKparies elai y yap ’Amici) birelTo y8i h tup 81 
Aoiirkup irepi irpoerWee. al ypupai 8e tup Aey optup cd 
7 rXeXoTCH avpe^emirTOP irpos top ’ladpop ir'kuoavTas 
vavpaxeeip icpo rrjs UeXoiroppyaov, eirCXeyoPTes top~ Aoyop 
rbvbe, cbs ei piKydbuai ry i mvpaxly, bp SaXa/un pep 
10 eopres iroXiopKyooPTai iv pyay, Iva a<\>i ripuply ovdepla 
em<t>apyaeTa h irpos oe r <5 ’ladpip bs robs iuvrup ^otaovrac. 
ravra tup airo UeXoiroppyaov arparyyup emXeyopepup 
eXyXvBee apyp ’A dypalos ayybXXup f/neiv top fiapfiapov 
es Trip ’Attutip Kal iraaap avTyp irvpiroXbeaOai. o yap 
15 8lo. Bolutup Tpawopepos aipaTOS apa ’Eep^y, bpirpyaas 
Qeambup ryv iroXiv avTUP eKXeXoLiroTUP es UeXoTOPpyaop 
Kal ryp UXaiaieup uaavrus, W re es nxs ’Adypas Kal 
iravia help a eoylov. eveirpyae 8b Qbaireiap re Kal UXa- 
Taiav irvdopepos Qy 13 alup on ovk epySc^op. airo 8e rrjs 
20 oiaflaatos tov 'EXXyairbpTov, evOep iropeveoOai yp^apro ol 
Papfiapoi, epa avrov SiaTplipapres pyva, bv r<S biefiaipop^ 
es ttjv Eupa)7n7V, ev rptcrt erepotat pr\oi eyevovTO ev tt\ 
’Attlkti, KaXXtdSeco apxovTos ’A drjvaioLtn. /cat aipeovcn 
eprpxov to acrrv /cat rtvas oXryous evpicncovcn t&v AOrjvaioiv 
25 ev rep tpco eovTas, Tapias re tov ipov Kal irevrjTas avdpco- 
irovs, ol <j)pa^apevoL ttjv aKpoiroXiv dvprjcri re /cat £i/Xotcrt 
190 


, Greek line at beginning of the battle. C-D, Persian front at beginning of battle. 

Persian line of blockade (in the night) 




























































HERODOTUS 


191 


i)pvvovTO tov s kmovrasy apa pev vt a(rdevelrjs fiiov ovk 
eKXupwavTes es 2 aXa plva, repos be Kal avTol boKeovTes 
e^evprjKevaL to pavTrjLov to rj UvOlr] crcjoL expvcre, to 
%vXlvov relxos clvclXcotov eaeadat’ a vto 5rj tovto elvai to 
KprjacpvyeTov /card to pavTrjLov Kal ov ras veas. ol be 
II epcrai l^opevoL hri tov KaTavrlov ttjs aKpoiroXtos oxOov, 
tov ? AOrjvcuoL KaXeov&L ’A prjLov rrayov, ereoXtopiteov Tpoirov 
TOLOvde' okcos (TTVTrire'iov tt epi tovs olgtovs irepiOevTes 
aipeiav, eTO^evov es to cppaypa. evOavTa ’AdrjvaLaov ol 
ToXLopKeopevoL opcos rjpvvovTO, Kalwep es to eaxcLTOv 
kclkov arnypevoL kcll tov cjopaypaTos irpobebcoKOTOs. ovbe 
Xoyovs tcov TIeKncrTpaTibewv TTpoacjoepovTcov tt epi opo- 
Xoylrjs evebeKOVTO, apvvopevoL be aXXa re avTeprixcLvcovTO 
Kal brj kcll TpoaLovTCOv tcov fiappapcov repos tcls rrvXas 
bXoLTpoxovs CLTrleacLV, cocrre ’Eep&v erel xp^ov avxvov 
aTopLrjaL evex^crdac ov bvvapevbv crcjoeas eXelv. xpovco 5’ 
eK tcov arebpcov ecpavr] hr] tls eaobos to'lctl fiapfiapoLcrL’ 
ebee yap /card to deorepOTTLOv Tracrav ttjv ? A ttlktjv tt]v ev 
Trj rjTeelpco yeveadac vtto II eparjac. eprepoade cov ttjs 
clkpottoXlos, oiTLcrde be tcov tt vXecov Kal ttjs avobov, Trj brj 
ovTe tls ecjovXaaae ovt av riXmae pr] KOTe tls KaTa TavTa 
ava^alr] avOpco ttcov, TavTrj ave^aav TLves icaTa to Ipov 
Trjs Ke/cp07ros OvyaTpos ’AyXavpov, Kalrrep awoKprjpvov 
eovTos tov x^pov. cos be elbov avTobs av a fiefir]KbT as ol 
9 AdrjvaloL , ol pev epplreTeov ecovTovs Kara tov Telx^os 
kcltco Kal bcecjodelpovTO, ol be es to peyapov KaTecjoevyov . 
tcov be Uepaecov ol kva$e$r\KOTes repcoTov pev eTpareovTO 
tt pos tcls rrvXas, TavTa s be avol^avTes tovs i/ceras 
ecpovevov • errei be acpL rravTes KaTeaTpcovTo y to Ipov 
avXrjcravTes eveTprjaav rracrav ttjv clkpottoXlv. &x&v be 
rravTeXecos tcls j Adrjvas Eep^rj s arrervepype es Xovcra 


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dyyeXov iicTted 7 ApTdfidvco ayye\eovra rrjv irapeovahv 
c<f>i ev7r py^irjv. cnro be Trjs tt epxf/Los rod ktjpvkos bevTepy 
ypeprj <rvyKd\ecrds 7 AOyvdiwv tovs <pvydbds, ecourco be 
ervopevovs, e/ceXeue rpoircjo r<5 crcfrerepcx) Over at ra ipd ava- 
5 fidVTds es ttjv dKporvoXiv , etre by &v o\piv Tiva ibcov 
evvrrviov evereWero raOra, eiVe Kdi evdvpiov oi eyeveTO 
eprvpycrdVTi to ipov. oi be (fivrfdbes t&v 7 Adyvcuccv 
erroiyGdv ra evTeTdXpevd. tov be e'ivenev tovtojv erve- 
pvyvOyVj (fipacroj. ean ev rrj dKporvoXi Tavry ? E pex^os 
10 rod yyyeveos \eyopevov elvdi vyos , kv tco e\diy re Kdi 
OaXcurcra evt, ra X 070 S irapa 7 AdyvdLoov Uoo’eibeajva re 
Kai 7 A6yvdiyv epiddVTds wept Trjs X&pys pdpTvpid OeaOdi. 
TdVTyv o)v Tyv eKdiyv apa rco aXXco tpco KdTeXdfie 
ep'Kpyabyvdi h to tcov fidpfidpwv bevTepy be ypepy curb 
15 Trjs eprvpyaios 7 Adyvdlcov oi dveiv vrrd fiddiAeos KeXevo- 
pevoi cos dvefiycrdv es to ipov , copco^ fiXddTov eK tov 
( jTeXextos oaov tc rryxvcuov dVdbebpdpyKOTd . ovtol pev 

VVV TdVTd ecj)pd(TdV. 

Decision to Remain at Salamis 

01 be ev SaXapm ''EXXi^es, cos crcfri e£dyye\Oy cos e(TX e 
20 tol Tvepi Tyv 7 Adyveoiv CLKporroXiv, es togovtov Oopvfiov 
d'KiKOVTO coo TTe evioi tcov GTpdTiqy&v ovbe Kvpcodyvdi 
epevov to irponeipevov rrpyypd, aXX J es re ras veds 
edeTLTTTOv Kdi iaTLd deipovTO cos dTrodevaopevoL’ to'Igi re 
viroXenropevoiGi gvt&v eKvp&dy rrpb tov ? I adpov vdv- 
25 juaxeei v. vvi £ re eyiveTO Kdi ot bidXvOevTes eK tov 

ervvebpiov eaefidivov es ras veds. evddVTd by QepiGTOKXed 
dTTLKopevov €7rl Tyv ved eipeTO MvyGL<j)i\os clvtjp 7 A6yvd'ios 
o ti a4>i eiy fiefiovXevpevov. rrvOopevos be rrpos a vtov cos 
eiy beboypevov dvhyeiv ras veds irpos tov 7 IgQ pov Kdi irpo 


HERODOTUS 


193 


rrjs HeXoirovvrjaov vavpax&w, el7re- Ov rot apa, ^ 
airapwcn ras veas airo IjaXap'lvos, ovde tt epi pLrjs en 
warplbos vavpaxv°’ eLS ' Kara yap iroXis enaaroi rpe\//ovrai, 
Kal ovre a<peas EvpvPiabrjs narexeiv bvvrjaerai ovre ns 
avdpot)TG)v aXXos (Pare prj ov biaanebaadi^vai tt]V ar panrjv 5 


airoXeeral re 17 'EXXds afiovXlrjo'L. aXX ei ns ean 
pr]X av V) KaL Keipo: biaxeai ra peffovXevpeva, rjv kojs 
bvvr) avayv&aai J£vpv(3i,abr)v pera^ovXevaaadai ware 
avrov pevetv. Kapra re rq? 0 epiaroKXei 7?pe<re f) viroOriKK) 

Kal ovdev irpos ravra apeL\J/apevos t]ie eirt rrjv vea rijv 10 
Eupu/3iaSeco. airiKopevos be e<pr} eOeXeiv ol koivov tl 
rrprjypa avppe^a 1 . o 5’ avrov es rrjv vea eKeXeve 
eafiavra Xeyeiv, et n OeXoi. evdavra o 0 epiaroKXerjs 
irap^bpevos oi KaraXeyet eKeiva re tt avra ra 7)K0vae 
]V lv 7 jai(f)lXov, ecovrov ivoievpevos, Kai aXXa w oXXa tt poem- is 
dels, es o aveyvwae XPWfav en re rrjs veos hcffivai 
avXXe^ai re rovs arparrjyovs es ro avvebpiov. cos be 
apa avveXexOyo-av, irpiv 7 ) rov Evpvfiiabrjv tt podelvai rov 
Xoyov rwv eiveKa avvrjyaye rovs arparrjyovs, iroXXos r\v 
o OepLaroKXeris ev roiai Xoyoiai oia Kapra beopevos. 20 
Xeyovros be avrov o K oplvOios arparrjyos ’kbeipavros o 
’ttKvrov ehve- OepiaroKXees, ev row ayeon ol tt poe£- 
aviarapevoi fiairlfovrai. o be awoXvbpevos eefrr Oi be 
ye eyKaraXenropevoi ov arecjravovvrat. rore pev tjtlws 
tov YLoplvQiov apeiparo, Tpos oe rov Evpvfiiabyv e\eye 25 
k K eLvo)v piv ovAti ovbev tuv Tporepov Xex^ VTUV > “ s 
iireav axapoxn. axo HaXaplvos diadptjcovTai iraptov- 
tuv yap tSiv cvppax^v tfap* 01 Kocpov ovoeva 

Karrjyopeeiv 6 5e aXXou X 07 ov eix tT0 > Xtyuv raof ’Ey 
col vvv ken a&oai rpv 'EXXaoa, w vavpa X iw so 

avrov pivuv TOLetcda t ptfe Ttidbpevos tovtwv toZci 


194 


HERODOTUS 


XoyoiGi ava^ev^rjs irpos tov ’ladpov rds veas. avTides 
yap eKarepov aKovaas. irpos pev tQ> ’I aOpcv avp( 3 aX\wv 
ev ireXayei avaireirTapevco vavpaxv^^j T ° V Ki(7Ta 
Gvpcpopov ecrTL yeas Ixovgl fiapvrepas Kal apiSpov eXaa- 
5 aovas' tovto de airoXeeis IjaXapiva re tcai M eyapa ko.l 
k’lyivav, tjv irep Kal ra aXXa evTVxyvupw. apa be tQ> 
vavTiKco avTcov experai Kal 6 ire^os arparos, Kal ovrco 
Gcfreas avros a^eis eirl ttjv HeXoirovvrjGov, Kivbvvevaeis re 
airaarj rfj *E Wadi. r\v be ra eyk Xeyoo iroLrjarjs , Toaabe ev 
10 avro'iGi XPV 1 7T ^ evpy]Geis’ irpona pev ev GTeiv£> avp( 3 a\- 
\ovres vtjvgI oklyr\Gi irpos iroKkas, r\v t a o’lKora eK tov 
iroXepov eK^aivrj, iroXXov Kpari]Gopev’ to yap ev GTeivQ 
vavpax&w irpos fjpewv eGTL, ev evpvxwpirj be irpos 
eKeiv<av. avTts be XaXapls irepiyiveTai, es ttjv fiplv 
15 vireKKeLTai TeKva re Kal ywawes. Kal pev Kal Tobe ev 
avTolai eveGTij tov Kal irepiex^Oe paKiGTa * opolus 
avTov re pev gov irpovavpaxvJleXoirovvrjGOV Kal irpos 
tco ’ladpti), ovbe Gcpeas, el irep ev cppoveeis, a£eis eirl ttjv 
HeXoirovvrjaov. vv be ye ra eyco eXirlfa yevrjTai Kal 
20 viKr)Go:pev t^gl vtjvgI, oure vplv es tov ’iGdpov irape- 
GovTai ol fiapfiapoi oure irpo[3r] govt ai e/caoTepco ttjs 
? A ttlktjs, airiaGL re ovbevl KOGpco, MeyapoLGL re Kepba- 
veopev irepieovGi Kal Alylvrj Kal XaXaplvi, ev Trj rjp'lv Kal 
\6yibv eGTL tccv exdpoov KaTvirepOe yeveaQai. OLKOTa pev 
25 vvv fiovXevopevoiGi avdpcoiroiGi cos to eiriirav eOekei 
yiveaBai m pr) be oUoTa fiovXevopevoiGi ovk eOeKei ovbe 6 
deos irpoax^peeiv irpos ras avdpwirrjlas yvdcpas . raDra 
XeyovTOS Gepicrro/cXeos avTis o YXoplvQios 5 kbelpavTos 
eirecpepeTO, gl yav re KeXevoov rai prj eGTL iraTpls Kal 
30 ’EvpvfiLabriv ovk e&v eirixpriepL^eiv airoXi avbpi iroXiv yap 
tov QepiGTOKXea irapexopevov e/ceXeue ourco yvupas 


HERODOTUS 


195 


avppakkecrOai . ravra be oi tt poecjrepe, on rjkicKeaap re 
Kai KCLT6LXOVTO at ? A Qrjpai. Tore dr] 6 0 epicrroKkerjs 
neivov re Kai rovs Kopcpdiovs 7roXXa re Kai /ca/ca ekeye, 
eccvrolai re ebrjkov koy co cos elrj Kai tto\ls Kai yrj pefap rj 
7Tep eK6LVOL(TL, tGT CLP dilf]KOCTiaL V€6S (T(j)L €C 0(TL TTeTrkrjpO. 0- 

pevai’ ovbapovs yap 'E kkrjpup avrovs enopras airoKpov- 
aecrOai. arjpaipajp be ravra rco Xoycp biefiawe es Ei>pu- 
fiiabrjp, \eywv pakkop errearpappeva' Su el pepeeis 
avrov Kai pepoiv eaeai aprjp ayaOos‘ el 5e pi], aparpe\peis 
rrjp 'E kkaba’ ro irav yap yplp rod irokepov fyepovcn ai 
pees. akk ’ epoi tt eideo. el be ravra prj rroiijays, rjpeis 
pep cos exopep apakaj^opres rovs OLKera s KopievpeQa es 
Ij'ipip rrjp ep ’I rakLrj, rj irep rjperepr] re ecrn e/c irakaLOV 
In, Kai ra koyea keyei vn rjpewp avrrjp help KnaOrjpai * 
vpels be avppaxup roibopbe povpcodepres peppijaeaOe r&p 
epccp koyoop. ravra be QepicrroKkeos keyopros apebibaa- 
Kero Yivpvfiiabrjs’ boKeeLP be pot, apposbrjaas pakicrra rovs 
’ AOrjpaiovs, pi] ac/reas aTokLirajai, rjp irpos rop ladpop 
apayrj ras peas’ aTrokiTOProop yap Adrjpaucop ovKeri 
eyipopro a^iopaxoi oi konroL. ravrrjp brj aipeerai rrjp 
ypccprjp, avrov pepopras biapavpax&w* ovroi pep oi rvepi 
Ijakaplpa eireai aKpofiokiaapepoi, ewetre ^vpv^Labrj ebo^e, 
avrov rra peer Keva£ opto cos pavpaxv cropres. rjpepr] re 
eyipero Kai apa rco rjkLco clploptl creicrpos eyepero ep re ry 
yfj Kai rfj dakacrcrr]. ebo^e be crcfri ev^aerdat rolcri Oeoiicri 
Kai eTLKakeaacrOaL rovs Ala/cl5as avppaxovs. cos be a<f>L 
ebo^e, Kai erroievp ravra’ ev^apepoi yap iracn rolai Oeolai 
avroOep pep e/c HiakapLPOS A uapra re Kau Tekapcopa 
eweKakeopro, eiri be AiaKOP Kai rovs akkovs Aca/a5as pea 
arvearekkop es Atyipap. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


196 


HERODOTUS 


Arrival of the Persian Fleet 

01 be es tov Eep£eco vavTiKov arpardv Tax^evTes, 
kireibr] e/c T p'qx^vos derjcrapevoL to Tp&pa to Aokoivikov 
av es ttjv 'Ict TLalrjv, eTtaxbvTes rjpepas Tpei s 
€7r \eov 5 l Evp'urov, Kal ev eTeprjaL Tpial rjpepriaL eyevovTO 
5 ev ^aXrjpco. erreibr] be TraprjyyeXXe avairXeeiv, avrjyov 
ras veas errl tt]v 'ZaXap'lva, Kal irapeKpidrjaav 5iara- 
xOkvTes /car 5 fjavxlyv. tot€ pev vvv ovk e^expyve acjn fj 
rjpkpr] vavpaylyv iroLrjaaadai * vv% yap erreyeveTO * oi be 
irapecrKeva^ovTO es ttjv vaTepalr]v. tovs be "EXX^as 
10 etx e 5eos re KCLL OLppoobirj, ovk rjKUTTa be tovs curb HeXoTov- 
vrjaov appaibeov be, otl avTol pev ev 'EaXaplvi KaTrjpevoi 
V 7 Tep yrjs tt}s ’Adrivalwv vavpax&w peXXoiev, viK'qOevTes 
re ev vrjaco curoXapefiOevTes 'jroXLOpKrjoovTac, curevTes ttjv 
ecovTciov a<j)v\aKTOV tccv be Papfiapoov o 7refds viro tt)v 
15 rrapeovcrav vvkto erropeveTO kid ttjv HeXoTovvr]aov. recos 
pev brj avT&v avrjp avbpl rrapaaTas cnyfj Xoyov eiroueeTO, 
deb pa 7 roievpevoi ttjv Eupu/3ia5eco a(3ovXlrjv’ reXos be 
e^eppayrj es to peaov. avXXoyos re brj eylveTO Kal 7 roXXa 
eXeyero irepi t&v avTcbv, oi pev cos es ttjv HeXo7rbvvr]crov 
20 xptw tty curoTXeecv Kal irepl eKeivrjs Kivbvveveiv, prjbe 
7 rpo x^pys bopLaX&Tov pevovTas pax^crdai, ’Adrjva'loL be 
Kal AiyivrjTai Kal Meyapees a\)TOV pevovTas apvveoQai. 

Ruse of Themistocles to Prevent the Withdrawal of the 
Greek Fleet 

’E vdavTa QepiGTOKXerjs cos eaaovTO Trj yveopr) viro t&v 
HeXoTrovvrjalcov, XaOebv e^epxerat e/c tov avvebplov, e^eXOwv 
25 be irepirei es to (JTpaTOirebov to M-rjboiv avbpa TrXoio), 
evTeiXapevos tcl Xeyeiv XP e ^v, tco ovvopa pev rjv 'Elklvvos, 
oUeTYjs be Kal 7 rcu5aycoyds rjv t&v Gepurro/cXeos iraiboiv' 


HERODOTUS 


197 


tov brj varepov tovtcov t&v it prjy paTW OepurTOKXerjs 
0 ec77rtea re eiroirjae, cos eirebeKovro oi Qeainees iroXirjTas, 
/cat xPW acrL okfiiov. os Tore irXoico airmopevos eXeye 
irpos rou s aTparrjyovs t&v fiapfiapaiv rabe' "Exe/xi^e pe 
(TTpaTTiyds 6 ’Adrjvaiojv XaOprj t&v aXXwv 'EXX^i'coi' 
(TvyxciveL yap cjrpove(cv ra fiaaikeos /cat fiovXopevos 
paXXov ra vperepa KaTVirepSe yiveadai, rj ra toov 'EXXrjvuv 
irprjypaTa ) (jrpaaovTa on oi "E XXrjves bprjcrpov fiovXevovTai 
/car appcobrj /cores, /cat vvv irapex et /caXXtcrro/' vpeas epyov 
airavTOOv e^epyacraadai, rjv prj irepubrjTe biabpavTas 
aurou s. oure yap aXXrjXoLO'L opofjrpoveovcn our’ ert 
avTUJTTjcrovTai vpZv, irpos ecourous re acfreas o\peade vav- 
paxtovT as, rous ra ujuerepa fypoveovras /cat rous prj. 6 
pev raura cr</>t (njprjvas eKirob&v airaXXacraero' toZctl be 
cos 7 rtara eyivero ra ayyeXdevTa, roDro pev es tijv 
vrjalba tijv /zera£u 2 aXapIvos re neipevrjv /cat r?}s rjireipov 
iroXXovs tcov Hepcrewv airefiifiaaav' rovro be, eireibrj eyi- 
vovto peaai vvKTes, avrjyov pev to air ’ eaireprjs /cepas /cu- 
uXovpevoi irpos Trjv 2aXapt^a, avrjyov be oi ap</>t rrjv 
Keo/' re /cat r^ Kui'ocroupaz' reraypevoi, /caretx ov re 
pexpt* MovvixLys iravTa tov iropOpov Trjcn vrjvaL. T&vbe 
be elvena avrjyov ras veas, 'Lva brj to'lgi ''EXXija’t pi^e 
c ftvye'iv e£r), aXX’ airoXap4>0evTes &v Trj 2aXapt/'t bolev tlctlv 
t&v e.'K ’Apreptatco ayo^vtapaTeov. es be Trjv vrja'iba Trjv 
>VvTTaXeiav KaXeopevrjv airefiifia^ov t&v Hepcreuv T&vbe 
elvena, cos eireav yevrjTai vavpaxiy, evdavra paXiGTa 
e^oicropevoov t&v re avbp&v /cat t&v vavrjyiwv {ev yap brj 
iropco vavpaxiy]s Trjs peXXovarjs eaeaOa t e/cet to rj vrjaos ), 
lva rous pev irepiiroi&crL, tovs be biafyOeipwai. eiroievv be 
(nyrj raura, cos prj irvvOavoiaTO oi evavnoi . ot pev brj 
raura rrjs vvktos ovbev airoKOLprjdevTes irapapTeovTO. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


198 


HERODOTUS 


The Greek Fleet Hemmed in by the Persian 
Tcoj' 8e ep XaXaplpL arparyy cop eylpero codtapos Xbycop 
7roXXos. y8eaap 8e ovkco on acfreas TrepieKVKXewro ryat 
pyval oi fiapfiapoi, aXX ? coairep rys ypepys copcop avrovs 
reraypepovs, edoKeov Kara x&pyv tlvai. avpearyKorcop 8e 
5 tcop arparyycop e£ AlyLpys 8cefiy ’ Apiarei8ys 6 Avacpaxov, 
apyp 5 Adypa'ios pep, e^coarpaKiapepos 8e vi to rod 8ypov, top 
ey co pepopiKa, irvpdapopepos avrov top tpotop, apcarop 
ap8pa yepeadcu ep 5 Adypyai Kai 8ikoli6toltop. ovtos copyp 
arks €7rl to avpe8piop e^eKaXeero OepcaroK-Xea, eopra pep 
10 ecovTCp ov <f)L\op, exdpop 8e r a paXcara’ vi to 8e peyadeos 
tcop irapeoPToop kclkcop Xydyp eiceLpcop ivoievpepos e^eKaXeero, 
dekcop avrco avppe'i^ai. TpocucrjKoee 8e otl airev8oiep oi 
card UeXoTOPPyaov apayeip r as peas irpos top ’ ladpop . cos 
8e e^yXde ot OepcaroKkeys, eXeye ’ Apiarei8ys ra8e' 
is 'Hpeas araaia^eip xP eov e(TTL & r€ rc ? clXXco naipoo Kai 
8y Kai ep rcoSe irepl rod oKorepos ypecop irXeco ayada ryp 
7 r arpi8a epyaaerai. Xeyco 8e tol otl laop earl iroXXa re 
Kai oXlya Xeyeip irepi oltvotyXoov tov hdevrep IIeXo7roi'- 
pyaloiai. ey co yap avroTrys tol Xeyco yepopepos on pvp 
20 ov8 9 fjp dekcoai K optpdioi re Kai avros ^vpv^ca8ys olol re 
eaoPTai eKrrXooaai' irepcexopeda yap vi to tcop ToXeplcop 
kvkXco. aXX ? eaeXdcop acfoc ravra aypypop. 6 5’ apel^ero 
ToialSe’ Kapra re xp^ra 8iaKeXeveai Kai ev yyyeiXas’ 
ra yap eyco e8eopyp yepeadai, avros avroirrys yepopepos 
25 yKecs. cadi yap e£ epeo ra8e iroievpepa vi to Mi^coi'. 
e8ee yap, ore ovk eKOPTes ydeXop es paxyv Karlaraadai oi 
f/ E XXypes, aeKOPras rrapaaryaaadaL. av 8e eirel irep 
yKecs xpil<TTa airayyeXXcop, avros acf)L ayyeiXop. yp 
yap eyco avra Xeyco , 8o%co ivXaaas Xeyecp Kai ov weiaco 
30 cos ov TroievPTcop tcop /3ap/3apcop ravra. aXXa a4>c 


HERODOTUS 


199 


<rijprjvov avros rrapeXSAv cos e%€t. erreav be arjprjvrjs, r)v 
pev tv eiduvrcu, ravra 8rj ra kclWlctt a, rjv be avrolai pi) 
mar a yevrjrai, opoiov ijp'iv earai’ ov yap em biabprjaov- 
rai, el irep rrepiexopeOa tt avraxoOev, cos av \eyeis. 
ravra e\eye rrapeXd&v 6 ’ Apiareibrjs, cjrapevos e£ Alyivrjs 
re r)Keiv Kai poyis e/c7rXco<rcu \aOcov rov s eiroppeovras' 
7r epiex^Qai yap rrav ro arparoirebov ro ^Whjvlkov vi to 
t&v ve&v r&v Eep£eco‘ rrapapreeadai re avvefiovXeve cos 
aXe^rjaopevovs. Kai o pev ravra ehras perearrjKee, r&v 
be avTLs eyivero Xbycov apcfnaPaair)' oi yap wXevves r&v 
arparrjycov ovk erreidovro ra eaayyeXdevra. airlareov- 
rcov be rovrcov rjKe rpirjpr) s avbpcbv TtjvLojv avropoXeovaa , 
rrjs r)PX e bvijp Tyjvlos Tlavainos o Ihcoaipeveos, 7) rrep brj 
ecfrepe rijv aKrjOeirjv rraaav. bta be rovro ro epyov 
eveypa^rjaav T tjvlol ev AeKcpolai es rov rpnroba ev 
roiai rov fiapfiapov KareXovai. 

The Battle of Salamis 

Totcri be <r E Wrjai cos mara brj ra Xeyopeva rjv ruv 
TrjvLOiVj irapecFKeva^ovro cos vavpaxv^ovres. rjcos re 
biefyaive Kai ot cTvWoyov r&v emParewv irourjaapevoi , 
rrporjybpeve ev exovra pev e/c rravroiv QepiaroKXerjs . ra 
be errea ijv iravra ra Kpeaaoi roiai rjaaoai avmridepeva , 
oaa bi) ev avOpdorrov <f>vai Kai Karaaraai eyyiverai 
rrapaiveaas be rovrcov ra Kpeaaco aipeeadai Kai Kara7rXe^as 
rrjv prjaiv, eafiaiveiv eKeXevae es ras veas. Kat ovroi pev 
bi) eaefiaivov , Kai rjKe i) a7r ? Aiyivrjs rpirjprjs, rj Kara rov s 
AiaKibas arvebijprjae . evOavra avrjyov ras veas arraaas 
oi ,r EXXr)ves. avayopevoiai be acjoi avriKa erreKearo 01 
PapfiapoL. oi pev bi) aXX 01 "EXX^es rpvpvrjv ave- 
Kpovovro Kai coKeXXov ras veas , 9 Apeivlrjs be UaXXrjvevs 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


200 


HERODOTUS 


avrjp 9 AdrjvaZos e^avaxSeis vrji ep/3aXXei. crvpTXeKeiarjs 
be tt]s veos Kal ov bvvapevcov aTaXXayfjvai, ourco brj oi 
aXXot ’A peivirj orjdeovTes avvepuryov. ’A OrjvaloL pev 

ovto) Xeyovai rrjs vavpaxivjs yeveaOai ttjv apxw, Aiyivrj- 
5 rat be ttjv /card tovs Ata/ct 5 as a7robrjprjaaaav es A’Lyivav, 
Tavrrjv elvai ttjv ap^aaav. Xeyerat be /cat rade, cos 
<t>aapa acfri yvvai kos ecpavrj, (fravelaav be biaKeXevaaadai 
&(TT€ /cat arrav a/coucrat to tcov 'JZXXrjvuv arpaToireboVy 
oveibicravav irporepov rade * batpovioi, pexpi Koaov 
10 ert rrpvpvrjv avaKpovecrOe) 

Kara pev brj ’Adrjvaiovs ereraxaro ^otia/ces (ourot 7 ap 
etxov to irpos ’EXeuatwos re /cat ecnreprjs /cepas), kcltcl be 
Aanebaipoviovs ’leones’ ourot 5’ etxoi' ro 7rpos ttjv rjee re 
/cat tov Iletpatea. edeXoKaKeov pevTOi avTcov koltcl tcls 
15 Geptaro/cXeos evToXas oXlyoi, oi be wXevves ov. to be 
7 rX? 70 os raw veoov ev Trj SaXapiVt e/cepatfero, at pev U 7 r J 
’Adrjvaioov bia^Oeipopevai, at 5e U7r’ AiyivrjTecov. are 
7 ap raw pev 'EXXrjvuv avv Koapco vavpaxeovTcov Kal /card 
Ta^iv, raw be ftapf3apccv oi/re TeTaypevoiv eTi oure aiw wco 
20 TOLeovTcov ovbev, epeXXe tolovto acj)i avvoiaecrO at oto/' 7 rep 
aTe^rj. /catrot rjaav ye Kal eyevovTO TavTrjv ttjv rjpeprjv 
pa/cpco apeivoves avToi ecouraw rj irpos Ev/3oir), 7 ras rts 
irpodvpeopevos Kai beipaivcov Eep^Tjv, eboKee re e/caaros 
ecovTov Oerjaeadai fiacriXea. /card pej> rous aXXovs ovk 
25 ex^o ei'ire'tv arpe/cecos cos e/cacrrot rco^ (3apf3apuv rj raw 
'E XXrjvcov rjyiovi^ovTO’ kotcl be ’ApTepiairjv Tabe eyeveTO, 
air’ aw evboKLprjae paXXov eTi irapa fiaaiXei. erveibr] 
yap es 6bpv/3ov ttoXXov arrineTO ra fiaaiXeos rrprjypaTa, 
ev rourco tco /catpw r) vrjvs rj ’Apreptatrys e5tcb/cero U 7 ro ^eos 
30 J Arrt/c^s‘ /cat ^ ou/c exovaa bia<j>vyelv (epTpoaOe yap 
avTTjs rjcrav aXXat i^ees 0tXtat, 17 6 e avTrjs rrpos t&v 


HERODOTUS 


201 


ToXepicov pbAiara ervyxave eovaa), eb o£e oi robe TOiyaai, 
to Kai avvyveiKe Toiyaaay' biooKopevy yap vto rys 
’A TTLKrjs 4>epovaa evefiaXe vyi cj)iXiy avbpcov re KaXvvdewv 
Kai avrov eTiTXeovros tov KaXvvbecov ftaaiXeos Aapaai- 
Ovpov. ei pev Kai ti velKos Tpos avrov eyey'ovee en Tepi 
''EWrjcnrovTov eovroov, ov pevroi e%co ye eiTelv, ovre ei 
€K Tpovoiys avra eToiyae, ovre ei avveKvpyae y tcov 
KaXvvbeoov Kara rvxyv TapaTeaovaa vr) Os. cos be evefiaXe 
re Kai Karebvae, evrvxiy XP 7 l (Ta l JL ^ r l SwrXd ecovryv ayaOa 
epyaaaro’ 6 re yap rys ? Attlkt}s veos rpiypapxos cos elbe 
piv ep/3aXXovaav vyi avbpcov fiapfiapcov, vopiaas ryv vea 
ryv 9 Aprepiaiys y ' l&XXyviba elvai y avropoXeeiv e/c t&v 
fiapfiapiov Kai avrolai apvveiv, aToaTpexf/as Tpos aXXas 
erpcLTero. tovto pev toiovtov avrfj avvyveiKe yeveadai 
biatpvyelv re Kai py aToXeadai, tovto be avve/3y c bare 
KaKOv epyaaapevyv clto tovtwv avryv paXiara evboKi- 
pyaai Tapa Eep^y. Xeyerai yap fiaaiXea Oyevpevov 
padelv ttjv vea ep/3aXovaav, Kai by Tiva eiTelv tcov 
Tapeovrcov AeaTora, opas ’A prepiaiyv cos ev ayuvi^erai 
Kai vea tojv ToXep'uov Karebvae ) Kai tov eTeipeadai ei 
dXydecos eari ’Aprepiaiys to epyov, Kai tov s <\>dvai, 
aac^ecos to emaypov ry s veos eTiarapevovs’ ryv be 
biacj)dapelaav yTiarearo elvai ToXepiyv. ra re yap 
dXXa, cos eipyrai, avrfj avvyveiKe es ei)TVXiyv yevopeva 
Kai to tcov e k rys JfiaXvvbiKys veos pybeva aToacoOevra 
Karyyopov yeveadai. S ep£yv be eiTelv Xeyerai Tpos ra 
4>pa£opeva' 01 pev avbpes yeyovaai pot yvvalKes, ai be 
yvvalKes avbpes. ravra pev S ep£yv cfoaai eiTelv. ev 
be rco tovco tovtco clto pev Wave 6 arparyyos ’A piafiiyvys 
6 Aapeiov, Hep£eco ecov abeXcjoeos, clto be aXXoi ToXXoi re 
Kai ovopaaroi Uepaecov Kai Mybcov Kai tcov aXXaov 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


202 


HERODOTUS 


t Tvppaxuv, oXiyoi be rives Kal 'JZWrjvwv' are yap veeiv 
krviarapevoi, rolai al vees bie(j)deipovro, ol prj ev x ei P& v 
vbpco cnvoXXvpevoi es ryv SaXaj uiva bieveov. r&v be 
fiapfiapwv ol 7 voXXol ev rrj daXaaay bie^dapyaav, veeiv 
5 ovk ewicrrapevoi. ervel be ai Tvp&rai es <j>vyrjv erpcuvovro, 
evdavra ai TvXelarai biecjrdeipovro. ol yap oTviade reray- 
pevoi, es to Tvpoode rfjcri vyval tv apievai Tveipupevoi cos 
aivobe^opevoi n Kal avrol epyov fiacriXei, rrjai ac^erepyai 
vrjval <j>evyovayai TvepieTvnvrov. eyevero be Kal robe ev 
10 rep dopv/3co Tovrqy r&v rives Qoivikuv, t&v al vees 
bie^daparo, eXdovres Tvapa ftacriXea biefiaXXov rovs 
"Icoz'as, cos bi eKeivovs arvoXoiaro al vees, cos Tpobbvrcov. 
avvrjveiKe &v ovrco &are ’Ico^co^ re rovs arparyyovs prj 
cnvoXeadai Qoivikwv re rovs biafiaXXovras Xafielv roiovbe 
is piadov. eri rovroov ravra Xeyovruv evefiaXe vyl ? A ttikt} 
'EapodpyiKirj vrjvs. y re by ? A rriKy Karebvero Kal 
enicfrepopevy Aiyivairj vyvs Karebvae r&v XapoPpylKicv 
ryv vea. are by eovres aKovnaral ol ’ZapodpyiKes rovs 
€Ti(3aras curb rrjs Karabvaaays veos paXXovres cuvypa^av 
20 Kal ervefiyaav re Kal eaxov avryv. ravra yevopeva rovs 
*'Icovas eppvaaro' cos yap elbe acjreas Sepoys epyov peya 
epyaaapevovs, erpbnvero tv pos rovs QolviKas oia vTvepXvTveo- 
pevos re Kal rravras ainwpevos, Kal crcjreiov eiceXevae ras 
Kecj) aXas cnvorapelv, "iva py avrol KaKol yevopevoi rovs 
25 apeivovas bia/3aXXo:cri. okcos yap riva iboi *Eep%ys r&v 
ec ovrov epyov n cnvobeiKvvpevov ev rrj vavpax'iy, Karypevos 
vt vo rco opei rep avrlov 'EaXaplvos ro KaXeerai AryaXecos, 
aveTv vvdavero rov Tvoiyaavra, Kal ol ypappariaral 
aveypatfiov Tvarpodev rov rpiypapxov Kal ryv tvoXiv. 
30 Tvpos be ri Kal Tvpoae^aXero cjriXos ’luvoov eoiv 9 Apiapapvrjs 
avrjp Hepays Tvapewv rovrov rod QoiviKylov rvadeos. 


HERODOTUS 


203 


01 ptv drj npos tovs $olvlk as erpcLTOVTO * toov dt fiap- 
/3apo)v ts cjrvyrjv Tpairoptvo)v Kal tKivXtbvTO)v Trpos to 
QaXrjpov AiyivrjTai viroaravres tv rcb iropdpo) tpya 
airtdt^a vto Xoyov a^ia. oi ptv yap ’Adrjvaioi tv rcS 
6opv(3o) tKtpai^ov ras Tt avrurrapitvas Kal ras <ptvyovaas 
tuv vto)v , ol dt A lyivrjTai ras tKirXtovaas‘ o/ccos dt rivts 
tovs ? A drjvaiovs dtacfrvyoLtv, (j)tp6ptvoi tatimrTov ts tovs 
AiyLvrjTas. tv dt rfj vavpaxly Tavrrj rjKOvaav 'BXXtjvojv 
apicrra AiyivrjTai^ tirl dt ? Adrjva'ioi, avdpcbv dt HoXvKpiTOS 
rt 6 AlyLvijTTjs Kal ’A drjvaloi Bvptvrjs Tt 6 ’Avayvpacnos 
Kal ’AptLvlrjs 6 ILaXXrjvtvs, os Kal ’ ApTtpiaLrjv tirtdlco^t. 
5 ApLCTTtLdrjs dt 6 Avaipaxov avrjp ’AOrjva'los, tov Kal 
oXlyco ti TpoTtpov tovtov tirtpvrjo’Qyv tbs avdpos apidTov, 
ovtos tv Tco dopvf3u> tovtco rtb TTtpl XaXaplva ytvoptvc*) 
Tadt tTroItt' TrapaXaP&v ttoXXovs to)v oirXiTtuv ol 
iraptTtTax&TO irapa ttjv clkttjv tt)s IhaXapLVLrjs X^pys, 
ytvos tovTts 5 AdyvaZotj ts ttjv vTTaXtiav vrjaov airtfiTjtrt 
ayuv, ol tovs Utpaas tovs tv rfj vrjcr'idi TavTrj KaTt^o- 
vtvaav iravTas. 

The Retreat of the Persians 

Ol 6’ apL(t)l Ztp^rjv tTLaxbvTts oXiyas rjptpas ptTa ttjv 
vavjxaxlyv t^rjXavvov ts Bolcotovs ttjv avTrjv odov . tdo^t 
yap Ma pdovio) apa ptv TrpoTtp\J/aL ^aaiXta, apa dt 
avccplrj tlvai tov tTtos iroXtpttiv , x eL f ie P L(7aL T€ bptivov 
elvai tv QtcraaXLrj, Kal tirtiTa a pa to) tape irtipacrdai ttjs 
IleXoTOvvriaov. Etpfrs dt Uapdoviov tv QtaaaXirj /cara- 
Xltt(j)V avTos tiroptvtTO /card Tax es tov EXXrjcnrovTov 
Kal airLKVttTai ts tov iropov ttjs diafiacnos tv irtvTt Kai 
TtaatpaKovTa rjpeprjcn, aivayo)v ttjs (JTpaTirjs ovdtv ptpos 
ebs tiirtiv. okov d^ivoptvbptvoL yivoiaTO Kai /car OVCTTLVaS 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


204 


HERODOTUS 


avOpwrrovs, tov tovtuv Kaprvov apiva^ovTes eaiTeovTO' 
el be Kaprvov prjbeva evpoiev , oi be ttjv rvoirjv ttjv eK Trjs 
yrjs ava<j)vopevr]v Kai tcov bevbpecov tov (j>Xoibv rvepiXervovTes 
Kai ra 4 >vXXa kclt abperrovres KaTrjadiov , opoiois t&v re 
5 rjpepcov Kai tcov aypioov, Kai eXeirvov ovbev' ravra 5 ’ 
erroieov vi ro Xipov. erriXafibiv be Xoipos re tov crTpaTOV 
Kai bvcrevTepLr] KaT obov e<j)deLpe. tovs be Kai voaeovTas 

avTcov KaTeXenre , emTaaawv Trjat, ttoXlcti, tva eKaaTOTe 
yivoLTo eXavvcov, peXebaiveiv Te Kai Tpevjreiv, ev QeaaaXLr) 
10 re TLvas Kai ev XLpt Trjs Uaioviris Kai ev M aKebovirj. 
oi be II epcrai ojs eK Trjs QprjiKrjs rvopevopevoi ar tlkovto 
erri tov rvopov, erveiyopevoi tov 'EXXrjaTovTov Tr\cn vrjvai 
biefir]<jav es "A fivbov’ tcls yap crx^bias ovk evpov eTi 
evTeTapevas aXX 9 vrro xtW&vos biaXeXvpevas. evOavTa 
15 5^ KaTexopevoi crtrla rrXeco rj KaT obov eXayxwov , 
ovbeva Te Koapov epmrvXapevoi Kai vbaTa peTaftaXXovTes 
arredvrjcrKov tov CTpaTOv tov rvepieovTos rvoXXoi. oi be 
Xonroi apa Eep^ri arviKveovTai es Xapbis. 


THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS 1 

(From the Per see of ^Eschylus) 

Atossa 

Tell how began the conflict of the ships. 

Who made first onset? Was it Hellas’ folk, 

Or my son, glorying in his host of ships ? 

Messenger 

’Twas this began all our disaster, Queen: 

A demon or fell fiend rose—who knows whence ?— 
For from the Athenian host a Hellene came, 

And to thy son, to Xerxes, told this tale, 

That when the mirk of black night should be come, 
The Greeks would not abide, but, leaping straight 
Upon the galley-thwarts, this way and that 
In stealthy flight would seek to save their lives. 

Soon as he heard, discerning neither guile 
In that Greek, nor the jealousy of heaven, 

This word to all his captains he proclaims, 

That when the sun should cease to scorch the earth, 
And gloom should fill the hallowed space of sky, 

In three lines should they range their throng of ships 
To guard each pass, each seaward-surging strait; 

And others should enring all Aias’ Isle: 

Since, if the Greeks should yet escape fell doom, 

And find their ships some privy path of flight, 
Doomed to the headsman all these captains were. 
Thus spake he, in spirit over-confident, 

Knowing not what the Gods would bring to pass. 
With hearts obedient, in no disarray, 

Then supped our crews, and every mariner 
To the well-rounded rowlock lashed his oar. 

1 Translation by Arthur S. Way, Macmillan and Co., 1906. 

205 


206 


HERODOTUS 


But when the splendour faded of the sun, 

And night came on, each master of the oar 
A-shipboard went, and every man-at-arms. 

Then rank to rank of long ships passed the word: 
And, as was each appointed, so they sailed. 

So all night long the captains of the ships 
Kept all the sea-host sailing to and fro. 

And night passed by, yet did the Hellene host 
Essay in no wise any secret flight. 

But when the day by white steeds chariot-borne, 
Radiant to see, flooded all earth with light, 

First from the Hellenes did a clamorous shout 
Ring for a triumph-chant; and wild and high 
Pealed from the island rock the answering cheer 
Of Echo. Thrilled through all our folk dismay 
Of baffled expectation; for the Greeks 
Not as for flight that holy psean sang, 

But straining battleward with heroic hearts. 

The trumpet’s blare set all their lines aflame. 
Straightway with chiming dip of dashing oars 
They smote the loud brine to the timing-cry, 

And suddenly flashed they all full into view. 

Foremost their right wing seemly-ordered led 
In fair array; next all their armament 
Battleward swept on. Therewithal was heard 
A great shout—“ On, ye sons of Hellas, on! 

Win for the home-land freedom!—freedom win 
For sons, wives, temples of ancestral Gods, 

And old sires’ graves! This day are all at stake! ” 
Yea, and from us low thunder of Persian cheers 
Answered—no time it was for dallying! 

Then straightway galley dashed her beak of bronze 

On galley. ’Twas a Hellene ship began 

The onset, and shore all the figure-head 

From a Phoenician:—captain charged on captain. 

At first the Persian navy’s torrent-flood 
Withstood them: but when our vast fleet was cramped 
In strait space—friend could lend no aid to friend— 
Then ours by fangs of allies’ beaks of bronze 


HERODOTUS 


207 


Were struck, and shattered all their oar-array; 

While with shrewd strategy the Hellene ships 
Swept round, and rammed us, and upturned were hulls 
Of ships;—no more could one discern the sea, 

Clogged all with wrecks and limbs of slaughtered men: 
The shores, the rock-reefs, were with corpses strewn. 
Then rowed each bark in fleeing disarray, 

Yea, every keel of our barbarian host. 

They with oar-fragments and with shards of wrecks 
Smote, hacked, as men smite tunnies, or a draught 
Of fishes; and a moaning, all confused 
With shrieking, hovered wide o’er that sea-brine 
Till night’s dark presence blotted out the horror. 
That swarm of woes, yea, though for ten days’ space 
I should rehearse, could I not tell in full. 

Yet know this well, that never in one day 
Died such a host, such tale untold, of men. 


Messenger 

An isle there is that fronteth Salamis’ coast, 

Small, where no ship finds haven, and its beach 
By Pan is haunted, lover of the dance. 

Hither our king sent these, that when our foes 
From shattered ships should flee unto the isle, 

They might, as in a trap, slay Hellas’ host, 

And from the swift sea-currents rescue friends— 

Ill boding that which should be!—for when God 
Gave that sea-battle’s glory to the Greeks, 

On that same day they lapped their limbs in mail 
Of gleaming bronze, leapt from their ships, beset 
The isle all round, to the end these might not know 
Which way to face. With stones from hands of foes 
On all sides battered were they: arrows leapt 
From twanging bowstrings aye, and smote them dead. 
Last with one surge-sweep charging burst o er them 
The Hellenes, stabbing, hacking wretched limbs, 

Till they had torn out life from each and all. 

Then Xerxes shrieked to see that depth of woe: 



HERODOTUS 


For full in view of all the host his throne 
Stood on a high knoll hard beside the sea. 

He rent his vesture, wild and high he wailed. 

Straight to the land-host sent he forth his hest, 

And sped them fleeing thence in disarray. 

Such woe uppiled on woe is thine to moan. 

350-432, 447-47U 


ABBREVIATIONS 

Abbreviations used in the notes and vocabulary 


abs. absolute. 

acc. accusative. 

act. active. 

adj. adjective. 

adv. adverb, adverbial. 

AEsch. ^Eschylus. 

aor. aorist. 

apod, apodosis. 

appos. appositive, apposition. 

art. article. 

Att. Attic. 

attrib. attributive. 

augm. augment. 

cf. compare. 

cogn. cognate. 

comp, comparative. 

compl. complementary. 

cond. condition, conditional. 

constr. construction. 

contr. contract, contracted. 

correl. correlative. 

dat. dative. 

decl. declension. 

dem. demonstrative. 

deriv. derivative, derivation. 

Dial. Dialect of Hdt. (Introd. pp. 8 ff.). 
dir. direct. 
enclit. enclitic. 

Eng. English. 
equiv. equivalent. 
esp. especially. 

Eur. Euripides. 
fern, feminine. 
f. > fffoil' following. 
fr. from. 

frequent, frequentative. 
fut. future. 
gen. genitive. 

Hdt. Herodotus. 
hist, historic, historical. 

Horn. Homeric, Homer. 

11. Iliad. 

impers. impersonal. 
impf. imperfect. 
imv. imperative. 
indecl. indeclinable. 
indef. indefinite. 
indie, indicative. 
indir. indirect. 
inf. infinitive. 


interrog. interrogative. 
intr. intransitive. 

Introd. Introduction. 

Ion. Ionic. 
kt\. and so forth. 

/., //. line, lines. 

Lat. Latin. 
l.c. loco citato. 
lit. literal, literally. 
masc. masculine. 
mid. middle. 
neg. negative. 
neut. neuter. 
nom. nominative. 
obj. object, objective. 

O. C. CEdipus Coloneus. 

Od. Odyssey. 

O. T. CEdipus Tyrannus. 
opt. optative. 
orig. originally. 

/., pp. page, pages. 
partit. partitive. 
pass, passive. 
perf. perfect. 
pers. person, personal. 
pi. plural. 

Plat. Plato. 
plupf. pluperfect. 
pred. predicate. 
prep, preposition. 
pron. pronoun. 
prot. protasis. 
ptc. participle. 
quest, question. 
refl. reflexive. 
rel. relative. 
sc. supply. 
sing, singular. 

Soph. Sophocles. 

subj. subject, subjective, subjunctive. 
subst. substantive. 
superl . superlative. 
suppl. supplementary. 

Synt. Syntax of Hdt. (Introd. pp. 13 ff.) 
Thuc. Thucydides. 
trans. transitive. 
voc. vocative. 

Vo cab. Vocabulary. 


209 


NOTES 


49. I . 1 The words'HpoSorov *A\iKapvri<r<r&>s lo-ropC^s airoStlis -q 8 € (sc. i<rrL) 

give the title of the work. For the form 'AXiKapvqoalos, see Dial. 31. iaTopl-qs: 
properly inquiry , here result of inquiry or research. anSSe^is (Att. dnSdei^LS : 
cf. diroSelumpu point out, show ) : showing forth, publication. Here is the publi¬ 
cation of the result of Herodotus's researches. Cf. the opening of the History of 
Thucydides: OovKiSidijs’ABrjvacos £vv£ypa\pe rbv 7 r6\ep.ov tuv Ue\cnrovvT]<rloi)v Kal 
’A 6r)valuv. — «s: introducing a clause of purpose. Hdt. uses also Xva, Sk<os 
(Horn, and Att. Situs) ; Sfipa, common in Homer, is not found in Hdt. Synt. 
143. 

2 . to, yevopeva avOpwirwv : the things which have been brought to pass (lit., 
have come into being) by men, the deeds of men. The pron. 6, 7 /, t6, which in 
Homer is usually demonstrative, becomes the definite article in Hdt., though 
in some cases it retains the demonstrative force. The art. with the ptc. forms 
a substantive expression which is equivalent to a rel. clause. Synt. 21 a. The 
prep. denotes the origin. — tu XP° VI ! ,: dat. °f means. For the art. with 
Xpbvos, see Synt. 13. — y^vpTai: for the sing, verb with neut. pi. subj., see 
Synt. 1 a. 

3. cpya: permanent works , such as monuments, ip distinction from rd 7 evb- 
p.eva. —0«pa<rTd (Horn, and Att. Bavp-aard) : Dial. 13. — to, p€v . . . rd 8 ^: 
some . . . others; dem. use of the art. (Synt. 8 , 9), in partit. appos. to ipya. 
Synt. 3 a. —"EXXpo-i . . . (3ap(3dpourt: dat. of agent with the ptc. Synt. 56. 

4. diro8€X0^VTa: fr. anode Ik vv pu ; cf. airbSe^is, 1. 1. Dial. 10.—dxXea 
(a/cXe^a) : fr. a/cXeijs, -Is. Dial. 17. — Ta t« aXXa Kal 81 4jv atTfrqv: both all 
other things and the reason for which ; best taken as explanatory of i<xToplrjs , or 
obj. of the verbal idea in dirbde^LS, as if he had said : 'RphSoros aireSel^aro rd re 
&\\a ktX. 

5. aXXpXoto-t: dat. of association. Synt. 65. 

6 . Ilcpa-cwv pcv : the correlative to this is iy<b SI, 51,16. — atHovs : the cause 
of, responsible for, picks up ahl-qv, 1. 5, as Siatpopijs picks up inoXlp-rjcrav. 

7. y€v&r0ai: inf. of indir. disc, after 4>a<rl , representing iylvovro of the dir. 
disc. Synt. 174. — Siatfwpfjs : obj. gen. with airlovs. Synt. 44.—’Epv0pfjs 
0aXd<r<rps: the Red Sea in Hdt. means the Indian Ocean, from the shores of 
which the Phoenicians were said to have migrated. 

8 . dmKopcvovs : for the loss of the aspirate, see Dial. 2. — t^vSc tt]v 0aXacr- 
<rav : i.e. the Mediterranean. Cf. Lat. mare nostrum. For the use of the art. 
with the dem. pron., see Synt. 24. 


1 References to the text are made by page and line. 

210 


Page 49, Line 18] 


NOTES 


211 


9. olK^o-avTas: having settled; for the ingressive force of the aor. ptc., see 
Synt. 99 c. — tov Kal vvv: which even now . For this form of the rel. pron., 
see Dial. 35. Kal, when intensive, even, also, regularly precedes the word it 
emphasizes. 

10. vavri\Cr)<ri: for the case, see Synt. 68. — cirt0€<r0ai: applied themselves 
to; the inf. represents i-irldevro of the dir. disc. Synt. 174. The indir. quo¬ 
tation (after (f>aal, 1. 6) extends to 51, 10. — aTrayivcovTas : fr. airayivlu = 
avayu. 

11. <|>opTta : wares; fr. <f>lpio bear; cf. <p6prov, 1. 15.— Atyvirria re Kal ’Atr- 
trvpia: Hdt. is fond of linking words or phrases by re . . . Kal. This state¬ 
ment has been confirmed by discoveries at Mycenae and other prehistoric 
sites. — rfj tc aXXfl (sc. x^PV) • • • Kal 8t] Ka£: both elsewhere . . . and in 
particular. — eoramKveeorOai: pres. inf. representing the impf. indie, of the 
dir. disc. (Imperfect Infinitive.) Synt. 174. Note other instances in this 
passage 

12 . to S^Apyos: the art., because the place was just mentioned; it has 
almost the force of a dem. pron. Synt. 15 .—tovtov tov \povov: Synt. 24, 
78. 

13. , jrpo€i)(€: not inf., because the assertion of Hdt. himself. The preemi¬ 

nence of Argos suggests the influence of the Homeric poems, where Argolis 
was the leading power of prehistoric Greece. — a-irao-i: dat. of respect. 
Synt. 63. — twv 4v Tfj . . . X"PTI : art - before a prepositional phrase gives 

it the value of a subst. (Synt. 21 a); some word like toXUov is understood. 
The phrase is gen. after the idea of comparison in xpoe?x e. Synt. 39. — vvv 
'EX.Xa.8i KaXeo|x4vT): connect vvv KaXeoplvy. For the order 'EXX<£5t KaXeoplvrj 
X&PVi cf. ’Epvdprjs KaXeopbvrjs daXdao-rjs, 1. 7. 

14. : emphasizing the place in point. This particle is used by Hdt. with 
great frequency. — 8iaT£0€a-0at: cf. note on iaa-iuKvlea-dai, 1. 11. Si a- has a 
distributive force, as dis- in Latin. With dia-rldripu cf. Lat. dispono , Eng. dis¬ 
pose. For the scene, cf. Horn. Od. XV. 415 f. 

evda 8& $olviKes vavolKXvroi ijXvdov &v8pe s, 

Tp&KTai , p,vpC &yovre s a0bpp.aTa vtjI p.eXalvri. 

‘ And there came Phoenicians famed for ships, greedy knaves, bringing count¬ 
less toys in their dark ship.’ 

15. dir* -qs : from that on which ; for the form of the rel., see Dial. 35. 

16. €|€p,'iroX‘qp.4va)v : perf. pass. ptc. fr. i£epLiroXtu. — <r<j>i: pers. pron. (Dial. 
33), dat. of agent with the ptc., as regularly with the perf. pass. Synt. 56. 
— (rx^Sov iravTwv : nearly all; gen. abs. with the ptc. Synt. 48. 

17. aXXas rt iroXXas: unimportant for the story. — Kal 8^ KaC: emphasiz¬ 
ing the heroine of the tale. Cf. 1. 12.— tov pacriXcos 0vyaT«pa: the art. 
omitted with dvyarlpa, exactly our ‘ the king’s daughter ’; but rod fiacriXlo s ttjv 
dvyartpa, 50, 9. The difference is doubtless for variety. 

18. ot: pers. pron. (Dial. 33), dat. of possessor with ehai. Synt. 55. —ov- 
vofia. (Att. 8vop.cC) : Dial. 9. — KaT«d twvto (t6 abrb) to Kal "EXXiqves \(yov<ri : 
according to the same statement that the Greeks (also) make. Kal is pleonastic, 
but regularly used with words meaning the same or like. tuvt6 is an instance 


212 


NOTES 


[Page 49 , Line 18 


of ‘crasis’ (Dial. 18). The smooth breathing is placed over the long vowel 
or diphthong resulting from contraction. This form is peculiar to Hdt. For 
"EXX^es without the art., see Synt. 15 a. 

19. Tovv : for the decl., see Vocab. For another story about Io, see ^Esch. 
Prometheus, 640 ff. — tt]v ’Ivdxov : jc. dvyartpa. Synt. 31, la. — TavTas : 
‘asyndeton,’ as often in Hdt., when the sentence begins with a form of 
oCros: see Introd. p. 45. The reference of the dem. is to AXXas re ttoXX&s /cal 
. . . dvyaripa ; the intervening clause is parenthetical. — <rrdo-as : 2 aor. ptc. 
acc. pi. fern. Note the difference between this and the 1 aor. ptc. nom. sing, 
masc. 

20. Kara: near. For the omission of the art. with irptnvr)v, cf. our astern. 
Synt. 16. — «v€€o-0ai: impf. inf. ; cf. to-curiKvteodcu, 1. 11, and note ; the force 
of the tense is ‘ conative,’ i.e. attempted to buy. Synt. 84. — <}>opT(»v: partit. 
gen. with the rel. tG)v\ or, possibly, attracted to the case of the rel., which is 
obj. gen. with Ovp.6s. 

60. 1. jidXio-ra : adv., because 6vp.bi fjv is equivalent to a verb. —SiaictXiv- 
o-apevovs : for the force of Sia- cf. biarldeedai, 49, 14. 

2. avTas: them; an unemphatic pers. pron. of the third pers. For other 
meanings of this word, which in Homer is usually an intensive, see Synt. 28. 

— t&s • . • irXevvas {irXbovas) : Dial. 17. Synt. 29. 

3. ttjv ’Iovv: for the art. see Synt. 15. — dpirao-0fjvai: fr. apirdfa .— 
€<rPaXo|itvovs: in agreement with the subj. <f>ofvi/cas, as if the sentence rds plv 
. . . apTraodTjvcu had not intervened. 

4. vea : see Dial. 32. — o^xecrGai airoirXfovTas : sailed away and were gone, 
or, less accurately, went sailing off. Synt. 135. — €ir’ Alyvirrov : in the direc¬ 
tion of Egypt. — ovtio p.€v : ‘ asyndeton,’ because a summing up with no addi¬ 
tional statement. See Introd. p. 45. 

5. ovk <*>s ''EXX^vts : sc. Xtyovoi. 

6. dSiKTjpdTwv : gen. with a verb of beginning (partit. gen.). Synt. 34.— 
irp»Tov: acc. of the adj., in the pred. with &p£cu (Synt. 6), a common pleo¬ 
nasm ; this was the first to begin , i.e. the first cause. — p.€T& Tavra: after this, 
a very common phrase. 

7. fc'xovtri: are able, the regular meaning of ex eiv with an inf. — Tovvop.a: 
crasis for rb 6vopa, Dial. 18. 

8. rris 4>oiv(kiis : gen. of the whole (partit. gen.) with Ti >pov. Synt. 31, 6. 

— ‘rrpocrcrxovTas (fr. it poalx^) '■ sc - ^ a » patting into port. 

9. Pa<riX4os: Homer {II. XIV. 321) calls him Phoenix; Hdt. elsewhere 
calls him Agenor. — €tt]<rav 8’ av ovrot Kp^Tts: these would be Cretans, a 
supposition of Hdt. based on the legend that Europa was mother of King 
Minos of Crete. The opt. with Ay may be explained as potential, although 
here it expresses, not possibility or likelihood in the future, but a present 
judgment or conjecture of the past. Synt. 113 b. 

10. ravra . . . ycvtVOai: this then made matters even; with (a a irpbs tea, 
cf. tit for tat. 

12. KaTairXwo-avras yap: the participle does not introduce a reason for 
the preceding statement, but merely amplifies it. In this use of ydp it should 


Page 50, Line 28] 


NOTES 


213 


not be translated. — |iaKpfj vtj£: properly warship, like Lat. navis longa; here 
used of the Argo, because the expedition was an organized one ; dat. of means. 

13. tt]v Ko\x>&a: the art. shows that KoXx^Sa is attrib. of Afav. Synt. 18. 
— cvOcvtcv : Dial. 3. 

14. rdXXa (ra &\\a. Dial. 18) : all the other objects of theii expedition , i.e. 
securing the golden fleece. — t<ov civckcv : on account of which ; e'ivenev (dveica, 
Uveicd) regularly follows the word it governs. —aiuKaTO ( airluovTo ) : Dial. 40. 

15. tov paoriXtos : for the position of the limiting gen., see Synt. 23. 

17. apirayns : obj. gen. with dtnas. Synt. 31, 3. — airaiTcav : demand back; 
the prep, implies that the demand is of something rightfully belonging or due 
to one. For the tense, see note on hrairuivleardcu, 49, 11. — tovs 8c : and they ; 
dem. use of the art., regular at the beginning of a sentence or clause, when 
there is a change of subject; here, the Greeks. Synt. 9 b. 

18. ovSc ckcivoi . . . c8oo*dv cr<j>i Sttcas : they (the Asiatics) had not made 
amends to them (the Greeks) either, obdl means and not , not even , or not either: 
here the last, as in the following line also.—Tovs: obj. gen. with apwayijs. 
For the constr. of apTrayi}s, see note on 1. 17. 

19. uv: Dial. 14. — curroi: intensive; they themselves. Synt. 28. Nom., 
as if virenplvavTO had preceded. When the subj. of the inf. is the same as 
that of the main verb, it is regularly omitted, and any qualifying word is put 
in the nom. Synt. 81. Here avrobs would be more regular agreeing with 
robs, 1. 17.—Sweety: representing the fut. indie, of the dir. disc. Synt. 126. 

20. tov IIpid|Aov : sc. vibv. Synt. 31, 1 a. 

21 . <xkt|ko6tci: perf. ptc. of aKoba). —ol . . . •yevco-Oat: to get; oi is dat. of 
possessor. Synt. 55. 

22 . 4irio"Tdp.€vov: thinking; a common meaning in Hdt. — Sweet: form 
used in the dir. disc, retained in the indir. Synt. 175. 

23. SiSovai: impf. inf. denoting resistance or refusal; would not give. 
Synt. 91. 

24. S6£at: it seemed best. — ircpuJ/avTas : agreeing with the omitted subj. of 
the inf., instead of with "EXXtjo-i, as it might have done. Hdt. prefers this 
constr. 

25. tovs Sc: and they (the Persians). 

26. irpoio’xop.cvwv: sc. Tobruu as subj. of the ptc. in the gen. abs. The ptc. 
might have agreed with <r<fn. — irpo^cpciv (with the dat.) : to reproach one with, 
to cast in one's teeth; impf. inf. introducing ws . . . povXoLaro (for this form, 
see Dial, 40; for its mood, see Synt. 175). 

27. diraiTCovTwv: gen. abs. with an omitted pron. referring to the Persians. 

28. <r<|>i: dat. of the possessor with yevfoecu ; the refl. would be more usual. 
The reference of the pronouns in this sentence is puzzling. And they (the 
Persians), when the Greeks put forth these pretensions , reproached them with the 
rape of Medea , asserting that though they themselves (i.e. the Greeks) had not 
made restitution or given up the gtrl on their demand , they wished to have restitu¬ 
tion from others. ■— ■yCvco-Gcu : yLyveadcu, Horn, and Att. Dial. 5. — fic'xpi |icv 
wv (o5v) : now while up to this point. While p.lv and 51 are coordinate parti¬ 
cles, the p.lv clause is often, as here, logically subordinate; an instance of 
parataxis. Introd. p. 45. 


214 


NOTES 


[Page 50, Line 29 


29. ctvai . . . ycvccrOai: representing fjaav . . . lytvovro of the dir. disc. 
Synt. 126 a. — to 8c airo tovtov : yet after this; the art. is often used before a 
prepositional phrase, giving no appreciable change of meaning. The phrase 
is strictly a subst. in the adv. acc. Synt. 21 a. 

30. irpoTcpovs: pred. with dpijai, as 1. 6; the comp, is used because only 
two parties are considered. Note the pleonasm, as 1. c., For the Greeks in¬ 
vaded Asia before they (the Asiatics) invaded Europe. 

61. 1-4. to p.€v dpira^eiv . . . to 8c . . . o-irov8t]v iroiTjo’ao’Oai ... to 8c 
|xr)5cp.ir]v «pr]v cx«v : the ‘articular’ infs. (Synt. 115, 2) are subjects of elvai, 
which is in ind. disc, after vo/ulfetv. Now to carry off women they consider to be 
the deed of wicked men; but when they have been carried off, to be eager for re¬ 
venge they think is the part of fools, while to have no concern for them when they 
have been carried off is the part of sensible men. apTraadeialcov, 1. 2, is gen. abs. 
with yvvaudbv understood; probably so also in 1. 3, though here it may be ex¬ 
plained as obj. gen. with &pyv. For the periphrases airovSyv irocqaaadai, &pyv 
cx«v, see Introd. p. 7. 

4. StjXa (sc. lari)*: it is cleai; the neut. pi. is often used as pred. when the 
subj. is a clause. Synt. 2 b .—cl pi] c|3ovXovto . . ovk av Tjpird^ovTO : regu¬ 
lar form of an unreal condition. In such a condition the impf. refers either 
to present time, or, as here, to a continued or habitual past action. Synt. 160. 

5. Toi>s ck tt)s ’Ao-l-qs, a subst. phrase in appos. with acjslas ; the prep, is 
proleptic and idiomatic in such phrases; those from Asia, instead of those in 
Asia, because of the ‘ from ’ idea implied in apira^op-lvuv. 

6. Xoyov ovScva iroif|<rao-0ai: to make no account (of it); the obj. is implied 
in apira£op.ev(ov r dv yvvcuK&v (gen. abs.). 

7. AaK. civckcv -yuvaiKos : the regular order, when the word governed by 
dveicev has a modifier; see note on 50, 14. 

9. airo tovtov : for the asyndeton, see note on Tairas, 49, 19. 

10. i]yrjo-ao-0ai: they thought. — to 'EXXijvikov : i.e. Tobs”EWrjvas. — o-<j>l<ri: 
in Hdt. always a refl. pron. 

11. (3ap[3apa : pred.; the Persians claim as theirs, lit., as barbarian or foreign, the 
term applied to them by the Greeks. — olK^ievvTai: fr. oiKyibop.ai ; see Dial. 16. 

12. Tyy»]VTai: perf. with pres, meaning. Synt. 95 a. 

13. K€xwplo-0ai: perf. pass. inf. of jplfa ; has been (i.e. is) separated. 

14. ovtw ficv Ilcpo-ai: resuming Hepcrtwp p.lv, 49, 6. — *ycvccr0at: it happened. 

15. covo-av : suppl. ptc. in indir. disc, with evpLa kov<tl. Synt. 137. — Tfjs h 
tovs "EXXi]vas : the prepositional phrase qualifies cxOp 7 !*, as shown by the 
repetition of the art. Synt. 18. 

16. cyw 8c: correl. with ovtu p.lv. — ircpl p,cv tovtwv : correl. with rbv SI, 
1. 17. — cpxop-ai cpetov : I am going to tell. Synt. 96, 3. 

17. aXXcos kws (Dial. 1) : in some other way. — tov : the man who. 

18. virdp|avTa: suppl. ptc. agreeing with rbv, in indir. disc, with olSa. 
Synt. 137. 

19. tovtov : antecedent of rbv above. — cri]p.T|vas ’• fr* <ryp.alvu>. — cs to 
irpo(ra» tov Xdyov : fo7ward in my narrative, tov \byov is partit. gen. with the 
adv. expression cs rb wpbcru. Synt. 46. With rb icpbao) cf. rb irdXat, 1. 21. 


Page 52, Line 14] 


NOTES 


215 


21. t<x : rel. pron. whose antecedent is abruv (for robrotv ).— to, iroXXd: 
the greater part; cf. oi ttoWoL : the majority. Synt. 29. 

22. 4ir €|A€v : in my time. 

23. tt]v . . . €w8ai|xovCr]v: happiness. For the article, see Synt. 14. 

24. |*4vou<rav: suppl. ptc. in indir. disc.; cf. iovaav, 1. 15, birdp^avra, 1. 18. 
The uncertainty of human happiness is a commonplace of the early elegiac 
poets and of the tragedians as well as of Hdt. 

25. y4vos: acc. of specification. Synt. 76.—’AXvaTTew: Dial. 21. 

26. Tvpavvos *• a new word, for a personage that^did not exist in the time of 
the Horn, poems. — 40v4»v tu>v ktX. : the art. shows that the prepositional 
phrase is attrib. of cdvtwv. Synt. 18.— Ivtos : on this side of i.e. west. 

27. Svpitov : here the northern Cappodocians. — 4££«i ( sc . t 6 vSup) : empties; 
fr. i^Lrjpu. Dial. 46. — irpos Popfjv avepiov: toward the no-rth wind; a poetic 
expression for the north. 

28. Ev^civov: an instance of euphemism; this sea was anciently called 
A^eivos, inhospitable. Cf. the use of evibvvpos of good omen for aplarepos left 
{unlucky'), 158, 1. For the position of the adj., cf. 49, 7, 13. — outos 6 
Kpotcros : asyndeton ; see note on rabras, 49, 19. 

52. 1. irpwTos • . • KttT€crTp€i|/Q.To : he was the first to reduce. Synt. 6. — 
t«v : for Tobrwv robs. Synt. 7 b. — tSp.€v : fr. old a. Dial. 45. — tovs p-cv . . . 
tovs 84: dem. use of the art.; some . . . others; cf. 49, 3. 

2. ‘EXXfjvwv: partit. gen. with robs pkv . . . robs SI. — <f>£Xovs: pred. 
Synt. 5. 

3. KaT€orrpe\J/aTo p.ev: asyndeton, because explanatory of the preceding; 
see Introd. p. 45. 

4. rovs 4v ttj ’AtrCrj : qualifying Awpilas only. The Lacedemonians be¬ 
longed to the Dorian race. 

6_9. to yap K. 0-Tpdrevp.a ktX. : the sentence furnishes an instance of 
< anacoluthon ’ (see Introd. p. 44) ; rb arparevpia stands without constr. in the 
sentence; instead of the verb KarecrTpeyf/aro, as we should expect, the constr. 
shifts to KCLTCLO'Tpo<p7) iytvcTO, with which a gen. abs. {rod orpaTebparos airiKo- 
fxlvov) would be more regular. When the army of the Cimmerians arrived, 
there occurred not a reduction of cities but plunder by inroads. — irpeo-pvrepov : 
i.e. tt pbrepov. —aXX’ (d\A<£) : regular after negatives. 

10. ovto) : pointing forward, as shown by the asyndeton in the following 
sentence; more often ovtco and forms of oCros point backward, while cD5e and 
forms of 6'5e point forward. —irepifjXGc: passed to. —'HpaKXeiSecov : pred. gen. 
of possession. Synt. 32. 

13. Sap8Cwv (nom. SdpStes) : Sardis. For the decl. see tt 6 \is, Dial. 29. 
Other city names used in the pi. are ’A driven Athens; G^at Thebes; Ae\<f>oi 
Delphi. — tov ( vlov ) 'HpatcXcos : Synt. 31, 1 a. 

14. T|pd<r0T) (fr. epapeu) : fell in love , ingressive aor. Synt. 93. — tt]s «ov- 
tov yvvaiKos : for the case of ywaiKbs, see Synt. 35. For the position of the 
refl., see Synt. 22. — 4patr0€ls 84: the verb of the preceding clause repeated 
in the form of a ptc.; a favorite device of Hdt. ; the ptc. is also ingressive. 
Synt. 99 


216 


NOTES 


[Page 52 , Line 15 


15. ol: dat. of interest, hardly differing from the possessive gen. Synt. 53. 

— iro\\6v : by far. 

16. cS(TT€ . . . vopi£wv: inasmuch as he thought; this use of (bare (Synt. 
129 a) is not found in Attic.—rjv yap kt\. : this clause explains the one fol¬ 
lowing. It is a mannerism of Hdt. to place the yap-clause first; here it serves 
to introduce a new person without interrupting the narrative.— t«v alxp*l- 
<J>opwv : partit. gen.; one of his spearmen. 

17. dpccKopcvos (with ?jv) : = ypltriceTo. Synt. 96, 4. 

18. o-rrovSaitcrrtpa : irreg. comp, of o"irov8a?os. —(nrep6Tf0€TO : lit. put over 
on another, so entrust to, ask advice on. For the dat. with it, see Synt. 50. 

19. vutpeiraiv^wv : shift of constr.; we should expect the indie. 

20. \pf[v yap : since it was fated; explaining the following clause. — ycvc- 
<r0ai Kaxu>s : to turn out ill; the adv. with yfro/xcu is unusual. 

21. ov yap kt\. : to explain the command Tolei 8kus kt\., 1. 24. 

22. 'ir€f0€<r0ai: to be convinced, to believe; the perf. is more common in this 
sense. Synt. 88. — tt)s yvvaixos: for the order of the limiting gen., see 
Synt. 23. 

23. wTa: fr. offs, wt6s, ear. With the expression, cf. our ‘ seeing is be¬ 
lieving.’— Twxavet . . . iovra: the suppl. ptc., regular with rvyxdvw, con¬ 
tains the main idea; happens to be, i.e. are as it happens. Synt. 134. — o(j>0a\- 
pwv : gen. after the comp. airLOTbrepa. Synt. 44 a. 

24. okws • • . 0€f]o-eai: an obj. clause with iroki (yoke) ; bring it about (see 
to it) that you shall see. Cf. Lat. facere ut. Synt. 146. 

25. dp(3(ooras : fr. dp/3o<£a> (for avapo&u) ; a case of * apocope ’ and ‘ assimi¬ 
lation.’ Introd. p. 44. — -r£va: pred. as if he had said r/s i<xn 6 \6yos 8v 
yeis; — ovk (not otfx, because Hdt. did not use the rough breathing) vyiea: 
belonging to rLva rather than \6yov, and added as if an afterthought; i.e. 

‘ what are you saying — a dreadful suggestion ! ’ 

26. apa ki0»vi CKSvopeva): lit. together with her tunic put off,\ i.e. at the same 
time that she is stripped of her garment. Synt. 128 a. kl9J)p = x iT( ^ v (Horn, 
and Att.) with transfer of aspirate. Dial. 3. 

27. a-vv€K8v€Tai teal rrjv atSco : she is stripped of her modesty also. For 
Kal see note on 49, 18. 

28. ra xaXd : perhaps the proprieties, conventions. — l^cvp-qTai: perf. pass, 
of i^evploKO). — twv : rel. pron. 

29. (tkott^iv Tiva tq IwvTOv: apparently a proverb; * a man should mind 
his own business.’ 

30. 7T€i0opai: see note on 1. 22. — <reo: gen. with dlop,ai, beg, which may 
take the gen. of either the person or the thing. Here the two constructions 
are combined. Synt. 38 a. 

63. 1. 6 pev: correl. with 6 5^; the one . . . the other, or he . . . the other. 

2. prj . . . ycvijTai: obj. clause with verb of fearing; the subj. after a 
secondary tense expresses the fear as it was orig. conceived. Synt. 145. 

— avTwv: i.e. in toijtiov : from this conduct. Hdt. occasionally uses 
the unemphatic personal pron. (see note on 50, 2) instead of the dem.; 
cf. 51, 21. 


Page 53, Line 28] 


NOTES 


217 


3. dficCPeTo : with omitted augm., as regularly in Hdt. with this verb. Dial. 
39. — toutiSc : sc. \ 0701 s. — Oapcret (tfapcree) . . . <f>o(3€v (0o/36eo) : Dial. 17. 

4. cos . • • X4-yw: after a verb implied in 0 o/Seu: i.e. ‘ believing that I am 
testing you by this suggestion.’ For the case of <reo, see Synt. 34. — Xoyov 
tov 6 € : for the omission of the art. see Synt. 24 with b. 

5. toi : dat. of pers. pron. — apxf|v: at first, to begin with; adv. acc. Synt. 
77. 

6 . p.rixavr|<ropai ovtco wcrre ktX. : I shall contrive that she shan’t even know 
she was seen, ware . . . fiadeiv, a clause of result, shading into purpose, in¬ 
stead of 8kw s with the fut. indie., the more usual constr.; cf. irolee okoos deljaeai, 
52, 24, and /leXlrw 6 kws 6\f/erai, 1. 13. Synt. 121 c. — 6(j>0ei(rav (fr. opdoi) : 
suppl. ptc. in indir. disc, after /xadeiv. Synt. 137. — [uv : pers. pron. used for 
refl. 

8 . avoiyop.€vii$: pres. ptc. instead of the more reg. perf.; cf. ireLdo/xcu, 52. 
30. Synt. 88 . — p. 6 Ta ip.e e<rcX06vTa : after I have come in. For the form of 
expression, cf. dp.a kiOCovl iKdvop.bv(p, 52, 26. Synt. 128 a. 

9. 4s koitov : to go to bed. — kcitcu : lies or is placed , so here stands. The 
verb is often used as the passive of rldijpu in the sense of a perf. 

10. 4irl tovtov : asyndeton, as 49, 19; 51,9; 51, 28. — Kara 4'v eKcurrov: 
each, one by one; the distributive idea doubly expressed. 

11 . irape^ei: impers., it will be possible. 

12 . l-ircav (jurd + &v ) crrixtl: a temporal clause, corresponding to a prot. 
of the fut. more vivid type. Synt. 162. •— Kara vwtov : behind; the phrase 
is regarded as a unit, hence the position of re. 

13. to 4v0€vt€v : cf. rb airb robrov, 50, 29 : t 6 irdXat, 51, 21, etc. — re g- 
with the fut. indie, in obj. clauses. Synt. 180. 

14. tovTa : suppl. ptc. Synt. 133. — «s : when. 

16. Tvyea : for the form, see Dial. 21. 

17. 4cr€X0ov<rav . . . Ti0€i<rav : note the difference of tense, and the force 
of each. 

19. \nr€K8vs : slipping out (4k) from behind (u7r6). 

20. Iiroptt (tirop&ei) : hist. pres. Synt. 85.—4 k: used with a pass, verb to 
express agency, though virb is more regular. 

21. outc e'8o|€ : but pretended not. 

22. T€Co-€o-0cw (fr. tLvw) : fut. inf. with kv vby exetv on the analogy of fxtWeiv 
or a verb of thinking; the compl. inf. (pres, or aor.) is more common with 
this phrase .—tov KavSct-uXea : this Candaules. — irapd : tn the opimon of. 

23. o-xeSov: modifying toiol AWouri papp&poi<n, nearly all other foreigners. 
— Kal av 8 pa : even a man. 

24. o<J>0fjvat : subj. of (falpei. 

25. t]<tvxCt)v etx« : kept quiet , i.e. made no sign. — «$ Taxio-Ta : as soon as. 

26. oIk€t4wv : partit. gen. with tovs (rel. pron.). — wpa (in Att. edpa) : impf. 
indie, of opdeo. 

27. 46vTas : suppl. ptc. in indir. disc. Cf. 60erai ibvra, 1. 13, where the 
suppl. ptc. is not in indir. disc. 

28. irprixOe'vTwv : fr. tt p^coo). — 4 'ir(o-ra<r 0 ai: here to know , the regular mean¬ 
ing in Att. 


218 


NOTES 


[Page 53 , Line 29 


29. Ka\60|jL€vos: pass. —6«0€c: plupf. with meaning of impf.; see Vocab. 
euda. — okcos . . . k<xX4oi : rel. clause corresponding to a prot. of a past gen. 
type. (Synt. 168.) The apod, is itidee <poirav, in which the idea of repeated 
or customary action is doubly expressed, as Qoirav is a frequentative verb, 
meaning to keep going . Hdt. here transfers to the Lydians a purely Greek 
custom. A Lydian queen would be secluded in the harem. 

31. 8v«v 68«v : Hdt. never uses the dual. 

64. 1. oKOTeprjv (oS6v) : an extension of the cogn. acc.; whichever course 
you wish to take. Synt. 70. 

3. cuitiko. ovto) : i.e. right on the spot, without more ado; or, as some take 
it, immediately so (with a gesture). — cos av kt\. : that you may notin the future 
obey C. in all things and see what you should not. For &v with the subj. in a 
final clause, see Synt. 143 a. 

4. tov Xoiirov : gen. of time within which. Synt. 47. 

5. tov TaviTQ PovXevo'avTa : the man who planned this. Similarly, rbv . . . 
de'qadfj.evov ical iroL^aavra. Synt. 128. 

6. ov vop.i£6|i€va : not customary, unconventional, hence improper things. 

7. r€tos p€v . .. . |i€Ta 8c : for a while (at frsf) . . . but afterwards. 

8. avayKaCt] IvSceiv: cf. Horn. II. II. 111. Zeds fxe fxtya KpovLSrjs dry ivl- 
Srjae fiapeLr ).— Siaxplvai cupeo-iv: to make a choice; the inf. is complemen¬ 
tary with dray Katrj. Synt. 117. 

9. ovk eireiGc : he couldn’t persuade her (Synt. 91) ; it would be more logical 
to say, ‘when he couldn’t persuade her, he chose (alpberaC), etc.’ As ex¬ 
pressed we have an instance of ‘ parataxis ’ and asyndeton. See Introd. p. 45. 

11. avTos: agreeing with the omitted subj. of irepieivai, which is the same 
as the subj. of at peer ai. Synt. 81. 

12. Seo-iroTea : Dial. 21. 

13. 40eXovra : the sense shows that it agrees with p.e. — <j>4p€: used as &ye 
in Homer (and occasionally elsewhere). — aKovcrco : aor. subj. ; for the mood, 
see Synt. 108. — t4o> (t$, rlvi) : interrog. pron. — kcU : also. 

15. Kal Ikcivos : for redundant nal after the same, see note on 49,18. — virvw- 
|i4vco (-sr. atrip) : dat. with the verbal idea in Ittlx^PV^^’ Synt. 68. 

16. T]pTvo-av : translate as a plupf. Synt. 94. 

17. 4p.€Ti€TO : let go,, let off; impf. pass, of p.erti]pu, treated as if it were a 
simple verb, with augm. before the prep. 

18. cSce : it had to be; impf. of past obligation. — diroXtaXevat: subj. of edee ; 
the perf. tense (lit. to have perished, to be dead) emphasizes the speedy carry¬ 
ing out of the plan. 

19. ciirero : fr. Ziropiai (orig. cr&ro/xcu). — piv: obj. of KaraKpiirrei, which is 
more important than dovaa. 

20. eyx^P^iov : anything in the hand, here dagger. — viro : behind; with 
acc. because of the idea of motion in the verb. 

22. ecrx* : ingressive, he got or obtained. Synt. 93 a. In Plato’s Republic 
(359 D ff.) there is another story about the accession of Gyges, who is there 
a shepherd. By the help of a magic ring, through which he could become 
invisible, he won the favor of the queen and killed the king. A still later 


Page 55, Line 9] 


NOTES 


219 


story represents him as the head of a noble Lydian family, who from love of 
the queen conspires against the king. 

23. is'orx* Se ttjv (3a(riXii£iiv: the phrase repeated with the addition of iKpa- 
Tibvdri, to bring it into close connection with £k tov . . . xPV < ? T Vpl’ ( > v : it was in 
consequence of the oracle that he married the queen and became king. — tv 
AeXtjxHo-i: attrib. of xP r l crTr lP^ 0V and so equiv. to AeX0t/coO. Synt. 21. 

25. irdOos : experience , whether good or bad; here a euphemism for 06vos, 
murder. — <ruvePr|<rav es twvto, came to an agreement. 

26. o-rao-iwTcu : partisans. This implies that Gyges was a man of influence, 
and may point to the true explanation of his accession, i.e. that it was brought 
about by a forcible revolution. 

27. t]v (el + £v) . . . aveXrj: prot. of a fut. more vivid cond., retained in the 
dir. form after <rvvtpT)<rav, whose complements pa<ri\eteiv and airodovvai supply 
the apod. Synt. 162. 

28. tov 8e Pao*iXeveiv : note the of * apodosis * (i e. marking the main 
clause) ; the pres. inf. is used because of the continuance of the act, while 
airodovvai which follows, is aor. because of a single act.-— ottio-w: redundant 
with diro-dovvai. 

29. ipao-CXevo-e : became king. Synt. 93. 

30. toctovSc : a fateful addition to the oracle, justifying the ways of Heaven. 
Though Gyges might escape, punishment would be visited upon his descend¬ 
ant. Stein suggests that the oracle ran as follows : ttIpttttjv 5’ yevlrjv ^ei 
riots "apanXeidcus. The ‘ fifth * generation is the fourth after Gyges. 

65. 2. irplv 8^ : emphatic ; i.e. it was not until the fulfillment that they 
heeded the oracle. 

3. ‘HpaKXeCSas : second acc. with a verb of depriving. Synt. 72. 

4. Tvpavvev<ras : when he became tyrant. Synt. 99 c. — direircpAj/e : the prep, 
implies that the gifts were regarded as the god’s due. — ava0f|p,ara : fr. avari- 
Orjpu set up , dedicate; the regular word for votive offerings. 

5. AcXcjjovs: nom. A e\0o£, Delphi.— ovk oXCya : ‘litotes’ (Introd. p. 45) ; 
in this position because of the contrast with aXX 6ira. 

6. 6<tti ol irXgttrTa: most are his , i.e. offered by him. e<rri is so accented 
when itstands at the beginning of a clause. 

7. dXXov t€ Kal ktX. : both other gold and that which it is especially worth 
while to mention. The antecedent of tov is xP V(jiiV ^ though it refers to 
KprjTTjpes, which we should expect to find in apposition. Instead, by a shift, 
it becomes the subj. of avaidaTcu. 

8. dpi0|x6v : acc. of specification with the numeral. Synt. 76. — dvaKcarat 
(fr. av6.Keip.cu, Dial. 40) : third pers. pi. pres. ind. used as pass, of dva-Tldrjpi 
(with perf. meaning) ; have been dedicated; with ol (dat. of interest) it may be 
translated : are his votive offerings. 

9. lo-Tdo-i: stand , 2 perf. of lOTrjpi. — Kopiv0i«v O^o-avpa): Treasury of the 
Corinthians. Remains of this were discovered by the French in 1893. See 
Bourget, Delphes, pp. 133-135. Treasuries, or treasure houses, were erected 
by various Greek states at Delphi and Olympia, designed to contain dedica¬ 
tory offerings. Most of the rich offerings of the Lydian kings were probably 


220 


NOTES 


[Page 55, Line 9 


melted down in the fourth century B.C., when the Phocians, who had seized 
Delphi, appropriated its treasures for their war chest.—crra0p.6v e'xovrts: 
having weight , weighing; rdXavra may be regarded as object of the phrase- 
Synt. 69 a. 

10. aXijdei Xo-yco xP ew K^ v< } ): f or one using a true statement, if one may speak 
the truth; the ptc. agrees with a pron. ( not or nvt) understood, which is a 
dat. of relation. Synt. 58. For the constr. of X6yip, see Synt. 60 a. For the 
form xP e(j3 ^ see Dial. 17 a. 

11. tov 8t|p.o(riot): the state; pred. gen. of possession. Synt. 32.—Kv\}/^- 
Xov tov (uloO) ’HctCwvos : Cypselus, king of Corinth about 670 b.c., also made 
rich offerings at Olympia. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, has a bowl of 
solid gold, found at Olympia, which is inscribed as a votive offering of the 
sons of Cypselus. 

12. irpwTos . . . twv t) (x€is tSjxev: a common phrase in Hdt.; see 52, 1; 
56, 3. 

13. p,€Ta: after. The names Midas and Gordias appear alternately in the 
line of Phrygian kings, and well-known myths are connected with them. 

15. cs tov irpoKCiT^cov ISikc^c : upon which he sat in public (7rpo-) when he 
gave judgment. 

16. &£io0€t]tov : well worth seeing, because of its artistic value. — €v0a -rrep: 
just where. 

18. Ae\<}>d)v: here the name of the people. — IVydSas: a Doric form. — 

eirl tov ava0€VTOs : after the man who dedicated it. 

19. €Trtovvp.ft]v: by the name (strictly additional name, nickname} ; cogn. acc. 
with KaXlerai. Synt. 70. 

20. IlcptavSpos: Periander ruled 625-585. He was a patron of art and 
literature, and is sometimes included in the list of the Seven Sages. — 6 . . . 
ptjvvo-as : Synt. 128. 

22. tw : dem. pron., dat. with Trapa-tTTijvai {happened). Synt. 68. 

23. Ato-piot: countrymen of Arion. The story is thus vouched for doubly. 

66. 1. ’Apiova . . . t^6V€ix® €VTa (f r - bK<plp(a) : apposition with ddpia. 

2. twv tote covTtov : of those of his time. — ovSevos SevTtpov : second to none; 
the gen. because Sebrepov is equivalent to a comp. Synt. 44 a. 

3. Si0vpa|i|3ov: a form of lyric verse sung in honor of Dionysus, out of 
which tragedy developed. The word ‘ dithyramb ’ occurs in a fragment of 
Archilochus, who lived somewhat earlier than Arion, but the latter is believed 
to have developed it into a choral song. Little is known of him beyond the 
myth related here. The word is the obj. of the ptcs. and placed at the be¬ 
ginning of the clause for emphasis. 

4. 8t8d|avTa: fr. Si5<£ctkw, teach. The word is used of the dramatic poet, 
who regularly trained the chorus and actors of his piece ; hence produced. 

5. tov iroXXov tov \p6vov : the greater part of the time. Synt. 29. 

6. irapd IIepidv8pa>: at the court of; the prep, is used like French chez or 
German bei. 

8. opp.acr0ai: impf. inf.; so etrifiovXebeiv, 11, Xloaeodai, 12, and other infs, 
in the passage. Synt. 126 a. 


Page 56, Line 31] 


NOTES 


221 


9. ox>8ap.ouri: Synt. 51. 

10. tovs 84 : and they; see note on 50, 17. Synt. 9 b. — iv tw ircXa-ye'C: on 
the high seas; irtXayos regularly used of the deep sea; ddXacrcra of the sea in 
general. 

12. <rw€VTa : 2 aor. ptc. of avvltj/u. — Xi<ro-€<r0ai: poetic word ; cf. eXlcraero 
Travras'Axcuobs, Horn. II. 1. 15. 

13. xJ/uxfjv: life. — ovk «v 8tj im0€iv : the inf. represents the impf.; cf. ovk 
2>v 5^ iireide, 54, 9, and note. 

14. Tovhroicri: sc. Xbyouri. — tovs iropOpeas : subj. of iceXetieiv. — avTov . . . 
|wv : instead of the refl. euvrbv. — 8iaxpd<r0cu : use up, finish, hence despatch, 
kill. 

15. o>s av : introducing a clause of purpose, as 54, 3. Synt. 143 a. — Ta<j>f|s : 
partit. gen. with rt/xi? (fr. rvyxdvui). Synt. 34. — iv yrj: on land; the art. 
omitted as usual. Synt. 13 a. 

16. tt]v Tax/<rrr|v ( sc. oS6v') : the quickest way; adv. acc. Synt. 77. — aim- 
Xt]0^VTa (fr. cur-eiXtu, 2 s ) ... is airopu^v : brought to straits. 

17. Soke'oi : seemed best; opt. in subordinate clause in ind. disc, introduced 

by TcapauT'fi<ra<rdcu. Synt. 177. t 

18. iv ttj crKEvfj irao-T): in full dress, as the lyre player would appear in 
public, namely with a long flowing robe of purple, like that on the statue of 
Apollo Musagetes in the Vatican. — eSwXCokti : properly rowing benches; 
here, perhaps, a raised deck at the stern of the ship; see Ik ttjs vpbp.vris 
below. 

19. dcCcas : preliminary to Karepyatreadai; nom. on the principle explained 
Synt. 81. With utt cSIkcto there is a temporary return to the direct narrative. 
The indir. disc, is resumed in the next sentence. — KaT€pyd(r€o-0ai: for the 
fut. inf. with verbs of promising, see Synt. 116 b. — nal toio-i icreXQtiv yap ktX. : 
and since it seemed pleasant to them if they were going to hear. The thought in 
their minds was el p.lXXop.ev aKoto-ecrdcu, if we are going to hear, but the implied 
indir. disc, in ro?<n loeXdelv causes the verb to be changed to the opt. Synt. 
177. For the dat. roi<ri , see Synt. 79 a. ydp introduces the reason for the 
following clause; see note on 52, 16; it is unusual to find it in the fourth 
place in the sentence. 

21. dvax«pfjcrai: the subj. is to be supplied from roTcri above. — is pio-riv 
vea : amidship. Synt. 27. 

23. vofiov : originally air or strain, the word was early applied to a special 
form of ode rendered by a single performer with a lyre accompaniment, and 
sung in honor of some god, usually Apollo. — tov op0iov: high-pitched, used 
with vbpios here first. Here we have, apparently, a show performance, like 
those by which Arion had entertained his audience and amassed his fortune. 

25. to>s : i US t aS h e was ' 

26. tov: him. — e^EVEiKai: 1 aor. of lK-<plpu. 

28. o-vv rfj <rK€vfj: sc. irdari, as above. 

30. avaK&s : looked well to, watched for; with gen. on the analogy of 
verbs of caring. Synt. 35. 

31. irapEivai: inf. in a subordinate clause in indir. disc.; the distinction 
between a main and a subordinate clause is often lost sight of. Synt. 177 b. 


222 


NOTES 


[Page 56 , Line 31 


— K\ti0€vras : fr. KaX<?«. — et ti \iyoitv : indir. quest.; the opt. representing the 
same tense of the indie. Synt. 178. 

67. 1. irtpl *ItoX£t]v : in Italy. 

2. ev 7rpr)cr<rovTa : faring well, prospering. 

3. wtrirep €^eirT|8T]cr€ : just as he was when he leapt overboard. kcu 

tovs : and they. — tKirXaycvTas : fr. &c7rX7j<r<ra>. 

4. €\€tv : be able, as 50, 7. 

5. «tti : so accented when it means exists or is possible. 

6. ov fxeya : small; litotes. Introd. p. 45. — eirl Taivapw : on the promon¬ 
tory of Tcenarum where a temple of Poseidon once stood. The sophist iElian 
(third century of our era) saw the statue, with the inscription: 

’Adav&Tiov iro/j.'iraio’LV ’A plova Kiz/cXoros vlov 
’E/c St/ceXoO ireXdyovs aGxxev SxW 0 rbSe. 

De Nat. An. XII. 45. 

‘ By guidance of immortals, this steed bore Arion, son of Cyclon, safe to 
land from the Sicilian sea.’ With this story, cf. that told of Apollo in the 
Homeric Hymn to the Delphian Apollo. The resemblance between the 
words deXcfils and A eX<pol probably originated the belief that there was a con¬ 
nection between the dolphin and Apollo and his followers. 

9. Kpoto-os: Croesus, fourth in descent after Gyges, reigned 560-546 b.c. 

— 4t€cov €«v ■f]X.iK£ , r]v: an odd expression; irtwv is gen. of measure. Synt. 
31, 5 ; 7 ]\ikLtjv, acc. of respect. Synt. 76. 

10. os 8f): the very man who. — irptoroio-t: in pred. agreement with ’E <pe- 
ffloiai. Synt. 6; for the case, see Synt. 68. — €Tre0^Karo : the first aor. mid. 
(stem driKa-) is very rare; it occurs twice in Homer. 

11. p€Ta 8e : but afterward. —€Ka,o-TO«ri: sc. hred^Karo. — aXXouri aXXas : 
like Lat. aliis alias; for the dat. see Synt. 68. 

12. T»v: apparently a limiting gen. with alrla s (with which /i^fows agrees), 
where the dat. with ira.pevpLo’KU) would be more usual. It may be translated : 
making more serious charges against those in whom he could discover greater 
ground for accusation. 

13. TOIO-I 8e: but to others; dem. use of the art.—Kal cjxxvXa: even 
trivial. 

15. KaT€o-Tpap.pivwv : fr. Karacrrp^w. 

16. evros : as 51, 26. 

17. «t)(€ KaTa<rTp€\j/dp.€vos : had subjugated; this periphrasis is often found 
in Hdt. It is used commonly by the tragic poet, Sophocles, also. 

18. KaT6crTpa|Ap.£va>v: resuming the ptc. 1. 15, after the parenthesis itXtjv 
. . . Kpolcros. 

19. Trpocr€'jriKTw|i€vov : sc. as obj. X ( * ) PV V or eOvea. —airiKvcovTai: there arrived; 
hist. pres. Synt. 85. 

20. aKpa^ovcas itXovtw: at the height of its wealth. For the dat., see Synt. 
63. 

21. o-o^urreu : sages. The class of professional teachers called ‘ sophists ’ 
did not arise until later. Croesus was a patron of the arts; cf. Pindar, Pyth. 


Page 58, Line 15] 


NOTES 


223 


I. 94. ov <p9ivei K poloov <f)i\6(f>p(t)v apera Croesus's reputation for generous 
hospitality does not wane. —enj^xavov covtcs : were (lit happened to be) alive. 
Synt. 134. 

22. «s 6Kao-Tos airiKvt'oiTO: as each of them came (from time to time) ; a 
past general prot. denoting indef. repetition. Synt. 166, 168. — Kal 8tj kcu 
and in particular; cf. 49, 17. — EoXwv : there are chronological difficulties in 
the way of accepting the account of this visit. Croesus’s reign began in 560, 
while Solon revised the laws of Athens during his archonship in 594. The 
visit may have occurred later, but the story is probably the result of the mor¬ 
alizing tendency of the time, which found an excellent subject in Croesus and 
his fortunes. 

23. ’AG^vaCoun : dat. of advantage. Synt. 54. 

24. Raid 0ea>piT|s irp6<|>a<riv: on the pretext of seeing; i.e. 1 ostensibly for 
sightseeing.’ 

25. I'va 8ij ktX. : the real motive. — dvayKao-Gfj: for the subj. after a sec¬ 
ondary tense, see Synt. 140 a. — rwv : rel. pron. attracted from the acc. to the 
case of the antecedent. Synt. 7 b. 

26. ovk otoC T6 rjcrav: were not able , might not , because of religious scruples. 
— avTO 'iroif|o'ai : i.e. Xvtrai robs v6p.ovs. 

27. xP 1 1 (r€0 ’® at: frd- with optdoKn . . . kcltcIxovto, equiv. to a verb of 
swearing. Synt. 116 b. 

28. Toi>$ av . . . 0f)Tai : a conditional rel. clause of the fut. more vivid 
type, retained in the dir. form. Synt. 162, 177. Their oath was taken in ad¬ 
vance and would run : xPV^op.eda toT<ti v6p.oi<ri robs hv 2 b\uiv dijrai. — avTwv 
tovtwv Kal Ttjs 0€a>piT|s . . . €iv€K€v : it is unusual to find the prep, so far from 
the word it governs; perhaps Hdt. was using a free gen. and inserted dvenev 
as an afterthought. 

58. 2. irapd "Apiacriv: to the court of Amasis, to visit A. The visit to 
Amasis, a king of Egypt, was not important for the story. — Kal 8q KaC: 
emphasizing the one we are to hear about; cf. 49, 17; 57, 22. 

3. dirtK6p,€vos: picking up a7rf/cero in the preceding clause; a common de¬ 
vice of Hdt.; cf. 52, 14. 

6. 0€Ti<rdp,€vov . . . Kal orKe\|/dp,€vov : when he had gazed with wonder . . . 

and had examined. 

7. «s ol KaTa Kaipov : to suit his convenience. 

9. yap : see note on 52, 16. — Xoyos iroMos : many stories. 

10. «s . . . e'TrcX.^XvOas : explanatory of cro<pLr)s and irXdvrjs. — <{>i\o<ro4>&i>v : 
in search for knowledge. — yrjv iro\Xf|v : an extension of the cogn. acc. Synt. 
70. 

11. Iimpeo-Oai (2 aor.) : complement of 'lp.epos t-rrTjXde. Synt. 117. 

12. TjSri: hitherto. — o p.tv IXiritwv: asyndeton, because explanatory of the 

preceding and containing no additional statement; cf. 52, 3. = vopL- 

fav ; cf. our use of ‘ expect.’ 

14. tw covTt xprj<rdpL€vos : lit. using what was , i.e. telling the truth. For the 
dat. see Synt. 60 a. 

15. TeXXov : obj. of eldov, understood from eJSes above. 


224 


NOTES 


[Page 58, Line 17 


17. tovto |i€v . . . tovto 8e: on the one hand ... on the other; frequent 
in Hdt. — ti I tjkowtis : well off, prosperous; eb irp-qaaeiv is more common in 
this sense ; cf. 57, 2. 

18. KaXoi re KayaOoi: crasis for kolKo'i re ral ayaOol (Dial. 18) ; the adjs. 
summed up the desirable qualities of a gentleman. — <t<}h : dat. with the two 
following ptcs.; with tKyevt>p.eva, dat. of possessor; with irapa/xeLvavra, dat. 
with the prep, irapa-. Synt. 55, 68. The ptcs. are suppl. (not in indir. disc.) 
with elde. Synt. 133. For the tense of the ptcs., coincident in time with e75e, 
see Synt. 99 b. 

19. tov (3iov €v -qicovTi: well-off in the world’s goods ; with this meaning of 
(3los, means of life, cf. our ‘ living’; the gen. limits the adv. Synt. 46. 

20. <»>s t& “Trap’ rjjxtv: i.e. according to Athenian standards, which were less 
exacting than those of the luxurious Lydians. 

21. -yevopevtis yap: this sentence gives the details of reXevrTj . . . iireyl- 
vero; yap is often so used, and should not be translated ‘ for,’ but, if at all, 
namely, that is to say. See 50, 12 and note. 

22. do-Tirych-ovas: probably the Megarians, with whom, in Solon’s lifetime, 
the Athenians fought for the possession of Salamis. — tv ’EXevo-tvi: connect 
with yevop.lvr]s . . . p.axys. 

23. 8r)|xocriTj €0a\{/av : gave him a public funeral. 

24. avTov Tfj: there where. 

25. t& kclto. tov TeXXov : lit. as to the things about Tellus, as to Tellus ; acc. 
of specification (Synt. 76) ; or, possibly, a mere periphrasis for rbv TeW ov, 
second acc. after eliras, in the sense say something of. Synt. 74. — irpotTp^- 
\|/aTO : moved him to inquire. 

26. eimpwTa : sc. Kpottros. — SevTepov per ckcivov : next after him. 

27. yutv : for ye &v (o5v). —ollo-ctrOat: fr. (plpu. 

29. irpos touto) : in addition to this. 

30. pcopT| o-wpaTos: Pausanias (II. 19, 5) says that in the temple of Apollo 
at Argos there was a statue of Bito carrying a bull upon his shoulders. 

31. opTfjs : i.e. the festival of the Argive Hera. 

59. 1. t8e€ ir&vTws : it was absolutely necessary. — pr]T€pa: as priestess of 
Hera, called Cydippe by Plutarch ( Mor : 109). 

2. to Ipov: the Argive Heraeum, situated on the road from Argos to 
Mycenae, about three miles south of the latter. It was destroyed by fire 
423 B.C., and another temple was erected on the site, some remains of which 
may be seen today. — o-tju : dat. with wapeyhovro. 

3. iKKXrpopevoi Tfj wprj: prevented by time , i.e. from waiting. 

4. eirl tt]s dpd£qs: treated as one word, hence the position of SI; 
cf. 53,12. 

5. tr<j>i: dat. of interest. Synt. 53. — o-TaSfous trtvrt Kal Tco-o-cpdicovTa: 

about five miles. 

6. 8iaKopCcravT€s : the prep, means through to the end. 

8. iv tovtoio-i : by these things ; or (possibly) in their case. 

9. 6 0€os: masc. though referring to Hera, because the power rather than 
the personality of the goddess is thought of. 


Page 60, Line 4] 


NOTES 


225 


9. T€0vdvcu (2 perf. of Qv^gko)) : death. — paXXov : redundant. The senti¬ 
ment occurs frequently in Greek literature; e.g. Bacchylides, V. 160; 
Theognis, 425 f.; Soph. O. C. 1225. 

11. oiwv t€kvwv €KvpTjtr€: what sort of sons she had obtained , i.e. seeing that 
she had obtained such children; for the gen. with iKrjprjae (fr. Kvpbco = rvy- 
xdvco), see Synt. 34. 

12. ircpixapTjs : irepi- is often an intensive prefix. 

13. tov dyaXpo/ros : the statue of Hera in her temple. 

15. tux.€iv apurTov: best to obtain (i.e. to be obtained') ; the inf. with the adj. 
Synt. 118. 

18. dv€<TTT]<rav: 1 or 2 aor. ? — ktxovto : 2 aor. mid. used as pass.; were 
held. 

19. etxovas iroiTjo-dpevoi (> having had made) av€0€<rav is AeX<f>ovs : in the 

Museum at Delphi are preserved two archaic statues of youths, identified with 
certainty as those mentioned here. See Poulsen, Delphi (trans. by G. C. 
Richards), Chap. vi. — o>s . . • yevoptvwv : on the ground that they had proved 
themselves; for the force of ws with a ptc., see Synt. 129 c. 

22. tj 8* TjpcTcpTj: the 8b is due to a suppressed thought, such as ‘ they may 
be considered fortunate on these grounds, but is my happiness,’ etc. Note 
the ‘ regal ’ use of the pi. of the pers. pron. 

23. avSpwv : gen. with at;tovs, on a par with. Synt. 44. 

24. iiricTapevov : when I believe. — to 0«iov . . . <j>0ovepov T€ Kal Tapax^Scs : 

a thought frequently expressed by Hdt. but not peculiar to him; cf. Horn. 

Od. V. 118. 2%6r\io£ bare, Qeol , ^rfk^poves e^oxov &XK<ov. 

26. iripi: anastrophe ; voWd /xi v . . . ttoWcl Sb : anaphora; see Introd. 
p. 44. 

27. €o*ti : see note on 57, 5. — pr| : because in an indef. rel. clause. Synt. 
180. 

29. ixetvo to cl'pco pe: i.e. 6\(3iov eivai Hvdpwirov. For two accs. with a 
verb of asking, see Synt. 72. — o-e : second acc. with \byoj. Synt. 74. 

30. TcXevT^o-avTa ( sc. ere) : suppl. ptc. in indir. disc. Synt. 137. — irvOwpcu : 
2 aor. subj. of TrvvQ6.vop.ai in a temporal clause referring to fut. time; &v would 
be used regularly in Att. Synt. 171 a. 

31. paXXov . . . oXPiwT6pos : pleonastic. — tov lir tipepTjv €X°vto$ : the man 
who has enough for the day; tov exovros is gen. after a comp, with rj than 
omitted. Synt. 44 a. 

60. 1. cl pt] . . . eirio-irotTO (fr. cireirw) : prot. of a fut. less vivid cond., the 
apod, of which is contained in the preceding clause, though with the verb in 
the indie, as if a pres. gen. prot. were to follow. — Synt. 165, 167. — iravTa 
xaXa e'xovTa : with all his affairs in good condition. — €v : with reXevrycrai. 

2. ^dirXovTot: fa- = Sia~ , thoroughly . Cf. Horn. II. I. 38. K LWav re 
fadbrjv. 

3. peTpioj; e'xovTes |3iov : moderately well off; for the meaning of (3Lov , see on 
58, 19; for the case, see l.c. and Synt. 46. 

4. kt] dTro(3rjo-€TCU : epexegetic of tt]v reKevr'qv. 


226 


NOTES 


[Page 60, Line 5 


5. viro8e£as: fr. virodehcwfu. — irpopp^ovs root and branch , i.e. utterly; 
adj. agreeing with TroWobs understood from xoWokti. 

6. av€Tpeij/€: gnomic aor. Synt. 92. — kws : / suppose. — ovt€ . . . ovt« : 
not strictly parallel, for the second belongs to the ptc. ironjadfievoi. 

7. Xoyov : gen. of value (price). Synt 41. — diroirffA-nreTai: unusual change 
of subj.; translate as if in the preceding clause we had K poiaos otic escape; 
Croesus wasn't pleased, but dismissed him. 

8. So£as : thinking. — 8s : since he. 

10. p€Td 8c SoXtova, oix,o|i€vov: for the form of expression, cf. 53, 8. 

11. a>s €iK<x<rai: abs. use of the inf. (Synt. 122), limiting the following 
clause; because, to make a guess (i.e. in all probability) he thought himself, etc. 

12. avTiKa . . . €v8ovti : Synt. 129 d. 

13. €iT€o"Ttj: the usual word for the appearance of a dream, thought of as 
a vision; cf. Horn. II. II. 20. — dX-r|0€iT|v . . . rtov . . . kcikwv : truth about 
the misfortunes; irepl rOiv kcucuv would be more usual. 

14. yeveo-Gai: aor. inf. with fxtWio is unusual; either the fut. or pres, may 
be used. —8^ : we should expect yap or asyndeton. 

15. ovTcpos: crasis, for 6 Hrepos ; correl. with 'Irepos 81; the one ... the 
other. — 8i€'4>0apro (plupf. indie, pass, of Stacpdelpu )) : was ruined, i.e. incapaci¬ 
tated, good for nothing. — kux}>6s : deaf and dumb. 

16. twv tjXCkwv . . . irpcDros : first of his mates; an inexact but idiomatic 

expression, instead of ‘better than his mates.’ Cf. Milton, Par. Lost. IV. 
323f. ‘ Adam the goodliest man of men since born His sons; the fairest of 

her daughters Eve.’ The gen. is partit. Synt. 31, 6. — paicpco : by far; dat. 
of degree of difference. Synt. 64. 

18. d'rroX&i (fut. of &t6\\v/u) : lose. — piv: repeating " Arvv, which was 
placed early in the sentence for emphasis. — pXq0€VTa : fr. /JaXXw. 

19. tfjr|-y€p0T|: fr. li-eyelpit). — cuiitu Xoyov cSwkc : consulted with himself; i.e. 
considered by himself. 

20. dycTtn . . . ywaiKa: took a wife; (Lyeadai ywalna is more often used 
of the bridegroom. — ia)06ra (eiwdbra, Horn, and Att.) : though he was 
accustomed. 

23. Town; rel. pron. dat. with xP^ WVTai - (Dial. 17 a) ; Synt. 60 a. 

24. ot: dat. of interest, but, as often in Hdt., virtually equiv. to a posses¬ 
sive ; so also ol, 25. Synt. 53. 

25. cpirco-rj: neg. purpose; for the subj. after a secondary tense, see Synt. 
140 a. — €\ovros . . . €V \€p<rl . . . tov yapov: explained by 61, 26; i.e. 
‘ occupied with his honeymoon.’ 

26. o-vp4>oprj : properly chance; here, as often, mischance, misfortune. 

27. ov Ka0apos : *’•*• blood-guilty; for the constr. of xetpas, see Synt. 

76. — •yjvcfi: dat. of respect. Synt. 63. — yevcos : pred. gen. of possession. 
Synt. 32. 

29. Ka0apcr£ov : gen. with tdlero. Synt. 38 a. — Kvpij<rai: complementary 
to idlero, but added in explanation; the so-called epexegetic inf. Synt. 119. 

61. 1. €t<d0T]p€: fr. KaOalpoi. — etrrt (for the accent, see note on 57, 5) 
8e Trapa-n-X-qo-C-q ktX. : the Lydians have a form of purification similar to (that 


Page 61, Line 29] 


NOTES 


227 


°f ) Greeks; tolgl Avdoitri is dat. of possessor; toigl EXX^jct is dat. with the 
adj. of likeness, a condensed comparison. For pleonastic Kal with words de¬ 
noting similarity and the like, see note on 49, 18. For a description of the 
ritual of purification, see Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica , IV. 702 ff. 

2. t& vopi£opcva : the customary rites. 

3. €irvv0dv€TO 6 ko0€v t€ Kal tis : as in Homer, the host does not ask his 
guest his name or country until he has provided entertainment or granted his 
request. Cf. the story of Odysseus at the court of Alcinous. Od. VII-IX. 

4. "flvOpcoirc : crasis for <5 dvdpuire. — t£s re €uv Kal ko0€v : cf. Horn. Od. 
VII. 238 and often: rls irbdev els avdpCjv. — ^pvyiTjs: partit. gen. with Kbdev. 
Synt. 46. 

8. e£€\r|X.a|A€vos : perf. pass, of 4£e\abvw. 

10. Tvy^dveis f«v: Synt. 134. 

11. €v0a: rel. adv. where. — \P i nF LaTO s •' gen. of separation with a verb of 
want. Synt. 38. 

12. 4v rjp.€T€pov : irregular, instead of iv tj/xuiv (of/cy) or iv ii perl pip (obey ).— 
«s Kov<|>6TaTa: as lightly as possible; ws with the ptc. indicates the highest 
degree of comparison. 

13. SCaiTav ctx* : lived. 

14. vos XP% a P € "Y a : ht. a great thing of a boar , i.e. a monstrous great boar; 
a colloquial expression for vs plyas, emphasizing the idea contained in the 
adj. Synt. 31, 8. Cf. the opening line of The Clouds of Aristophanes; <3 Zed 
fiaoiXed t 6 xpilP- a rCov vvktCov ttcrov King Zeus, how interminable are the nights l 

15. ytv€Tai: there appeared. 

16. epya : cultivatedfields, as often in Homer. — 8ta<]>0€ip£<rKC : iterative impf. 
formed by adding the suffix -e<r/c to the stem before the thematic vowel, and 
denoting customary or repeated past action. So irodeaKov, 17. Hdt. (and 
Homer also) omits the augm. in such forms. Dial. 39. 

17. €7rao"Xov (sc. KaKov) irpos avrov : were injured by it: iracrx 03 experience , 
is regularly used as a pass, of ttolIu, do (something to a person). With it the 
agent is commonly expressed by t p6s with the gen. 

18. tcXos : finally; adv. acc. Synt. 77. 

22. <r£v : gen. of the person with a verb of asking; for the gen. of the 
thing with this verb, see 1. 24. Synt. 38#. — tov iral8a : your son. Synt. 10. 

23. <I>s av IgeXcopcv • Synt. 143 a. 

24. tov ovetpov : gen. with a verb of remembering. Synt. 35. 

25. iraiSos pev -irepi: the noun first for emphasis ; as for my SON; the cor- 
rel. of p.ev is p.4vroi, 1. 27. — pvr]o-0T]T€: don't mention it. Synt. 109. 

26. ov ydp av o-vpirlp\|/aipi: the potential opt. is somewhat more polite 
than the fut. indie.; I should not ( could not ) send him, instead of ‘I shall not 
send him.’ 

27. ravra: referring to the noun understood in veSyapos. — XoyaSas: sc. 
ver)vlas, as above. 

28. roto-i tovo-i: those who go; subst. use of the ptc., dat. with SicuceXebao- 
pai. Synt. 51. 

29. <I>$ irpo0vpordToio-i: see note on 1. 12; the adj. is in pred. agreement 
with roiai lovai. — o-vvcfjcXtiv: inf. with the adj. Synt. 117. 


228 


NOTES 


[Page 62, Line 1 


62. 1. ov <}>a(jL€vou: refusing; the act. and mid. of <f>T)nl are used inter¬ 
changeably by Hdt. and Homer. 

3. t& K&XXurTa ktX. : an unusual expression; the superlatives seem to be 
subjs. of fjv with the inf. evdoKi/xleiv added in explanation (epexegetic inf., Synt. 
119); (poiTtovras (fr. (poiraoj, Dial. 17 a) agrees with the omitted subj. of the 
inf.; The fairest and noblest ( rewards ) were mine, to have glorious repute when I 
went to wars and the hunt. For the ‘ regal’ use of the pers. pron. cf. 59, 22. 

5. tovtwv : gen. of separation. Synt. 38. — dn-oKXiporas ex €t s : periphrasis 
for the perf. Synt. 96, 5. 

6. |jlol : dat. with tt apidibv. Synt. 51 c. — te'okti (tuti, Att.) XP*1 o(i|xa<rt 

4>a£ve<r6cu; with what eyes must I appear, i.e. what face must I show. 

7. es dyopfjv : cf. es v6\iv to town. 

10. 4jie: emphatic position. — p.e0es Uvai: the inf. is epexegetic; cf. /xldes 
fie, 1. 29. In /mldes (and a few other forms) the aspirate appears. 

11. oK»s: how. — iroitopeva: ptc. agreeing with ravra, instead of the more 
usual iroielodcu. Synt. 128 a. 

12. ovte 8eiXCr)v ovte dXXo ov8ev axapi: Croesus’s answer is quite Homeric ; 
cf. II. I. 93 ; VI. 383 ff. 

14. viro : unusual with an inanimate object; its use virtually personifies 

15. irpos : with reference to. 

16. to, TrapaXap.|3av6p,€va : undertakings. 

17. d kcos Swcujjltiv: if haply I might, in the hope that I might; a form of 
prot. giving the motive for the action or feeling expressed by the clause on 
which it depends. When the motive is originally conceived, it would be ex¬ 
pressed by r\v (f&v) with the subj.; but when reported, it may, after a past 
tense, be changed to d with the opt. Synt. 164 a. 

18. errl Ttjs 4p.fjs £ofjs : in my lifetime. 

19. tov Krepov 8ie<[>0app,€vov: see 60, 15. 

21. <ruyyvcop.T) . . . rot . . . e'xeiv : you may be pardoned for having. 

22. to 8e ov |Aav0dv£is ktX. : what you don't understand but ( wherein ) the 
dream misled you (lit. escaped your notice ) ; the rel. is usually omitted in a sec¬ 
ond clause, even though its case would change. 

24. toi : explanatory asyndeton. — <|>dv<u: representing i<f>-i)v of the 
dir. disc. — teXevttiq'eiv : i.e. airodavdcrOcu, be killed; hence virb of the agent. 
See 1. 14. 

25. vos 8 e KOiai eio-i X^P 65 : but of a boar (emphatic), what kind of hands 
has it; koIos, what kind of, is common in expostulations. 

26. oSovtos : nom. oSobs. 

27. tovtw : i.e. the boar. — oIke (eoi/ce, Horn, and Att.): befits. — XP'H*' : 
expressing unfulfilled obligation : you ought to do. Synt. 104, 2. 

28. vvv 84: but as it is; a regular formula after an unfulfilled condition or 
the like. 

29. eo-ti kt| : lit. there is a way in which ; hence, in a way, some way. 

30. <»)s . . . v€viKTj|A€vos : for the force of ws with the ptc., see Synt. 129 c. 
Here it sets forth the ground of belief for the action, not of the subject of the 
sentence, Croesus, but of his son, referred to by the pers. pron. The sense 
is: “ on the ground that I have been won over, you may go to the hunt.” 


Page 64, Line 2] 


NOTES 


229 


63. 3. 4-yw ore kt\. : the pronouns put in close juxtaposition to emphasize 
their mutual relation, that of the benefactor and the benefited. When you 
were stricken by a sad misfortune ... I purified you. ax&piTi: unpleasant; a 
euphemism. — Ttjv toi ovk ovti8i£co: with which I do not reproach you; for 
T7)v> see Synt. 51 a. 

4. oIkCoio-i : instrumental dat. Synt. 60. — viroSE^dpEvos €'x»: for the peri¬ 
phrasis, cf. 57, 17 ; 62, 5. Synt. 96, 5. 

5. 6(}>€i\cis : lit. you owe, but in our idiom, you ought. 

7. |xt) . . . 4>av€u)(ri.: neg. purpose. Synt. 143. 

8. Iirl StjX^o-i (forded, cf. Dial. 29) : for harm. Cf. Horn. Od. VIII. 

444. psf) rts tol Kad' o5bv byfK^aeTai. 

9. ’4v0a airoX.ap < irpvv4ai. (fut. indie, mid.; for -bat. see Dial. 17) : rel. clause 
of purpose. Synt. 144. 

10. iraTpwiov 4 <tti : sc. diroXa.p.Trpbveo’Ocu. 

12. d\\«s p4v : in other circumstances; correl. with vvv 54, 1. 15, but as it is; 
cf. 62, 28. — av ovk Tpa, (fr. el/x t) : the apod, of an unreal cond. in pres. time. 
Synt. 160. 

14. cu irpfpro-ovTas : cf. 57, 2. — to Pov\€<r0ai irdpa : have I the wish; t apa 
= 'irapeo’Ti. 

15. t€ : correl. with otfre, as often, but. 

16. o<j>6i\w kt\. : in the mouth of Adrastus, these words furnish an instance 
of ‘ tragic irony ’; cf. the words of Agamemnon ; irap ’ epioiye /cat dXXoi ol kI p.e 
Tipi^aovaL, p.d\urTa 54 pniTitra Zebs; Horn. II. I. 174 f. 

18. tov <|>u\do-<rovTOs eiv£K6V : as far as his guardian is concerned. — irpoo-- 
Sokcl ( ypoabbKae ) : pres. imv. 

20. p.€Ta TavTa: taking up and emphasizing eirelre apLetyaro. 

23. tv0a 8ii . . . ovtos 8fj: then it was . . . that very man. — Ka0ap0el$ 
tov <|>6vov: cleansed of blood-gutltmess; for the acc. with the pass, verb, see 
Synt. 72 a ; for another constr. with Ka.da.lpw, cf. 1. 31. 

24. ,, A8pr|o’TOs: fr. a- (alpha privative) -f Spa- (stem of SidpljcrKW, run ) ; 
equiv. to dcpvKros, not to be escaped. His name emphasizes his destiny. A5pa- 
crreia is a name for Nemesis. — tov pev . . . tov 84: verbs of hitting and 
missing take the gen. Synt. 34. 

26. l^eirX.Tpre : fr. iKirlp.rX’qp.i. — tov oveipov t!]v c|)r|pT]v: the order empha¬ 
sizes the limiting gen. Synt. 23. 

27. ayytkiiov: fut. ptc. denoting purpose. Synt. 129 e. 

29. o-vvTETapaypevos : fr. awrapdaerw. 

30. direKTEivc: for subj. supply the antecedent of t6v ; we should expect 

O&TOS. 


64. 1. papTvpopcvos (sc. A la) : calling to witness. — viro : because Treirovdws 
eirj (fr. i rdcrxw) is equiv. to a pass. verb. See note on 61, 17. 

2 . eft]: opt. after a secondary tense in indir. disc, implied in p.aprvp6p.evos. 
Synt. 177. —EKdXee 84: sc. Ma. Zeus is invoked in a triple character; as the 
god who enjoined purification from involuntary bloodshed, as the guardian of 
the laws of hospitality, as the god of friendship. The anaphora (see Introd. 
p. 44 ) gives a rhetorical cast to the sentence. 


230 


NOTES 


[Page 64, Line 5 


5. iXav0av€ Poo-kwv : with \avddvw the suppl. ptc. contains the main idea. 
Synt. 134. he was unwittingly supporting. — ws . . . €\>pf|Koi: since (as he said) 
he had found him. For the opt. see note on 1. 2 ; the perf. opt. is more often 
expressed by a periphrasis ; see 7re7rov0cbs drj, 1. 2, and d7roXwXe/ccJ>s elrj, 1. 11. 

8 . irapeSCSov : impf. because of the ‘ conative ’ idea; i.e. ‘ he offered him¬ 
self.’ Synt. 84. 

9. irporeivcov t&s x^P 11 * : as s ^S n surrender. 

11. iir €K€ivtj : upon it, i.e. besides, after it. — diroXwXcKws €l'r]: had ruined, 
undone. 

13. K&i7T€p : showing that the ptc. has concessive force. Synt. 129 b. 

15. <r€cin>Tov: gen. after Kara- in composition. Synt. 43. — ov poi . . . 
atnos : for the thought, cf. Priam’s address to Helen: ov tL p.oi airl-i) iaal • 
OeoL vb /xoi air col eiaiv. Horn. II. III. 164. 

16. cl pi] ocrov : except in so far that. 

19. ovtos 8 f|: cf. 63, 23. 

20. 4>ov€vs pev . . . <[>ov€vs Si : for the anaphora, see note on 1. 2: for the 
exaggeration in (povevs 8k Kadi/pavTos, cf. 1. 11. 

21 . twv av0pwirwv: obj. gen. with rjtrvxly ; peace from men, i.e. ‘ when the 
people had gone.’ 

22 . twv : rel. pron. attracted from the acc. to the case of the antecedent. 
Synt. 7 b. 

24. ir€v0€i: often used, as here, of the observance of mourning. — KaT^o-To : 
remained inactive. — rov iraiSos : gen. of separation. Synt. 38. 

25. T] ri-YcpovCT] Karaip€0€t<ra . . . toi irp^ypara av£avo|X€va: the capture of 
the throne . . . the growth of power; for the form of expression, see Synt. 128 a. 

27. *ir€v0€os pev direiraucre, cve'p-qcre 8e is <j>povri8a : while it checked his grief, 
set him to thinking; note the chiasmus and the parataxis. Introd. p. 45. 

28. €i! kids SvvaiTO : if haply he should be able; quoted indirectly after ivk- 
(3r](re is <ppovrl8a ; see note on 62, 17. — irplv yevio-Qai: Synt. 125. 

29. KaxaXaP«tv: compl. inf. with is (ppovrida (on the analogy of a verb of 
hoping), or with dbvairo-, it is followed by the suppl. ptc. The passage may 
then be translated : set him to thinking of (i.e. hoping to) preventing their power 
from increasing, if he could ; or set him to thinking if haply he could prevent 
their power, etc. 

65. 2. twv pavTr|iwv: partit. gen. with verb meaning make trial of. Synt. 
34. — twv 4v ''EXXqcrt: sc. p.avrr]L<av ; tov iv Ai(3vt) : sc. pLavrrjiov. Synt. 21. 
The oracle in Libya is that of Zeus Ammon. 

3. SiairipxJ/as : the prep, has distributive force. — aXXovs aXXt) : see note 
on 57, 11. 

4. tivai : epexegetic inf. Synt. 119. — ”A|3as : Abae, in east Phocis, con¬ 
tained the oldest and most famous oracle of Apollo next to Delphi. 

5. AwSwvtjv : Dodona, in Epirus, was the seat of the oldest oracle in Greece, 
that of the Pelasgian Zeus. See Horn. II. XVI. 233. — ’Aptjjidpewv : Amphia- 
raus at Thebes. For the declension, see Dial. 26. 

6 . Tpoc|>wviov : Trophonius, at Lebadea, in Bceotia. — is Bpayx^as : i.e. to 
the oracle of the Didymaean Apollo. 


Page 66, Line 9] 


NOTES 


231 


8. |AavT€ucr6|i,€vos: fut. ptc. to denote purpose. Synt. 129 e. — AijBvr^s: 
partit. gen. with * A/xfuava. 

9. xp-qcroixevovs — p-avrevao/xhovs ; different verbs used for variety. 

10. [xavTTpwv: used proleptically as obj. of ireipcvpevos (Synt. 34), instead 

of subj. of cppovotev ; i.e. ‘testing the wisdom of the oracles.’ For the opt. see 
Synt. 178. — oE>s: introducing iTrdprjrai, a clause of purpose; the subj. after a 
secondary tense, as often. Synt. 140 a. — . . . evpeGeirj (fr. ebplo-Kw) : 

representing fy evpedrj of the dir. disc. Synt. 161, 177 a. — <j>poveovTa : suppl. 
ptc. Synt. 137. 

11. ScvTEpa : a second time , later. Synt. 7 la. — ct emxapcoi: an indir. 
quest., the opt. representing the deliberative subj. of the dir. quest. Synt. 
110, 178. 

13. t<x8€ : as follows ; obj. of tvreCKapLevos ; explained by air kt\. 

14. op|iq0eiocri: subj. in a conditional rel. clause of the fut. more vivid type. 
For the mood after a secondary tense, see Synt. 177. 

15. Town xprjtrTrjpCoKri: Synt. 60 a. 

16. iroieiov: Synt. 134. 

17. curtra (ctTra) = ariva: see Dial. 38. 

18. {TvyypavJ/ap.evous : having them written down (i.e. by the interpreter of 
the prophetic response). 

20. Xeycrai irpos: instead of the more usual virb. — «s . . • Tax«rTa: as 

soon as. 

22. CTreipwTwv (eimpwraov) : impf. of iireLpurdw. — €VT€TaXp.€vov : fr. iprlWto. 

24. ol8a 8e: the particle points to the fact that some verses preceded those 
given here, or that another response had preceded this. 

25. k«(|>ov . . . <(>wvevvTos: for the case, see Synt. 35. 

26. p.€ : acc. of limit of motion. — KparaipCvoio : epic form; so also tcptecraLv. 
The epic dialect is usually found in oracles. 

28. {nreerTpwTeu : fr. i)TrovT6pvvp.i. — liriecrrai: ep. perf. ind. pass, of lirdv- 
vvpu. Sayce renders the oracle as follows: 

I number the sand and I measure the sea, 

And the dumb and the voiceless speak to me; 

The flesh of a tortoise, hard of shell, 

Boiled with a lamb is the smell I smell, 

In a caldron of brass with brass cover as well. 

30. otxovro airiovTcs : cf. note on 50, 4. Synt. 135. The augm. is regularly 
omitted when a verb begins with a diphthong. — w\\oi: crasis for oi (LWoi. 
Dial. 18. 

66. 2. CTTwpa: impf. of ixwpdco. 

3. twv pev : of the others ; contrasted with rb Ik — irpoo-CcTO : pleased. 

7. <j>v\d(|as: fr. cpvXdairca watch for , await. — Tqv Kvpiqv t«v tipcpewv : the 
appointed day. Cf. (ppovpQ/v t65' ^/xap. Eur. Alcestis, 27. 

8. i^vpctv t€ kcu €Tri<{>pdo"acr0ai: re Kai connecting synonymous words, 
as often. The infs, are used with dpd)x^vov. Synt. 118. 

9. : fr. tytu), used by Hdt. instead of the usual ‘dxf/ta. 


232 


NOTES 


[Page 66, Line 12 


12. ovk €X» €tir€iv: I am not able to say; a common meaning of with 
the inf.; cf. 50, 7. 

14. ical tovtov lvo|Ai,cr€ pavTfjiov d\[/tvSts €KTr](r0ai: he thought that in him 
too he possessed a truthful oracle; tovtov is the dir. obj. and pavrrjLov is pred. 
obj. Synt. 71. iKTi)<rdcu is perf. inf. of kto.oij.cu. 

17. Tr&vTa Tpi<rx^ La : of every kind three thousand. 

20. tov 0tov: obj. of the inf. For an account of a similar holocaust, fur¬ 
nished by Sardanapallus, King of Nineveh, in which he and his wife and con¬ 
cubines perished, see Athenaeus, 529. 

21. iravra riva: partit. appos. to the omitted subj. of the inf. (Atidovs irdv- 
tos) instead of to the dat. Abdouri vraai. See note on 50, 24. 

25. «ti6vti : as one enters; dat. of relation. Synt. 58. 

26. vnro tov vt|6v KaxaKaevTa: at the time the temple was burned. This 
occurred 548 b.c., about two years before the overthrow of Croesus. 

28. 5I\k(ov o-Ta0pov : weighing; for the periphrasis, cf. aradpAv €Xovres, 55, 
9. — ctvaTov T]|UTaX.avTov : eight and a half talents. For this method of com¬ 
putation with an ordinal numeral, cf. Lat. sestertius (fr. semis-tertius') two and 
a half The talent was a definite measure of weight, which varied in different 
systems. The Attic talent, which Hdt. may have had in mind, weighed about 
60 lbs. 

29. SwStica pvtas: i.e. about one-fifth of a talent. See Vocab. — tirl tov 
irpoviftov tt]s “ytovCris: the limiting gen. is placed before its noun as more im¬ 
portant. Synt. 23. The irpov^Xov was the hall or first room of a temple, 
through which one passed to the main chamber. Hdt. refers to the new 
temple, built by the Alcmaeonidae. 

67. 1. dp^optas 4£aKoo-iovs: i.e. about 5400 gallons. — 4'irudpvaTcu: it is 
mixed; i.e. filled with wine and water, and therefore measured. 

2. 0€o<j>avioio-i: dat. of time. Synt. 67 a. The Theophania seems to have 
been a festival held at Delphi in honor of the reappearance of the sun god in 
the spring. — 0to8topov: Theodorus of Samos, mentioned by Pausanias (III. 
12, 10) as the inventor of casting in bronze, seems to have been famous also 
as a gem cutter and goldsmith. He made the seal ring of Polycrates. (For 
the story see pp. 118 ff.) 

3. <rvvTvx.ov: common. 

9. apTOKoirov: according to Plutarch (Mor. 401 E), Croesus’s stepmother 
attempted to poison him, and his life was saved by his baker. 

11. t& airo rrjs Scipfjs: neck ornaments. Notice the order of the limiting 
gen. 

13. tt|v irdO^v: the fate. Amphiaraus, an Argive seer, joined the expedi¬ 
tion of the Seven against Thebes owing to the persuasions of his wife, Eriphyle, 
and lost his life in the conflict. 

14. xP 1 & or£OV ' Tr ° ,v OF>ou*>S : every part of gold. — o-Tepe^v irdtrav XP V0 "^ T 1 V : a M 

of solid gold ; a different expression for the sake of variety. 

15. to |v<ttov . . . tov . . . xP'> <r€0v : attracted to the case of alx^v, 
though a gen. abs. would be more regular. 

16. ts tpe • up to my tune. — i]v KtCptva : periphrasis for e/ceiro. 


Page 68, Line 29] 


NOTES 


233 


19. ct o-TpaTcvTjTai: a deliberative question, the subj. retained in indir. disc, 
after a secondary tense; but cf. TTpoadloiro below. Synt. 110, 178. 

21. 4s ra (sc. p-avT-qia) : at the oracles to which. 

25. a|ia . . . t«v 4£cvpi]|idTa>v: worth the discoveries; i.e. sufficient reward 
for discovering what Croesus was doing, when the oracles were consulted 
before. See p. 65, 9 ff. 

28. 4s twvto o-vv48pap.ov: agreed. The verse of the oracle was, according 
to Aristotle (Rhet. III. 5) : KpoToos’' A\vv Stands p.eyd\rjv apxv v KaraXbaei. 

68 . 2. 4£cvp6vTa : agreeing with the omitted subj. of irpoadlaQai. 

3. dv€V€ix 0 tvTa : fr. avcuplpw. 

6 . IltM : an old name for Delphi, doubtless chosen here to avoid the repe¬ 
tition of Ae\0oi5s. 

7. Kar’ avSpa . . . cKao-xov: each man individually ; the distributive idea 
doubly expressed. — 8 vo : here indeclinable. — o-Taxfjpcri: dat. of means. — 
€Kao-rov : partit. apposition with AeXcfrobs, the dir. obj. of dcoplerai. Synt. 3 a. 

9 . lijttvai: the inf. used as a noun, coordinate with the preceding nouns; 
the permission. Synt. 115, 1. — tw (3ovXofieva> : to any one who wished; a com¬ 
mon use of the ptc. with the art. instead of an indef. rel. clause. Synt. 128. 

10 . Is tov aUl xpovov : f or time ; alel by its position gains the force of 
an attrib. adj. Synt. 21. 

11. tovs av ktX. : who were the most powerful of the Greeks whom he could 
gain as allies ; the main point of the question is contained in the ptc.; the rel. 
pron. in an indir. quest, is found often in Hdt. but is rare in Att. 

13. iTpo4x OVTa s : suppl. ptc. in indir. disc. Synt. 137. 

14. -yivcos : pred. gen. of possession with ibvras understood. Synt. 32. 

15. Digression on early Athenian history. This is one of the most valuable 
contributions to the history of Athens in the sixth century. 

16. viro murio-rpaTOv : properly used only with Karexbp.evov, to which 5te- 
<T 7 ra<rp.lvov rent by faction is added by way of explanation. 

17. rov : sc. viov. — tovtov tov xpbvov ; i.e. ca. 556 B.C. Pisistratus began to 
rule 560 b.c. 

18. yap : not to be translated ; see on 50, 12. 

21. XCXwv : Chilo, ephor, ca. 560; for his wisdom ranked one of the Seven 
Sages. 

23. irp«Ta p.lv : for the neut. pi. acc. of an adj. used as an adv., see Synt. 77 a. 

24. ct 8 c Tvyx°' v€t ScvTepa : correl. with irpura p.bv. Chilo interpreted 

the rlpas to mean that force was to boil up in P’s own family. 

26. diretirao-Oai: to disown. — ov . . . GlXeiv: refused; note the change to 
indir. disc, after some word of saying understood. The inf. represents the 
impf. Synt. 174. 

27. ycvlo-Gat ol: asyndeton, because explanatory of the preceding or giving 
its immediate consequence; cf. 52, 3. 

28. twv irapaXcov: inhabitants of i] irdpaXos, as the coast of Attica was 
called ; i.e. the rich merchants. 

29. t»v 4k tov ircSCov : those (i.e. the party) of the plain , i.e. the eupatrids or 
nobles. 


234 


NOTES 


[Page 69, Line 2 


69. 2. KaTCuJjpovrjo-as : having designs upon. — rj-yape: fr. dyeipco .— <rrd<riv: 

party. 

3. tu Xo-yw : in word; i.e. avowedly, as he said. — t«v uirepaKptwv : the inhab¬ 
itants of the heights, poor peasants, herdsmen, etc.; gen. with wpoords. Synt. 
43. 

5. ws 4Kire<f>€iry«s: Synt. 129 c. Here the alleged reason is false. 

7. 8fj0ev : forsooth ; ironical. — 484eTO : followed by two genitives, one of the 
person, the other of the thing, with Kvpijo-ai added epexegetically; cf. 60, 29, 
with note ; or (f>v\aK7js may be taken as obj. of Kvpyjoai. 

8. €t>8oKi|Af|cras: since he had distinguished himself — 4v rff irpos M. . . . 
o-Tpa-rqyiTi: i.e. to recover Salamis, which the Megarians had taken from 
Athens. 

9. Nuratav : the port of Megara. 

10. diro8c£d|X€vos : fr. dirodelicpvpu. 

11. twv dcrTwv : partit. gen. 

12. 8opv<f>opoi: the usual name for the standing guard of a tyrant. In this 
case the guards carried clubs instead of spears. 

13. £v\«v : gen. of material. Synt. 31, 4. 

15. €crxov: took; the aor. with ingressive force as usual. Synt. 93 a. 

16. Tip.as: magistracies; i.e. the usual offices or bodies, such as the office 
of archon and the assemblies. 

17. 4iri: on the basis of according to. — re : correl. with oure has adversative 
force; but. — toi<ti KaTeo-Tewtri: those established {i.e. by Solon). 

18. xaXcos re Kal cv : synonymous words, like our ‘ well and good.’ 

19. tcouto (J>povfjcravT€S : becoming of the same mind , i.e. conspiring. 

20. otjt» pev: asyndeton, because the sentence is a summary of the 
preceding. 

22. KdpTa eppi£cop€VT]v (fr. : very well rooted, i.e.frmly established. 

23. 4k v€T]s : Lat. de novo. 

24. 4ir€KT|pvK€ti€TO . . . cl: sent a message {to ask ) whether. 

26. Iirl tt| TvpavvtSi: on the terms of the tyranny; i.e. in return for the 
alliance to assist him in recovering the power. — tov Xoyov : the proposition. 

27. 4'irl tovtoio-i : on these conditions. — 4irl r-rj KaToSw: with a view to his 
return. 

28. paKpu : by far; dat. of degree of difference with the super! Synt. 64. 

29. dircKpiGt] : fr. airorplvw. — 4k iraXaiTepov : from very ancient times. — 
c0v€os : gen. after the comparatives. Synt. 44 a. 

30. €x»t|0£tis t|Xi0Cov d'jr'rjXXayp.evov : removed from foolish simplicity. For the 
gen., see Synt. 38. 

31. d Ka C: if actually. 

70. 1. o-o<j>Criv : cleverness, intelligence. Acd of respect. Synt. 76. 

2. 4v tu 8f|pa>: explanatory asyndeton. The Paeanian deme was situated 
on the east of Mt. Hymettus. 

3. p4ya0os ktX.: in height lacking three fingers' breadths of four cubits. The 

TTTjxvs was 18^ inches, and contained 24 SdKrvXoi. The girl was, therefore, 
about five feet ten inches tall. 


Page 71, Line 8] 


NOTES 


235 


4. Kal aXXws cueists (sc. ovo-a) : height was regarded by the Greeks as 
essential to beauty. 

5-6. irpo8e£avT€s kt\. : when they had taught her a bearing such that (with it) 
she was sure to give an impression of the utmost distinction : the ptc. ^%ou<ra may 
be regarded as circumstantial with oUv rt as obj., and as supplementary with 
< palveadai (Synt. 137 c), with evirpeirlaraTov (crxfi/xa) as its obj. For e'/ueXXe 
showing past intention or likelihood, see Synt. 96, 1 a. 

9. ayaGw vow : with favor , kindly.' 

10. Kardy€i: regular word for bringing back from exile ; cf. KarbSy, 69, 28. 

11. 8ia4*oiTfovT€s : fr. Sia(f>oLT aw ; Dial. 17 a. 

13. 'ireiGop.evoi : believing; the perf. would be more regular in this sense. 
Synt. 88. 

14. ‘Trpoo-cvx.ovTo : adored. 

15. tt]v avGpwirov : notice the gender. 

18. ola . . . xnrapxovTwv : since he had sons. Synt. 129 a. The sons were 
Hippias and Hipparchus. 

19. Ivayewv: under a curse , because a member of this family, also named 
Megacles, had violated a pledge of protection given to conspirators against 
the government who had sought refuge in the temple of Athene, and had 
caused the conspirators to be put to death. For further details of this affair, 
which had far-reaching consequences, see any History of Greece , under the 
head of the ‘ Conspiracy of Cylon.’ 

21. ov : with lp.lcryeTo ; an instance of ‘ hyperbaton.’ Introd. p. 45. 

22. lo-TOpevo-Tj: dat. sing. fern, of the pres. ptc. of ioToplw, agreeing with 

p.T]Tpl below. The ptc. expresses cause. 

23. cI'tc Kal ov : ral is regular in this phrase, even though the second 
alternative excludes the first; ob at the end of a clause receives an ac¬ 
cent. — rov Scivo'v ti ecrxev dnp.d^6<r0at: anger seized him at the slight (to be 
slighted). 

24. irpos •• = V7r6. — opyrj ws etx €: anger just as he was , i.e. without wait¬ 

ing for his anger to cool. 

25. KaTaXXdcro-€To : settled; followed by the dat. of the person. Synt. 65. 

27. to Trapa-irav : i.e. with his family and connections. 

29. dvaKT&trOai: with conative force ; used as complement of yv&p,ri viKij- 
aav-ros , equiv. to a verb of persuading. 

30. irpoaiSeaTO (- aldrjvro ) : Ion. plpf. 

71. 2. ov ttoXXw Xoyw ctireiv : not to make a long story; abs. use of the inf. 
Synt. 122. — XP° v °s 8i^|>v *al “iravTa 4£rjpTVTO : instead of ‘when time had 
passed, all had been made ready ’; a case of parataxis. 5t<?0v is a poetic word 
for 8iij\6e or dieyhero. 

3. Kal yap : and in fact. 

5. AvySapis: Lygdamis had been tyrant of Naxos, but when expelled 
joined forces with Pisistratus. 

7. 8ia cvSck&tov ereos : in the eleventh year. 

8. irpwTOv : pred. adj. agreeing with Mapad&va. Synt. 6. — Tfis ’ArnKijs : 
partit. gen. with irpCiTov : the first in Attica. 


236 


NOTES 


[Page 71, Line 9 


9. cr4>t: dat. of interest, with the ptc. in agreement, instead of a gen. abs. 
expressing time. — ol 4k tov &<rrtos : those in the city ; the prep, is proleptic ; 
see note on 51, 5. 

11. irpo : in preference to , instead of. — d<r7ra<rTdT€pov: neut. because the 
subj. is thought of as an abstraction without regard to its grammatical gender. 

15. iropcveorGcu: inf. in indir. disc, with Mdovro, which more commonly 
takes the suppl. ptc. Synt. 137 a. — ovrw 8^j: picking up the temporal clause 
and emphasizing it; i.e. ‘ then, and only then, did they lend aid.’ 

16. ol II.: Pisistratus and his partisans. 

18. okws a\io-0£i€v : opt. in a clause of purpose after an historical pres. 

19. tc : correl. with see note on 69, 17. 

22. 2ko,o-tov : partit. apposition with the subj. of the inf. 

23. to ccovtov : sc. oUla. — ovtoi 8 fj: picking up the ptc.; cf. 1. 15. 

25. o-vvoSoio-i: income ; the usual word is irp6<rodos. 

26. avTo0€v : i.e. from Attica; probably market and harbor tolls, land taxes, 
and possibly silver from the mines in Laurium, which in later times were a 
source of revenue. 

The dates of the three periods of Pisistratus’s rule and the intervening 
exiles are given as follows: First tyranny, 560-555 b.c. ; first exile, 555- 
549 b.c. ; second tyranny, 549-548 b.c. ; second exile, 548-538 b.c. ; third 
tyranny, 538-527 b.c. 

28. tovs p.€v’A0T|v<uovs kt\. : transition to the story of the Lacedemonians; 
p.h resumes p.lv, 68,15 (jb p.tv’ Attik6v'), which was left without a correspond¬ 
ing 8L 

29. KaTe'xovTa: constr. as Karexbp-evop, 68, 15 ; see note on vopeije<r0ai, 1. 15. 

72. 1. rw 'iro\4p.a> : the art. marks it as well known. Synt. 15. 

2. Iirl Asovtos : in the time of Leon. Leon was the grandfather of Leonidas, 
the hero of Thermopylae, and father of Anaxandridas. (See 73, 13.) 

3. ’Hyq<riK\4os : Hegesicles was the father of Aristo. (See 73, 14.) The 
two kings ruled jointly (ca. 600-560 b.c.), following the custom in Sparta from 
time immemorial. — tovs aWovs iro\4p,ovs : nothing is known of these. 

5. kcu : also. With this statement, cf. Thuc. I. 18. 

6. Komi tc cr<j)4as avTOvs: we should expect /cal /card rods £eLpov s; as it 
stands, there is a slight ‘ anacoluthon.’ Introd. p. 44. 

• 8. AvKovpyov: the historical reality of Lycurgus is often denied. See 
Bury, History of Greece, pp. 135 f. 

11-14. Sayce renders the oracle as follows : 

Thou art come, Lycurgus, to my wealthy shrine, 

The friend of Zeus and all that are divine ; 

I doubt if I shall name thee god or man, 

Yet rather god, Lycurgus, if I can. 

16. Koo-piov : i.e. the political and social order. 

19. d-ya^crOai: indir. disc, after cbs \lyov<ri in the parenthetical clause. — 
ravTa : referring loosely to k bap.ov. — eircTpoirevo-c: ingressive aor. Synt. 93. 

20. 4<j>vX.a|e TavTa jirj irapaPalveiv : guarded these from transgressions ; i.e. 
made some provision against their being broken, perhaps by exacting pledge 


Page 73, Line 22] 


NOTES 


237 


under oath, as in the case of Solon, 57, 27. With irapa(3alveiv we must under¬ 
stand the subj. AaKedaL/xoviovs. 

21. cvvopf|0Ti<rav : ingressive aor. 

22. t« AvKOvp-ya) Te\euTT|<ravTi: to Lycurgus when he died ; dat. with el<ra- 
/xeuoi (see Vocab. which is more important than the main verb <rt(3ovTai , 
which would take the acc. 

23. ola : sc. 6vt iov : inasmuch as they were; cf. 70, 18. 

24. ovk oXiywv: litotes. — ava . . . eSpapov: tmesis. Introd. p. 45.— 
€v06vfj0Ticrav : cf. ‘ euthenics,’ a recently coined word. 

25. Tjcrvx.C'qv ayeiv : like rjo-vx^Vv *x eLV , 53, 25. — KaTa^povfjcravTcs : thinking 
scornfully; followed by the inf. in indir. disc. 

26. ’ApicdScov: gen. after the comp. — Kpc<r<rovcs (Kpcurcrovcs) : nom. be¬ 
cause the subject of elvai is the same as that of the main verb. Synt. 81. 

_29. cUtcis : followed by two accusatives. Synt. 72. 

30. Pa\avr](f>dyoi: the epithet implies a primitive civilization before the days 
of agriculture. The Arcadians, like the Athenians, were thought to be aborigi¬ 
nes ; i.e. descendants of the old pre-Greek stock. — cWiv ( dcrlv ) : epic form. 

73. 1. opxfjcracrOai: to dance in; purpose inf. Synt. 120. The verb is 
perhaps derived from 6pyos row, usually row of trees, garden, and there may be 
intentional word play here, as the verb might mean cultivate a garden, and so 
point to the actual fulfillment of the prophecy. 

2. 8iapi€Tpfjo-a<r0ai: an ambiguous word; it would be understood by the 
Spartans to mean measure off lots, i.e. divide among themselves. 

4. ol Sc: repetition of the subj.; we should expect iirl 54 Teye^ras, as 
correl. with rw v p.kv ’ApK&Swv. 

5. Ki|38f|\u): false; so-called because of their false interpretation of it. — 
ws 8t): with the expectation, of course (ironical). 

6. c£av8pa , iro8iovp,€voi: fut. of i^avdpairodl^co. — 4<r<ra>0cvT£s : fr. eocraopLou 
(Att. TjTTdopLai). 

8. e<j>€povTO: had brought; Hdt. uses the impf. instead of the aor. because 
of the continuance of the past act. 

9. ISeSeaTO : idldevro. 

11. ’AXerjs ’A0t]vair]s : Athena Alea, the patron goddess of the Tegeates.— 
Kp€|idp.€vat: hung up. The traveler Pausanias (VIII. 47, 2) saw some of the 
fetters hanging in the temple in the second century after Christ. 

13. KaTd 8c tov Kara Kpotarov xp<> vov : ti 16 repetition of the prep, seems to 
us careless writing. — ttjv ’Ava^avSpiScw tc ical ’ApCo-Tcovos Pa<ri\T](T]v: see 
notes on 72, 2 f. The double kinship was hereditary. 

18. tLvo. av 0cd)v kt\. : what god they should propitiate to become stiperior. 

19. cxp'no'c kt\. : The answer does not conform strictly to the question; sc. 
Slv Karvirepde yevlodcu : they might prevail by bringing the bones, etc. —’Opeo-Teco : 
Agamemnon’s son Orestes had no connection with Tegea or Arcadia, as far 
as we know. Perhaps he was confused with another hero of similar name. 

22. tt]v cs 0cov: sc. 656v or irop.'ir'f)v; a cogn. acc. on the errand to the god; 
debv without the art. is virtually equiv. to a proper name. — eTmpTjtropcvovs : 
sc. Oeoirpdirovs. For the constr., see Synt. 129 e. 


238 


NOTES 


[Page 73, Line 25 


25. Xevpu 4vl x"p<p • cf* Horn. Od. VII. 123. 

28. Ka,T€x €t <j>v<r££oos ala : cf. Horn. II. III. 243 ; Od. XI. 301. 

29. MriTappoOos: epic word, helper , defender , in Horn, always of a god; 
here master , lord. 

The oracle is rendered by Sayce as follows: 

Arcadian Tegea lies upon a plain; 

There blow two winds driven by might and main, 

Blow upon blow and stroke on stroke again. 

The fruitful soil holds Agamemnon’s son ; 

Fetch him to thee and Tegea is won. 

31. ov8ev cXcurtrov : litotes. — 8i£fjp.€voi: with concessive force. — 4s 6 (.sr. 
Xpbvov) : until. 

74. 1. dyaGocp-ywv : partit. gen. in the pred. with idv understood. — avevpe: 
made the discovery. 

2. atcl ol irpetrpvTaToi: the oldest men in each case. 

4. tov av 4|£wcri: on which they go out; the rel. agrees in case with its ante¬ 
cedent, though a dat. (of time) would seem more natural; dv with the subj. 
because of indef. frequency in pres. time. Synt. 171. — tw k<hv« : the com¬ 
monwealth , state , dat. of agent. Synt. 56. 

5. Siaircp.'irop.cvovs p.T] 4Xivv€iv : do not cease being sent , are continually sent. 
For the ptc., see Synt. 132. — aXXovs dXXrj: emphasizing the distributive force 
in dia-irep.Trop.4vovs. — tovtwv <ov ktX. : resumptive of Alxv* • • • dvevpe above, 
after the parenthesis ol 54 . . . dW-rj. 

6. Kal . . . Ka£: both . . . and. 

9. criSrjpov: the employment of iron in place of bronze was comparatively 
late, hence the smith was called xa\%etfs. 

11. ’H kov dv: dv is often placed early in a sentence to prepare the reader 
for the form of apod, to come, and may or may not be repeated with the verb. 
The cond. here is unreal, the prot. in past time, the apod, in pres. time. 
Synt. 160. 

12. okou vvv : since in the present instance; cf. the use of vvv dl after an un¬ 
real cond. (see note on 62, 28). — 0wp,a Troi€vp.€vos : periphrasis, equiv. to 
davfxdfav ; cf. iv 6d)p.aTi 9jv, 1. 9. Synt. 69 a. 

15. v-iro diricTTiris pt] ktX. : through disbelief that there had eve? been; for 
the redundant pij after a negative idea, see Synt. 181. p.lv (after p-^) with no 
corresponding implies a suppressed thought in the man’s mind. pLrj8ap.a 
merely strengthens pdj. Synt. 183. 

16. twv vvv (sc. dvdpdiTTuv) i gen. after the comp. Synt. 44 a. 

18. oirwirec : plupf. indie, of opdw, with augm. omitted. 

21. 4>vcras : see Vocab. <pv<ra. — 46vxas : suppl. ptc. agreeing with the pred. 
obj. avtpwvs instead of with cpbaas, the dir. obj. 

23. Kara toi6v8€ ti : in some such way as this. 

24. 4irl Kaxw avOpw-irov : for man's har?n. 

26. Ik Xoyov irXatrrov : on a fictitious charge; i.e. for the sake of getting him 
back to Tegea. 

27. 48£u>£av : they banished. 


Page 76, Line 4] 


NOTES 


239 


29. €fu<r0ovTO : tried to hire. Synt. 84. — ovk 4k8i8ovtos : when he was un¬ 
willing to let; the ptc. corresponds to the impf. of refusal. Synt. 91. 

30. 4voiKC<r0t| : took up his abode. Synt. 93. 

31. otx €TO <Mp wv : carried them off; see note on 50, 4. Synt. 135. 

75. 1. okws impcoaro : a temporal clause corresponding to a past gen. prot. 
Synt. 172. 

2. o-cjn : dat. of agent. Synt. 56. 

3. Ka,T€<rTpa|xp.€VTi : fr. KaTcurTptffxi). 

4. Tavra 8rj wv ktX. : the narrative is resumed after the digressions on 
Athenian and Lacedemonian history ; raOra refers to the details of Lacede¬ 
monian supremacy. 

5. <j>epovTas kcu Serjcropcvous: for the coordination of ptcs. in different 
tenses, cf. \va6/xev6s re dbyarpa <ptpwv t direpeLcn’ roiva. Horn. II. I. 13. 

6. 4vT€i.\dp.€v6s t€ : ptc. in different constr. added coordinately with the pre¬ 
ceding ptcs.; we should expect the omission of re. 

8. xpf|<ravTOs tov 0€ov ktX. : since the god directed us by oracle to gain the 
Greek as friend. 

9. vpeas yap : in explanation of the following clause, as often ; see note on 
52, 16. 

10. uwOdvopai: followed by the inf. in indir. disc., as 71, 15. Synt. 137 a. 

12. avtv T6 8o\ov Kal dirarris : for dvev 86\ov re kt\. ; an instance of hyper¬ 
baton. Introd. p. 45. 

15. T]<r0T]orav : fr. ^So^iat. 

16. avToi>s evep-yeo-Cai ctx ov : a periphrasis for ebepylr^vTo : they had been 
benefited , were under obligation. 

18. wveovro : with conative force. 

19. 4s ayaXpa (BouXopevoi xP'qo'a.crOai: wishing to use it for a statue; namely 
tovto to vvv . . . ’ AirdWuvos. The position of ’A irbWuvos is unusual. — rijs 
AaKtovurijs (sc. x^PV 0 is partit. gen. with Qbpvaia.. Upon the mountain there 
was a colossal statue of Apollo, but according to Pausanias (III. 10, 10), the 
gold that Croesus sent was used to ornament another statue that stood at 
Amyclae. 

21. b>v€opevouri: see note on uvtovro, 1. 18. 

25. Kal . . . Kat : both . . . arid. — Trpo<rKT^(ra<r0ai . . . PovXopcvos: 

added in explanation of yijs ip.lpip. 

27. T€i<ra<r0ai: fr. rlvcv . 

28. yapPpov : brother-in-law. 

29. KaTacrTp€\|/dp€vos etx € : as 57, 17; 62, 5 ; 63, 4. 

76. 1. T^Xwo-av : fr. a\L<JKop.ou. 

2. KpoCcrw : dat. of relation. Synt. 58. 

3. Tco -irpwTto) 4iripdvTt: to the first man that scaled; irpioTip is in pred. agree¬ 
ment with hnp&vTi. — tov tcCx^os : gen. with on the analogy of verbs 

of touching; verbs compounded with n more often take the dat. 

4. 8a>o-€iv : fut. inf. in indir. disc, with irpoelire, in the sense promised; the 
verb usually takes a compl. inf. 


240 


NOTES 


[Page 76, Line 5 


5. ws ov irpo€xwp €€ ( sc - T V err party) : when there was no success. 

6. irpoo-paivcov (= iirtfialvwv) : suppl. ptc. with tireiparo. 

7. Kara towto rf)s aKpoiroXios : at that part of the citadel; for the gen., see 
Synt. 31, 6. — CT^TttKTO : fr. racrcrw. 

8. ov -yap rjv Seivov : for there was no fear (i.e. on the part of the inhabitants). 

— p,r] &Xw: obj. clause after an expression of fearing. Synt. 145. For the 
subj. after a secondary tense, see Synt. 140 a. — diroTop.os : adj. of two end¬ 
ings ; so dptaxos, and, in general, compound adjectives. 

10. twv nva AvStov : a favorite order with Hdt. 

11. KaTapdvra: suppl. ptc. with idtbv ; the aor. denotes simple occurrence 
of the act and is, therefore, coincident in time with Idtbv. Synt. 133. — 4iri: 
after, to fetch. 

12. KaraKvXio - 0€io - av: fr. KaraKvXlvdoj. — 4s 0vp,dv 4pdX€TO : he laid it to 
heart. 

13. kcit’ avTov : according to him; i.e. ‘following his example.’ 

15. otjtm 8tj : taking up the ptc. as 71, 23, and often. — rjXwKearav . . . 
4irop0€€TO: note the force of the tense in each case. 

16. Kara: concerning. — rjv 6 irais : explanatory asyndeton. 

17. -irpoTepov: i.e. 60, 15, where he was described as Kuxpbs .— liriciKfjs : cf. 
Hebrews XI. 23, * a proper child.’ 

18. €V€cttoi = evdaipovty. 

19. aXXa rt 4'jri<}>pa£6|ji€vos Kal . . . 4Treir6p,<|>€€: change of constr. in par¬ 
allel expressions. 

22. p.4ya vfjirie Kpoio-c : cf. ptlya pyirtos, Horn. II. XVI. 46. 

77. 1. dp4>ls ep.|X€vai: to be apart or afar, i.e. otherwise. 

3. aXio-Kopivou: for the tense, see Synt. 88. — yap: see note on 52, 16. 

— raiv ns II4pcrwv : see note on 76, 10. 

4. a>s diroKrtvecov : as though going to kill him. Synt. 129 c. 

5. 6p4tuv: for opawv; see Dial. 17 a. — viro Tijs . • • <rvfi<|) 0 P4 s : because of 
his misfortune. 

6. ovS4 n ol 8i€'4>£p€ ktX. : nor did it matter to him at all to be smitten and killed. 
8. epprj^e c|>wvf|v: cf. -rumpere vocem, Verg. II. 129. 

12. T£<r<rep£<rKai8€Ka: in this compound rloaepes is treated as indeclinable. 
If the statement here is correct, Sardis was captured 546 b.c. 

17. Trap’ avrov: beside him; the acc. is used, because of the idea of motion 
in avefiipacre. 

18. KaTayiciv: fr. /caray/fw; for the tense, see note on reloeadai, 53, 22. 
0€wv orctp 8fj: to whatever god: i.e. ‘to some god or other.’ 

21. tov |jltj . . . KaTaKauo-Orjvai: from being burned; the ‘ articular ’ inf. is 
strictly a gen. of separation. Synt. 38. For redundant pd) after a verb con¬ 
taining a negative idea, see Synt. 181. 

22. iroweiv: a shift to indir. disc, after some expression like \lyerai inrb 
Avduv, for the imp. inf. see Synt. 174. — t<o KpoCcru: for the case, see Synt. 
79 a. 

24. to tov SoXwvos: sc. eiros, the subj. of £<re\6etv, occurred. — <rvv 0«w: by 

inspiration of Heaven . 


Page 79, Line 13] 


NOTES 


241 


25. to p/r^EVa clvat . . . oX(3iov: a subst. clause in apposition with t6 tov 
26Xwvos. Synt. 115, 1. 

26. niv: acc. with Trpoaarrjvai (= iaeXdeiv ), where the dat. would be more 
usual. Synt. 79. For the inf. in a subordinate clause in indir. disc., see Synt. 
177 b. — dv€vciKa|xcvov : fr. avacplpia, bring up, heave a sigh. 

27. 4k : after. — 4s Tpis : up to three times , thrice. 

29. Tiva tovtov 4-mKaX4oiTO : who was this person he called upon, — Kal rovs : 
and they. 

78. 2-3. tov av 4-yw kt\. : the man whom I should have preferred above great 
possessions should come into converse with every tyrant ; i.e. ‘ whom I would have 
given anything to see converse with tyrants.’ For the ‘ potential ’ indie., see 
Synt. 105; for the constr. of naai rvpdwoiai, see Synt. 65. XP 7 1I X ° LTUV is gen. 
after the comparative idea in irpoeripiriaa. Synt. 39. 

4. o-<f>i: dat. with Aaripia. 

5. iircipwTiov: the dir. narrative resumed. — tq XfiyopEva: impf. ptc. Synt. 
99 <*. 

6. Sfj : at length. — cos rj\06 apx'fjv : how he had come in the beginning. 

8. d-rro<|)\avpC(r€i€ : parallel to 7j\de. Synt. 175. — ola 81] ctiras : saying so 
and so. ehras agrees with the subj. of eXeye above, i.e. Croesus. — diro(3E(3f|Koi: 
see note on ebp^Koi, 64, 5. 

9. ovSev ti p&XXov 4s ecovtov Xcycov ovk 4s airav to dvGpcoirivov : applying the 
remark no more to him than to all mankind. The neg. is redundant in our 
idiom, but required by the Greek (no more to him than the contrary , that is to 
say, just as much to all mankind as to him). 

10. impd <rc}>io-i axiTOicrt: in their own estimation. 

12. din]-Y€€<r0ai: return to indir. disc. — dp-H^vTis: perf. pass. ptc. of airrco. 

15. "YEvopevov kt\. : become a man as much blessed by fortune as himself. 

17. eI'tj . . . €'xov : periphrasis for e%ot; for the force of %x eLV with an adv., 
see 56, 25 ; 60, 3. 

18. ttjv Tax.£o-TTjv : cf. 56, 16. Synt. 77. 

23. o-j3EvvvvTa : with conative force. — KaTaXa^Eiv = liriKpaTrjaai above. 

24. e£ ti ol KExapurp.4vov . . . 48copfj0T]: cf. the prayer of Chryses, Horn. 
II. I. 39 if. 

25. 4£ avTOv = vtt ’ avrov, as often. 

27. ek 8e al0p£t]s : but out of a clear sky. 

28. cruv8papEiv : fr. avvrplx^' 

29. vcrai: it rained. — vSaTt: dat. of means. 

79. 4. EvSaipovir): dat. of manner. 

5. Eirapas : fr. eiraelpio. 

6. oo-tis alpEETai: as to choose; the inf. would be expected. Synt. 150,151 a. 

7. 4v |iev Tfi . . . 4v 8 e tcu : notice the chiastic order. 

10. KdTElCTE : fr. Kari^b). 

13. to 4v0evt£v : from this point. — tov te Kvpov . . . Kal tovs IL'pcras : 

used proleptically as objects of eTidl^rjrai, instead of subj., in each case, of 
the verb in the following clause. 


242 


NOTES 


[Page 79, Line 14 


14. octis €wv . . . KaTfiXt: who he was that he destroyed. Cf. robs civ dvva- 
T03T0LT0VS £6vT<XS 7T pOC KT T\G CLIT 0 , 68, 11. 

15. T] 7 r|(raTO : obtained the hegemony. Synt. 93. 

16. ol |xt) (3ovX6p.evoi: equiv. to an indef. rel. clause ; hence p.-fj. Synt. 180. 
— to, -ircpl Kwpov: hardly more than K vpov; see note on 58, 25. 

17. tov lovxa Xoyov: the truth; cf. ry ebvri xp^trd/xej/os, 58, 14. 

18. ircpl Kvpou: cf. irepi Kvpov above, with no apparent difference. — Tpi- 
<j>a<ria$: other accounts are found in Xenophon’s Cyropedia and Ctesias’s 
History of Persia. 

19. Xoywv 68ovs: a mere periphrasis for \6yovs. — <|>*] vat (fr* : inf. 

with iTnardp-evos knowing how. Synt. 137 b. — Trjs avw ’A<t£t]s : by upper Asia, 
Hdt. seems to mean the part lying east of the river Halys between the Tigris 
and the Mediterranean. 

20. efcocri kcu irevTaKocria: according to Greek tradition, the beginning of 
the Median kingdom occurred in the last quarter of the eighth century b.c. 
Assyrian rule would then have begun after 1250 b.c. — irptoTow . . . MfjSoi 
Tip^avro airurraa-Ocu: the account of Hdt. is hardly historical, but indicates in 
general the growth of Median power. 

21. kws : somehow; the word indicates the lack of definite information on 
Hdt.’s part. 

22. eye'v ovto : proved themselves. 

23. diraxr&pevoi: fr. airwdlw. — eXevOcpwOticrav : became free. 

24. tois MtjSokti : dat. of association with tc5i/t 6. Synt. 65 a. 

26. 7r€pif}X0ov: reverted. 

27. At]i6kt|s : Deioces is an historical personage, but the story of his ad¬ 
vance to power (here omitted) is probably not true. 

28. !pao-0€is: ingressive. Synt. 99 c. —TvpavvCSos: for the case, see 
Synt. 35. 


80. 1. ^paopTTjs: little is known of Phraortes. The statement that he con¬ 
quered Persia may or may not be true. 

5. €TT€0fjKaTo: see note on 57, 10. — MfjStov: gen. with the verbal idea in 
virrjKbovs. Synt. 44. 

10. 6 iroXXos: attributive of or par 6s: the greater part of his army. Synt. 29. 

11. Kvafjdprjs: usually regarded as the founder of Median greatness. 
After a rule of forty years, he died the most powerful ruler of western Asia. 

12. 'y€v€ , cr0ai: see note on eylvero, 79, 22. 

13. ’Ao-Tvayr|s: Astyages, brother-in-law of Croesus, succeeded to the 
throne in 548 b.c. 

14. Mav8dvr]v: named as the mother of Cyrus by Xenophon also, but both 
writers are probably wrong in connecting him with the family of Astyages. 
The whole story that follows belongs to the field of legend rather than of 
history. 

15. 4Sok€£ : thoicght. — wcttc 7 rXfj<rai (fr. Tr[p.Tr\T)pu): inf. of the natural 
result. Synt. 150. 

18. 4(})oj3f|0T]: ingressive aor. Cf. 79,15 ; 79, 23. — avTa i-Kao-ra: the details 
themselves ; as they were to be fulfilled. 


Page 81, Line 29] 


NOTES 


243 


19. |A€T&: adv. 

20 . avSpos wpcuTjv: i.e. the proper age for marriage. — Iwvtov d|i«v: as 
good as he, in birth and connection. 

21. 81801 : contracted fr. diddei, as if fr. 818610 . Dial. 42. For the tense, 
see Synt. 85. — 6 84: repeating the subject; we should expect Ubpay 86, 
correl. with M.ijSwv p.6v. Cf. 73, 4, with note. 

22. obciqs . . . d-yaGfjs: pred. gen. of possession. Cambyses was an 
Achemenid ; see note on 92, 2. — 46vto,: suppl. ptc. in indir. disc. Synt. 137. 

23. Tpoirou: pred. gen. of quality. Synt. 32. — iroXXw ev€p 8 €: far inferior; 
followed by the gen. Synt. 45. — aywv: considering ; yybopai is more common 
in this sense. — p.4arov avSpos : average or mediocre man. 

26. tw irpwra) tret: i.e. of the marriage. — 48ok€€ ol: it seemed to him ; cf. 
456xee, 1. 15. 

28. 6 Tri<rx€tv: reached over, i.e. covered, shaded. 

81. 5. §v\(x.<r<r6)kZvo<s\ guarding against. 

8 . to av irpo(r 0 ew: cond. rel. clause, corresponding to the prot. of a fut. 
more vivid cond. Synt. 162. — p/qSapdis irapaxpr|crj|: by no means treat lightly 
(lit. as a side matter), aor. subj. in a prohibition. Synt. 109. 

10. 4£ vcTT€pr|s: afterwards. — crot avrw ircpiireo-Tis: be caught in your own 
snare. irLimo and its compounds are often used as pass, of /3dX\<o. — Xa^e 
ktX. : asyndeton, because explanatory of wprjypa t6 (Lv toi xpoadbio, above. 

11. 4s crtwvTOv: sc. oUlav. 

13. ovt€ . . .84: for the more common oure . . . re. — avSpl t«8e : =ip,oL; 
a use common in tragedy; for the dat. cf. 62, 6 . 

14. 4s o-€ kcu 4s tov p€T€iretTa xpovov: toward you for the future also. 

15. cl! toi <j>CXov: if it is your pleasure. 

16. XP 4 T ° ®H , ° V virqp€T€€o- 0 at: it is right that my service should be rendered. 

18. K€KO(rp,r|p4vov tt] v 4irV ©avaTtp : dressed in the garb of death. 

The second acc. after a verb meaning to clothe retained with the pass. Synt. 
72 0 . 

19. ’ AcTTvaycos: poss. gen. with \ 6 yov, instead of vtt 6 with the gen. to ex¬ 
press agency with the pass. ptc. pTjdbvra. 

21. rfj: in the way that, as. 

22. ct irapa<|>povir|cr€i re Kal pav&Tai: ei with the fut. indie, is used instead 
of ijv with the subj. to express strong feeling. Synt. 163. — rt . . . ica£: 
connecting synonymous words, as often. — KaKiov: cogn. acc. Synt. 70 a. 

23. Trpocr0r|cropai (sc. pr\<pov, vote) : accede to, concur with ; for the dat. with 
it, see Synt. 68 . 

24. 4 s 4 >ovov: to the end of, or to bring about murder. 

25. Kat : correl. with the following Kal. 

26. aircus eptrevos yovov: without male heir. Synt. 44 b. 

27. 40eXr|(r€L . . . avapfjvai: like //iXXei . . . avapalveiv (dvap^aeadai). 
Synt. 96, 2. 

28. Trjs: the antecedent is dvyarbpa. 

29. dXXo Tt t]: a formula equiv. to the Lat. nonne ; is there not left for me, 
etc. 


244 


NOTES 


[Page 81, Line 30 


30. tov do-4>aX«>s: safety. 

31. jjlcvtoi : correl. with \xkv. — twv riva ’ Ao-Tvdycos: one of the household of 
Astyages. For the order, see 76, 10, and note. 

82. 2. Iir! twv povKoXwv ktX. : to that one of the herdsmen of Astyages whom 
he knew to be pasturing his flocks in pastures the most suitable (for this purpose). 

9. irpos (3opew dvepov: toward the north wind; a poetic expression for the 
north ; cf. 51, 27. 

13. <nrov8fj iroXXfj: connect with cbrt/cero. 

16. okws civ . . 8ia4>0apetrj: the one case in Hdt. where purpose is ex¬ 
pressed by 6'/cws &v with the opt. after a primary tense; there are several cases 
after a secondary tense. Perhaps in every case the opt. is potential. Synt. 

1.43 b. . . • r • 

18. <r€: obj. of Siaxplio'eadai, destroy (cf. 56, 14). The subj. of the inf. is 

not expressed because the same as the subj. of eiUXevae. Synt. 81. 

19. eKKctpevov: when he has been exposed ; used as the passive of iKrldrjfu 
in a perf. sense. 

21. tw : dat. of interest, almost equiv. to a possessive gen. Synt. 53. 

24. rj<rav 4v <j>povrt8t: periphrasis for a verb of thinking; cf. Ip dib/xaTi 1)v, 
74, 9. 

25. tokov: sc. 7 T epi. — on ovk ktX. : (wondering) why contrary to his cus¬ 
tom Harpagus had summoned. With the opt. /lerairlfi^aiTOy cf. p.€Texlp.\paTo 
below. Synt. 178. 

27. ola . . . tSovo-a: Synt. 129 a. — etpcTO irponpri: she asked him first; 
( i.e. before he questioned her). 

30. to prjn tSeiv aicjjeXov p.r|T€ kotc yeve'crOai: what I would I had never seen 
and I would had never happened. t6 does double duty, as obj. of ideip and 
subj. of yevtodcu, with which we must understand ibcpeXe. For this way of 
expressing an unattainable wish, see Synt. 104, 1. 

♦ 

83. 2. opew: = opaw. 

6. €^r|: Synt. 177. — twv op€wv: partit. gen. with cv9a. Synt. 46. — tov 
tovtci €iri0€p.€vov the man who had imposed this task. For the regular Att. 
meaning of kirirlOeadcu, to attack , see 80, 5. 

7. cl . . . < jroiT)craip,i: representing . . . TOLr/ays of the direct command. 
Synt. 162, 177 a. The apod, of the cond. is implied in 7roXX’ dTreiX^as. 

8. tivos : pred. gen. of possession ; for the order, see 81, 31. 

9. ov yap av ktX. : for I never could have suspected whose child (lit. whence') 
he was. For the potential indie, see Synt. 105. 

13. ©cpdirovTos: gen. with irvpOdpopLcu (hist. pres.). Synt. 2>5 a. 

14. ws apa: that after all. 

15. Kap.j3vo-cw tov Kvpov: in fact, not the son of Cyrus but of Teispes. 

16. oSe: ‘deictic’; here he is. — dpa rt eXcyc . . . aircSclKwc: parataxis. 
Introd. p. 45. 

18. SaKpvcrao-a: ingressive aor. bursting into tears. Synt. 99 c. 

19. twv yovvaTwv: partit. gen. with XajS op.kvy. Synt. 34. — p.TjS€|Ufl T^xvfl: 
by no means. 


« 


Page 85, Line 7] 


NOTES 


245 


20. 6 84 ovk f 4 *t| kt\. : but he said he was not able to do it (i.e. to act ) otherwise. 

21. €iru}><HTrj(r€iv: sc. 

22. e7ro\|fO|ievovs: fr. e-iropaio. — diro\^€<r0ai: sc. as subj. the speaker. — rjv 
jii] <r<f>ca Troit](TT): if he should not do it (cf. aura irodeiv above). For the cond. 
retained in the dir. form after a secondary tense, see Synt. 162, 177. 

23. SevTcpa: then; as often. 

24. try 84: U marks the apod.; cf. rdicn 8' dvto-rdpevo?, Horn. II. I. 58. 

26. T€TOKa yap . . . TtroKa 84: anaphora. 

28. dXcocreai: fr. a XlaKop-ai. 

29. aSixeiov: suppl. ptc. Synt. 133 a. — Tjp.tv: dat. of agent. Synt. 56. 
— Pc|3ovX€vp4va eoTTai: a periphrastic fut. perf. 

30. Ta<j>fjs: for the case, see Synt. 34. 

84. 2. tov p4v: rel. pron. picked up by tovtov p4v. 

3. irapaSiSoi : see note on 81801 , 80, 21: Dial. 42. 

6. ri0€l: as if from Tidbw ; cf. the impf. irldei, and imv. rldei, the regular 
forms in Horn., Hdt., and Attic. Dial. 42. — <I>s 84 tpittj t]p.4pr| kt\. : when the 
child has been exposed two daps. For the dat., see Synt. 59. 

7. 4s iroXiv : to town. 

12. KaC: and so. — 4r40airTO : had been buried; i.e. lay buried. — tov: con¬ 
nect with ovofxaadbvTa. Synt. 21 a. 

13. vorTepov tovtc ov: later. 

16. 4s avrov : in regard to him. 

17. toi6v8€ : the following : note the asyndeton in the next sentence. 

20. tovtov 8fj: cf. oSros 81], 63, 23. 

21 ff. tovs pev . . . tovs 8e . . . tov 84 Tiva . . . tw 84 tivi : some . . . 

others . . . one ... to another; the addition of the indef. pron. makes no 
appreciable difference in the sense. — 6<}>0a\pov pao-i\4os: a confidential 
officer of high rank, by whose aid the king oversaw everything. 

23. &>s cKao-Tw: each to each; the particle serves to emphasize the distribu¬ 
tive force of €Kd<TT(p. 

24. ds: nom. to agree with the subj. of iTrolrjae ; it is taken up by abrbv, 1. 27. 

26. yap: since; introducing the reason for the following clause. 

27. SiaXa^civ: to seize on both sides; cf. 8iaK€\ev<rafibvovs, 50, 1, with note. 

85. 1. 4tt€it€ |i6T€i0T| Ta^urTtt: as soon as he was released; pLerddr], fr. /xerlrjfju. 

2. a»s . . . ira0wv: Synt. 129 c. 

3. twv viro Kvpov rjvTT]<r€: the treatment he had received from Cyrus; the 
verb is poetic for erux^, and like it takes the gen. Synt. 34. 

4. viro Kvpov : because of the pass, idea in the verb. — Kvpov : the word 
repeated from the preceding clause, and carrying on its constr. 

5. irpos tov PovkoXov ktX. : the order is ambiguous ; the prep, governs irai- 
86 s and the limiting gen. precedes, because the insult was due to the boy’s 
lowly position as the son of a herdsman: cf. 1. 8. 

6. opyrj <»>s «tx €: * n anger just as he was ; i.e. without waiting for his anger 
to cool; so 70, 24. For the intr. use of e?x^ cf. 56, 25 ; 60, 3 ; 78, 18. 

7. avdpo-ia 'trpVjypaTa: outrageous treatment. 


246 


NOTES 


[Page 85, Line 9 


9. 8i: connecting 8ob\ov and (3ovk6\ov irai86s, two designations for the same 
person. — ircpivPpio-fieGa: fr. tt eptv(3pLfa. 

11. iraiSi: Synt. 51. —’Apreixpdpeos: obj. gen. with riixrjs (Synt. 31, 3), 
itself governed by etVe/ca. 

14. toiovtov: snch; i.e. so humble. 

15. TOif)8€: accompanied by a gesture. 

17. tovtov : second acc. with kitolrjaa. Synt. 74. — p.«: with ioTrjcraPTO ; 
Hdt. often separates a pron. quite widely from the verb with which it belongs ; 
the position is determined by emphasis. 

20. t& ImTao-o-opieva: representing the impf. Synt. 99 a, 87 a. 

21. ’iXape tt]v 8ikt]v : got his punishment; usually Aa/3 eiv Slktjp means to 
inflict punishment , and dovvai SLktjp, to be punished. 

22. o8€ toi irdp€ip.i: here I am (for you) ; cf. 88e, 83, 16. The pron. is 
ethical dat. Synt. 57. 

23. €(TT|i€: with the acc., as iarjXde, 120, 3. Synt. 79 a. 

24. irpotr<J>€p€O"0cit . . . €s ctovTov \ to be like himself. 

25. €\ev0€po)T€pti: too free , i.e. for a slave. 

28. av€v€x0€fe: come to himself; for a different meaning, cf. 77, 26. 

29. PacravCcrr): Synt. 140 a. 

30. TavTa irot^o-a) wo-tc : I shall act in such a %uay that; for the inf., see 
Synt. 150. 

31. ircp/im: for eKwl/ATeL. 

86. 2. p.ovvos p,ovvo0€v: cf. the Homeric ofos oibOev. II. VII. 39, 226. 

3. TaSt avrov dlpexo: for the two accusatives, see Synt. 72. — \dp<n . . . 

: for e\a/ 3e . . . £otL of the dir. quest. Synt. 178. 

6. es avayKas . . . airiKta-Oai: to come to straits. 

7. apa Xeycav: at the same time that he said. Synt. 129 d. 

8. XapPdvciv: complement of £<rlifxaipe, on the analogy of a verb meaning to 
order. Synt. 116. 

9. ouTio 8rj: taking up and emphasizing the ptc. as the cause of %4>aive kt\. 

10. air’ apx'HS: we say, less exactly, at the beginning. 

11. KarePcuve is Airds t€ Kal truyyvwp.'qv itovrw kcXcvwv: he ended with prayers 
and the urgent plea to pardon him. The suppl. ptc. is coordinate with the 
prepositional phrase. 

12. povicoXov: gen. with \6yov eiroieero, on the analogy of a verb of heed¬ 
ing. Synt. 35. The gen. of the subst. with the ptc. should be rendered in 
English by a clause ; i.e. when the herdsman had revealed , etc. 

13. Kal IXdo-crw ... Kal p.€ya\ws: the intensive KaC emphasizes the con¬ 
trast between the advs. almost like as . . .so. — 'Apordyw: Synt. 51. 

18. iovTa: suppl. ptc. not in indir. disc. Synt. 133. — ov TpiireTai iirl 
\[/cv8ea oSov: did not take a road tozvard falsehood; i.e. did not betake himself to 
falsehoods; 686 p is cogn. acc. Synt. 70. 

19. k\ey\o\L6vos: circumstantial ptc. — aXCo-K-qTai: subj. in a clause of pur¬ 
pose after a secondary tense. Synt. 140 a. 

21 ff. o-KOiriwv okws . . . iroir|(r» Kal . . . : for the two constructions 

after a verb of effort, see Synt. 146 and a. 


Page 88, Line 9] 


NOTES 


247 


22. Bu-ya-TpC: in the eyes of; dat. of relation. Synt. 58. 

27. Ka/ra tolSc: in this wise; explained by the following. 

28. a-xpi ov T€\€vrf|crxi: temporal clause corresponding to a fut. more vivid 
prot. Hdt. usually omits &v. Synt. 171 a. 

29. p.Tj Troif|<rT|: reg. form of a fut. more vivid prot. unchanged in indir. 
disc, after a secondary tense. Synt. 177. 

30. K€\€uop.€va: representing an impf. Synt. 98 a, 87 a. 

87. 1. ovtws e<r\€: so it came to be; the aor. of is regularly ingressive. 
Synt. 93 a. 

3. tov I0vv Xoyov : cf. our ‘ straight story.’ 

4. tov . . . Xoyov: obj. incorporated in the rel. clause. — irpcoTa: neut. pi. 
used as adv. Synt. 77 a. 

5. Kara irep: just as. 

6. iiraXiXXoyrjTO: fr. TraXiWoyiu) (tt&Xlv + Xiycof repeat. 

7. KaTcjlaivc Xe-ywv: ended by saying; cf. 86,11. Synt. 135 a. 

8. tu ire-iron] p.eva> (= r<£ epyy) : dat. of cause with erap-vov I suffered. Synt. 
61. — €<J>r] Xeyiov: a common pleonasm in Hdt. 

10. 8ia(3e[3XT]p.evo5: brought into variance with , estranged from; followed by 
' the dat. Synt. 65. — «s : with the ptc. Synt. 129 c. 

11 . tovto [lev . . . toOto 8e: on the one hand ... on the other; first . . . 
next. 

13. TOitri 0€«v tijjitj avTt) irpoa-KciTai: to whomever of the gods this honor is 

due. For the omission of the art, with ti/jltj avrrj, see Synt. 24 b. 

14. irdpur0C p.oi lirl Sctirvov: for iirL with the acc. after irdpurdi, cf. irapioTcu 
is koitov , 53, 8. pot is ethical dat. Synt. 57. 

16. €5 Seov: all right , happily. — IttI XP T l 0 ’ T Ti 0 " t: * n favorable circum¬ 

stances; or, perhaps, after fortunate events. 

18. kov paXio-Ta: somewhere about , with the numeral. 

19. 4s ’ Ao-rvdyeos : Synt. 31, 1 a. 

20. o Tt av 4 k€ivos KeXevT]: a cond. rel. clause, corresponding to a fut. more 
vivid prot., unchanged in indir. disc, after a secondary tense. Synt. 140 a. 

23. Kara peXea : limb from limb. — -qxf/Tio-e : fr. ipiw. 

26. roicri aXXoio-t: Synt. 68. 

27. Kp€wv: Synt. 44. 

28. aKpcov: adj. in agreement with %et pQv and 7ro5<3v, used like summus in 
Lat. the extremities of the hands and feet. Synt. 27. 

31. aXis €X«i>v: to have enough of; with the gen. Synt. 46. 

88. 1. T](T0€tTj : fr. tfSopicu. 

2. toIo-i irpocreKciTO: to whom it belonged; i.e. ‘ upon whom the command 
had been laid ’; the antecedent of rot<rt is the subj. of 7 rape&epov. 

6. oxire 4^€TrXdYr| ktX. : he was not driven out of his self-possession , but con¬ 
tained himself. 

9. to av Pao-iXevs cpSrj: a pres. gen. prot. unchanged in indir. disc, after a 
secondary tense. Synt. 167, 177. — Pao-iXevs: without the art. virtually a 
proper name. 


248 


NOTES 


[Page 88, Line 11 


11. €|xcXX€ . . . 0d\|/€iv: he was likely to, must have buried. Synt. 96, 1 a. 

13. dvSp€vp€va>: fr. av5p6op,cu. See Dial. 16. —t<ov tjXikwv dv8.: bravest of 
his comrades; i.e. braver than they; see note on 60, 16. 

16. €<rop,€VT|v: suppl. ptc. in indir. disc, representing the fut. indie. Synt. 
137. 

19. ol: dat. of agent with KarlpyacrTo (plupf. indie, pass, with augm. 
omitted). Synt. 56. 

21. dv£ir€i0€: conative impf. Synt. 84. 

25. €t\€ (sc. drjX&o’cu') : was able. — cLtc : like (bare and ola, showing that the 
ptc. has a causal force. Synt. 129 a. 

26. d 8t: repetition of the subj., as 73, 4. 

28. ws : c ^- 85, 6. 

89. 2. are Oqpevrfj: as a hunter; apposition with rep % or tot dr (p ; that is, 
with the dress and appearance of a hunter. 

3. d-rro yXcoo-o-ris : by word of mouth ; connect with kirenveiv. 

4. p.T)Seva irapetvai: i.e. to see to it that no one was by. 

8. <r€ yap 0€ol liropcocri: giving the reason for the exhortation contained in 
the main clause, <rb vvv . . . reccraL. 

9. ov yap dv ktX. : for (otherwise, i.e. if the gods did not watch over you) 
you would never have come to so great (a point of) fortune. The apod, of an 
unreal cond., with the prot. implied in the preceding clause. Synt. 160. For 
roaovTo rtixySf see Synt. 31, 6. 

10. Kara pev ydp ktX. : for according to this man’s wish, you are dead; i.e. 
‘ if his wish had been fulfilled, you would be dead.’ 

11. to 8e KaTd 0£ovs: but because of the gods; the art. gives a subst. value to 
the prepositional phrase, without affecting its meaning. 

12. to. : dem. pron. placed proleptically as obj. of eKp.ep,adr)Ktv(u, instead of 
subj. of iirp'qxG't]. 

13. irepi: anastrophe. 

18. ijv t€ ky<a . . . r\v re twv tis aXXos : zvhether I or any other; a fut. more 
vivid prot. 

19. 60 -ti toi . . . PovXcai: the pres, tense makes the consequence more 
certain than the fut. would have done. Synt. 89. 

21. irpos <r€o : on your side. 

22. «s • • • €ovtos : stating the ground upon which he is to act. Synt. 
129 c. — tov €v0a8€: matters here, i.e. we here. 

25. o-o<}>&)TdTto: adj. in pred. agreement with tireep Tphirip instead of an adv.: 
in what way most cleverly. — avairefo-ei: the form used in the dir. quest, re¬ 
tained in the indir. after a secondary tense. Synt. 141. — c|>povn£t<>v : picking 
up the main verb in the preceding clause; a common device of Hdt. 

26. TaCTa: with forward reference. — ctvai: inf. with ei/picrre. Synt. 137 a. 
— 4iro£ee 8q TaxiTa : the repetition of the dem. and the use of di) give emphasis. 

30. airoSeiKvvvai: pres. inf. representing the impf. of continuance. Synt. 
87 a. — t(j>T| X4ywv : see note on 87, 8. 

31. €Kao-Tov: partit. apposition with the omitted subj. of t apeXvai, implied 
in vpuv. Synt. 3 a. 


Page 92, Line 3] 


NOTES 


249 


90. 3. o<rov re : about , nearly; used with expressions of distance. 

4. iravT-fl : each way, i.e. in length and breadth.—4£r|pepoi>arcu : reclaim (for 
cultivation). 

6 . 4s tt]v vo-TepcuTjv: more commonly ry barepalri, as 1 . 11 . 

7. 4v tovtw (sc. xpbvv) : meanwhile. 

9. «s S€£ 6 | 1 €vos : the avowed intention is here the real one. 

10. irpos 84 : and besides. — ot'vco : dat. of means. — ws iTriT^ScordTOKri: see 
note on 61, 12 . 

12 . airo Sefirvov rj<rav : periphrasis for ISeSeLirvliKecrav had finished dining. 

15. iroWov ctvai ... to p.4o-ov : the difference was great. 

17. tovto to Kiros : i.e. it avra ay add. 

18. ‘'Av 8 p€s II4pcrcu : fellow Persians. 

19. ovtods vp.iv c'xci: this is the situation for you. — 4p,4o : gen. with it eldeadai 
on the analogy of a verb of hearing, instead of the usual dat. Synt. 51 b. 

21. cxovo-i: as (3ov\op,tvoi(n , 1. 19. 

22 . t« ‘ira-pa.irX^crtoi: like ( those of ) yesterday; an example of bra- 

chylogy. Introd. p. 45. 

23. avT 6 s T€ -yap Sok4o> ktX. : for I think that I myself who undertake these 
matters have come into existence by divine intervention; while dyeadai is gram¬ 
matically the main verb after SokI o>, the ptc. yeyovds is logically more im¬ 
portant. 

24. tyyt]p.cu : as 51, 12. 

26. «s . . . Ixovtwv «Se (sc. tojJtwv) : in Lat. quae cum ita sint. 

28. TrpocrrdT€« : gen. with eiriXapbpLevoi., on the principle of a verb of touch¬ 
ing. Synt. 34. — ao-p.€voi: pred. adj. instead of an adv. Synt. 6 . — IXcvGc- 
povvTo : conative impf. Synt. 84. 

29. ‘iraXaL Seivov iroi€vp.€voi: since they had long taken it ill; the pres, tense 
with 7 rd\at is idiomatic. Synt. 86 . 

91. 1 . oti . , . Tif-ti . . . PovXfjo-CTai: the verbs retained in the dir. form. 
Synt. 141. 

3. «ctt€ : with the ptc.; cf. 52, 16. 

4. p.iv : second acc. with Ibpyee. Synt. 74. 

6. ocroi ptj tov Xoyov p.£T4o - xov: all who had not gained a share in the plot. 
pd]\ because in an indef. rel. clause. Synt. 180. For the case of \6yov, see 
Synt. 33. For the ingressive force of the verb, see Synt. 93 a. 

10. ov . . . x ai P4 <r€l: not rejoice , i.e. escape punishment. 

15. ’Ao-Tvayca : second acc. with Troir/aas. 

16. ovto) : to be taken with the ptcs. as well as the finite verb. 

17. ipacrCXevo-e: became king; the aor. is ingressive; so also 1}p£e below. 
Synt. 93. 

92. 2. 4>apvdo-‘Tr€a): Pharnaspes was an Achaemenid, i.e. descended from 
Achaemenes, from whom Cyrus traced his descent. 

3. Ttjs irpoairoGavovciis : at whose death before (his own) ; the rel. is obj. 
gen. with irlvOos. Synt. 31, 3.—avTos re ktX. : he not only observed deep 
mourning himself but also commanded all over whom he ruled to observe it. 
irlvdos is repeated in the second clause, because p.1 ya is said only of Cyrus. 


250 


NOTES 


[Page 92, Line 5 


5. ravTT]s 8r|: said with emphasis, because there was a tradition that the 
mother of Cambyses was the daughter of an Egyptian king. 

6. ’Twvas . . • Kal AtoXeas: conquered by Cyrus (Book I. 162 ff.).— w$ 
. . . covTds 4vop,i£€: he regarded as being; vofilfa is more often followed by 
the inf. in indir. disc. Synt. 173 b. 

8. aWovs t€ . . . Kal 8 t] KaC: not only others (of no importance for the 
narrative) but in particular. Cf. 49, 17. 

9. ‘EXXrjvwv twv €Kp<xT€€: for robrovs 'EXXijvwv kt\. For the gen., see Synt. 
36. 

10. irplv p,cv . . . PatriXevcrai: before he became king; Hdt. often uses 
irplv ij instead of irplv with the inf. Synt. 125. — \Pa|x|ATjTi.xov: Psammeti- 
chus (Psamtik I) ruled 664-609 b.c. 

11. Iwvtovs irpiorovs y€ve'(r0ai: they themselves had been born first (i.e. before). 
When the subj. of the inf. is the same as that of the main verb, it is often 
omitted, and any qualifying word is in the nom.; so Hdt. might have said 
afoot 7r p&Toi yevlaOai ; the refl., however, tends to emphasize the contrast 
between themselves and all other nations. Cf. 14 below. 

12. rjOeX/qo-e elScvai: wanted to know ; i.e. sought to find out. 

13. airo tovtov (sc. x/^vov) : thereafter; i.e. after he had conducted his ex¬ 
periment. —- ^pv-yas • • • Iwutwv, twv 84 aXXwv Lavrovs : chiastic order. 

15. iropov ov84va tovtov avevpetv : to discover any way of finding this out. 
robrov is obj. gen. with iropov and explained by the following clause. 

16. oi: for otTLve s, in an indir. quest., as often in Hdt. Synt. 178. — «ri- 
rexvdrai TOiovSe: ‘ Frederick II of Germany and James II of Scotland are 
said to have repeated the experiment of Psammetichus, and proved that 
Hebrew was the language of Paradise.’ How and Wells, on this passage. 

17. twv 4'iriTvxovTwv: who came in their way ; i.e. taken by chance, not 
selected. 

18. StSoi : see note on 80, 21; hist. pres. Synt. 85. — Tpctfuiv : inf. of pur¬ 
pose. Synt. 120. — 4s t& iro£p.via : the prep., because of the idea of motion 
implied in the verb ; to take to the flocks and rear. — Tpocjjfjv Tiva toi^vSc : in 
some such way as this ; cogn. acc. Synt. 70. roi^vSe is explained by the 
following clauses. 

19. U'vai: fr. trjpu. 

20. Itt 1 Iwutwv : by themselves. — avTa: agreeing with iraiSla and emphasiz¬ 
ing the refl., as often .—ttiv wptjv: at the proper time. Synt. 77. kv &prj is 
more common. 

21. lirayiveW (= iirdyeiv) : for subj. sc. xoip.lva : observe the change of 
subj. with the three infs.—ydXaKros (fr. yd\a) : gen. with word of fulness. 
Synt. 37. — raXXa: i.e. the usual care of a child. 

22. liroUi tc Kal 4v€t4XX£to : the second verb defines the first. 

23. iraiSiwv: gen. with aKovaai, instead of subj. of p^ovai (prolepsis).— 
aTraXXaxffe'vTwv (fr. d7ra\\cWw) : agreeing with xaibluv and followed by the 
gen. of separation. Synt. 38. 

24. <j>wvt]v pt||ovo-i: for the figure, see 77, 8 and note. — irpwrTiv: pred. 
Synt. 6. 

25. Ta TT€p wv Kal 4‘y4v€To: now this was what actually happened ; i.e. they 


Page 93, Line 16] 


NOTES 


251 


uttered articulate speech. — us yap . . . irp^cro-ovTi: a characteristic way of 
saying, ‘ when the shepherd had done this for two years ’; the tense of iyeydvee 
emphasizes the completion of the period. r$ is dat. of interest. Synt. 

59. 


93. 1. avotyovTi rr\v 0vpr]v kt\. : as he opened the door and %vent in, both 
children fell upon him and said. This sentence illustrates how much more the 
participle is used in Greek than in English; for the dat. avoLyovri (agreeing 
with 7 Toifitvi understood), see Synt. 68. 

3. t& . . . irptora : at first. 

4. iroWaKis <j>oiT«vTi: somewhat pleonastic, as the verb (potraw is fre¬ 
quentative. 

5. troWov : frequent, i.e. often uttered. — ovtco 8f|: summing up the the pre¬ 
ceding ptcs. as affording a reason for atjfj.'fjvas. See note on 71, 15. 

6. KcXcvtravTos : at his order; agreeing with luelvov instead of deawbry. — 
Is ox|/iv ttjv Ikcivou : for the position of the dem., see Synt. 22. 

7. Kal avTos : to be taken closely with aKobaas. 

8. P«k6s : pred. obj. with Ka\tov<n; it must be supplied in the next clause 
also. 

9. KaXeovras : suppl. ptc. Synt. 137. 

10. Kai: connecting oi/rw and Toiotfry GTaOixit)<T&nevoi tt p^y/mari. 

12. Miva : Menes, whose date is about 3400 b.c., was thought by the Egyp¬ 
tians to have been their first king. Before him they supposed a dynasty of gods, 
followed in turn by demigods and sacred animals. Egyptian chronology is 
full of difficulties, and it is customary to date the period preceding the seventh 
century b.c. by dynasties of variable and uncertain length. Aside from the 
monuments, the principal authority for the chronology is Manetho, a priest, 
who was entrusted by Ptolemy Philadelphus (284-246 b.c.) with the task of 
translating into Greek, for the great library at Alexandria, historical works 
contained in Egyptian temples. His work survives only in meager extracts 
made by others and often contradictory. Discoveries made in the last twenty 
years have helped to correct or supplement the statements of Manetho. The 
tomb of Menes was discovered in 1897. 

13. tovto |A€v . . . tovto 81: on the one hand ... on the other, now . . . 
again, first . . . later; often in Hdt. — d'jroyecJjvpwcrai: dammed off, i.e. by 
diverting the course of the Nile he obtained an embankment upon which to 
build the capital of his new empire. The great dike still exists, two miles 
south of Memphis.. 

14. 'HcjxxCo-rov: Hephaestus (in Egyptian, Ptah) was one of the early and 
great gods in Egyptian mythology, the god of light and father of the universe. 
His temple was the probable source of much of Herodotus’s information as to 
Egyptian history. Its site can still be traced. 

15. p,€T& 8c tovtov : notice the gender of the dem. — ol tpe'es: probably of 
the temple of Ptah. 

16. Ik pi>p\ov : from a papyrus, upon which, as in other temples, annals of 
the kings were kept. A fragment of such a papyrus, discovered in a tomb in 
1824, was preserved in the Turin museum until it was destroyed by fire in 


252 


NOTES 


[Page 93, Line 16 


1903. — Tpw]K 00 -Cwv tc xal Tpi^Kovxtt: how the number was obtained, it is 
impossible to say. 

18. At 0 io 7 r€s: there is no reference elsewhere to these Ethiopians, though 
there was an Ethiopian dynasty later. 

20 . cPcuriXcvtre: not ingressive ; when the rule is over it is thought of as a 
single occurrence. — to irep ttj BaPvXwvir): the very name that the Babylonian 
queen had. The achievements of this queen are narrated by Hdt. elsewhere 
(Book I. 185). The Egyptian Nitocris (Neitokrit) was placed by Manetho 
at the close of the sixth dynasty (ca. 2500 B.C.). — ri\v: subj. of diacpdeipai 
below. Note the asyndeton, which is more common when a form of ovtos be¬ 
gins the sentence. — c'Xeyov : sc. Iples. 

21. TifAwptovcrav aSeXtjjcw : in avenging her brother. 

22 . dTroKT€(vavT€s: repeating in the form of a ptc. the verb in the preced¬ 
ing clause to bring it into close connection with avlSoo-av; ovtcj emphasizes 
the connection; after they had killed him , then (in these circumstances) they 
handed over the throne to her. 

23. rovTtp ripcopeWrav: epanalepsis (see Introd. p. 45); the repetition, 
because of the interruption of the narrative by rbv . . . ao-iXrjLrjv. 

24. yap: not to be translated. See note on 50, 12. 

25. xatvovv (contr. from a ccuvbeiv) : use for the first ti?ne , our christen. — 
Xoytp, voa> 8 «: avowedly, but in fact (lit. in mind or purpose') ; the usual way of 
indicating this contrast is by \6yip and epycp. 

26. ptTaiTCous: more exact than airLovs, because it shows complicity; 
sharers in the guilt. The adj. is pred. after 77 See, as if 6vras were expressed. 

27. eimvai: from iirirjpu, let in. Lord Dunsaney has made use of this 
story in his play, The Queen's Enemies. 

28. ir^pi: anastrophe. 

94. 1. Too-avTa: only so much , i.e. ‘no more than this.’ — itXtjv on: except 
that; a formula that does not affect the constr. — p,iv : here a refl. pron. — &>s : 

when. 

2. piijsai: inf. after iXeyov, as often in Hdt. Synt. 173 a. — ok»$ 
■yevrirai: subj. in a clause of purpose after a secondary tense. Synt. 140 a. 

3. tovtov : i.e. King Pheros (Pharaoh), the name given to Proteus’s prede¬ 
cessor, an imaginary king, the details of whose reign are here omitted. 

5. lipoma: Proteus, ‘ a man of Memphis ’; probably of a different family 
from the preceding kings. In Homer ( Od. IV. 351 ff.) Proteus is a sea god, 
living on the island of Pharos. In late mythology he became an Egyptian 
king. —elvat: inf. in a subordinate clause in indir. disc., as often. Synt. 177 b. 

6 . tov 'H4>awrT€LOu : the Hephcesteum or temple of Hephcestus (Ptah). — irpos 
votov dv€|xov : cf. 7 rpbs f3opTjv &vep.ov, 51, 27with note. 

9. o-rpaToircSov: quarter; pred. nom. with KaXlerai. Synt. 4. 

10. £€ivt]s ’A<j>po 8 Crr|s: the Phoenician Astarte, called ^elvrj to distinguish 
her from the Egyptian. The temple was found by Petrie in 1907. For the 
case, see Synt. 32. — crvp.pdXXop.ai: / infer; an unwarranted supposition of 
Hdt. 

11. TwSapew: Attic second decl.; see Dial. 26. — xai: both. 


Page 95, Line 13] 


NOTES 


253 


12. 8iainf|0r|: augm. omitted. Dial. 39. For the force of the tense, see 
Synt. 93. 

13. 4ir«vvp,ov (i.e. rb Ipbv) : named after , called by the name of; with obj. gen. 

15. to, irepl 'EXtvTjv: the details of Helen's story ; a subst. expression, subj. 
of yevtoQou. This story is the basis of Euripides’s Helen. 

16. diroirXAiv 4 impf. inf., very frequent in the narratives of Hdt. See, e.g. 
49, 6-51, 24 ; 55, 20-57, 7. 

18. €Kpd\\ovcri: hist. pres. Synt. 85. Observe the return to dir. disc. 

20. to vvv KavwpiKov Ka.Xevp.evov (cf. 49, 13 and note) : the Canopic arm 
of the Nile, called after the city Kdvco/3os at its mouth. Its early name was 
Thonis, but it was renamed after the helmsman of Menelaus who died there 
(Strabo, 801). 

21. TapixcCas : fr. rapix^bea, pickle, salt; probably so-named from its facto¬ 
ries for preserving fish. — to Kal vvv 4o-ti : a rel. clause placed before its ante¬ 
cedent, so as not to interrupt the narrative. 

22. 'HpaKXeos tpov: this temple existed (Strabo, 788), but no such right of 
asylum as Hdt. describes is paralleled in Egyptian history. — 4s to kt\. : in 
which a slave may take refuge, and if he puts upon himself sacred marks , . . . 
it is not permissible to lay hands upon him. For the form of cond., see Synt. 
167. 

23. ot€u «v dvGpwTTwv : of any man whatever. — crrcypaTa Ipa : i.e. as a sign 
that he is the slave of the god. 

25. 4wv: suppl. ptc. with 5iare\£ei. Synt. 132.— to pie'xpi cp.€\5: up to my 
time ; the art. with the prepositional phrase does not alter its meaning. 

26. dirio-T€aTat ( dirLoraprai ) : fr. airto-rripu, the stem terra- becoming lore- 
as often happens in -aco verbs. Dial. 17 a, 42. — tov ircpl to tpov e'xovTa vopov: 
the law that existed concerning the temple; exopra with the prepositional phrase 
is intr., as often with advs. 

27. tov 0eov : obj. gen. with Ubrai, which is pred. with i$bp.ev(H ; i.e. sitting 
as suppliants. 

28. *A\e£dv8pov : gen. with KarTjybpeop. Synt. 43. 

95. 1. d>$ etx«: epexegetical of irdpra \6yop, how it was. 

2. TavTCi: cogn. acc. Synt. 70 a. — irpos : before, in the presence of. 

4. 0«vis : in Homer ( Od. IV. 228) Thon is the name of the king of Egypt, 
whose wife is said to have made presents to Helen. Thonis was the early 
name of the town. Cf. note on 94, 20. — aKovo-as tovtwv : cf. aicoticras ravra, 
1. 14. Synt. 35 a. — ttjv Tax^Tt^v : sc. o86p. 

6. y4vos: acc. of respect. Synt. 76. — TcvKpos: sc. &v, coordinate with 
il-epya<rp,tpo$. 

7. vou tov Icovtov : placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. 

8. a-ycov t]kci : the ptc. contains the main idea. 

9. inro dv4p.wv : the prep, virtually personifies the subst. 

10. 4(op.ev: deliberative subj. Synt. 110. — do-iv«a: in pred. agreement 
with tovtop after liarXteip. Synt. 6. — Td €X»v rj\0€: what he brought with 
him. 

13. felvov : second acc. after epyaaplpos. Synt. 74. 


254 


NOTES 


[Page 95, Line 14 


14. ti kot€ Kal Xlgci : what in the world he will really say. 

16. jjL€T<i : adv.; so also irpds, 1. 17. _ 

19. tCs €tt] Kal 6 ko0€v : dir. and indir. interrog. combined. Cf. 61, 3. 

20. ira/rpris : poetic for irarptbos. — Kal 8q Kai: see on 92, 8. 

21. OKO0€V ttXIoi : epexegetic of rbv ttX6ov. 

22. TrXavwjxevov : fr. TrXavdo/xai, wander , be evasive. 

25. rlXos : finally. 

26. oti : before a dir. quotation; hence not to be translated. ti pr\ kt\ : 

if I did not consider it of great importance to put no stranger to death .. t or the 
condition, see Synt. 160. ntiva has its neg. force, even though it follows 
another neg., because el is a formula. > , 

27. 'qSq : hitherto , up to this time; with TjXdov. — d‘iroXap.<j> 0 « VT€ S : fr - avoXap.- 

(3dv<a. 

28. ly<o <re: cf. 63, 3. 

29. os : you who, since you. — £eivCaiv : gen. with tvx^v. Synt. 34. 

30. Ipyatrao: with augm. omitted. — Trapa row : explanatory asyndeton; 
the prep, governs yvvaiica. 

31. Kal paXa : and verily. 

98. 1. olxcai €\wv : cf. 50, 4 and note. 

2. K€pat<ras t^kcis : cf. 95, 8. 

3. TfrTpjiai: I think; the perf. of this verb is used by Hdt. in the sense of 
a pres. Cf. 51, 12 ; 90, 24. Synt. 95 a. 

4. yvvaiKa ravTTjv: the art. is omitted when the dem. follows its noun, as 

often in Hdt. Synt. 24 b. 

5. irporjcrw: fr. irpotTjpu. — dirdyecrOai: inf. of purpose; cf. 92, 18. Synt. 
120. — avxa : i.e. tt]v yvvaiKa Kal rd xpij/iara. 

6. Is o dv . . . IOIXtj : temporal clause in the form of a fut. more vivid 

prot. Synt. 171. 

7. Tpiwv Tjp.€pewv : see Synt. 47. 

8. Trpoayopevw: followed by two infs., the first complementary, the second 
in indir. disc. 

9. ct SI p^: otherzvise; a formula, regularly employed, whatever form of 
condition is understood. Here it is fut. vivid, though the minatory type 
might be used. Synt. 162,163. — are : as. — ir€pilxj/€<r0ai: fut. mid. for fut. pass. 

10. 'EXIvtjs pev TavTTjv ktX. : this is the way Helen came to Proteus , accord¬ 
ing to the priests' 1 tale; rabr^v is pred. 

11. SokIci 81 poi Kal ''Opr|pos : it seems to me that Homer too; SokIcl is per¬ 
sonal with a Op.rjpos as subj. but we prefer the impers. constr. 

12. aXXa . . . yap: but since. 

13. TCO erlpw: dat. with o/xoiws. Synt. 65 a. — T<j> irep Ixp^o-aro: which he 
actually 'used. ' For the dat., see Synt. 60 a. — peTfiKe: fr. perfy/u. 

14. SfjXov 81: taking up SrjXilxras ; and it ts clear {i.e. that he knew it). 

15. Kara (/car’ &) -.from the way in which. — Iv TXiaSu: the first mention 
in Greek literature of the Iliad as a separate poem. 

16. ws aTTT]V€(x0T|: explanatory of irXdvTjv ; how he was borne down. 

17. Tfj T€ dXXrj . . . Kal d)s Is SiSwva . . . airtK€To : a shift of constr.; we 


Page 97, Line 26] 


NOTES 


255 


should expect merely rrj re dWy Kal es St Suva : both everywhere else and to 
Sidon. — -irXa£6p.€vos : in his wanderings. 

18. avrou: for the case, see Synt. 35; the reference is to rbv \6yov tovtov, 
1. 11. 

19. Aio|rr)Seo$ apio-TeCxi: a title given to the fifth book of the Iliad. Hdt. 
includes under this name a part of the sixth book. In his time the Iliad was 
probably not divided into books. —tol ibrea : II. VI. 289 if. 

23. tt^v 68ov t]v : upon the journey upon which ; cogn. acc. 

27. ovk -qKio-Ta aXXa jiaXio-ra: a favorite collocation in Hdt., especially 
in controversial passages. 

28. StjXoi: = 8rj\6v etrrt; so also, probably, 1. 24. — tol Kvirpia eirea: 
the Cyprian Lays , one of the poems of the so-called epic cycle, in antiquity 
generally attributed to Homer. It narrated the origin and course of the 
Trojan War from the judgment of Paris to the wrath of Achilles. Its name 
came from the prominence of Aphrodite in the action. In basing his argu¬ 
ment against authenticity on the inconsistency of passages, Hdt. anticipates 
modern criticism. 

97. 1. evaii: a poetic word, perhaps a quotation from the poem, which 
Stein suggests may have run as follows: ebaei r’ avi/xuv irvoiy \&lrj re da\d<r<rr]. 

3. x ai P €Tw: i.e. enough of'. 

4. el paraiov Xoyov ktX. : whether it is an idle tale that the Greeks tell in 
their story of the occurrences at Troy. In this somewhat difficult passage, /x&tcuov 
\6yov seems to be pred. with Xlyovai, as if a subst. expression were to follow 
as its object. Instead the author shifts to the constr. of indir. disc, with rd 
TrepflXiov as subj. of yevlcdcu. 

7. yap : as 50, 12, and often. 

9. lSpv0ei<rav : see Synt. 99 c. 

11. eirelTe ecreXOeiv: inf. in a subordinate clause in indir. disc., as often in 
Hdt. Synt. 177 b. 

12. Ta xpf|pctra ra ol otx 6TO KXevj/as : the possessions of his which he had 
stolen and carried off (lit. gone off with), ol is dat. of interest. Synt. 53. 

14. Kal dpvvvTas Kal avtoporl: both under oath and unsworn. 

15. pie'v : for /xr/v, regular after words of swearing. — eiriKaXevip.eva : attributed 
to them. 

17. avrol: nom. because agreeing with the omitted subj. of virtxw- Synt. 
81. — virfyciv : representing a potential opt. of the dir. disc. — twv : attracted 
to the case of the omitted antecedent, which would be gen. with Sheas; cf. 
1. 13. 

19. ovTio 8rj: as 93, 5 and often. — 4-iroXiopKeov : shift to dir. disc. — eXovo-i: 
taking up i£ei\ov, and agreeing with an omitted pron. (adrot<rt) to be taken 
with ttpalvero. 

20. t« -n-poT^po): see Synt. 65 a. 

24. tt]v dXrj0€tT|v twv 'irpiyypd.Twv : the truth about the matter; cf. oO, 13. 

25. ^€ivltov: gen. with ijvTrjae — eru%e, as 85, 3. Synt. 34. — KaK»v: obj. 
gen. with dvadla. 

26. irpos: adv. 


256 


NOTES 


[Page 97, Line 27 


27. eyeveTO : proved himself. 

28. 4tt€l8tj 8e kt\. : but when the situation was like this for a considerable 
length of time. 

30. -yap : see note on 93, 24. 

31. Hvrofia . . . eiroCr]cr€: offered as victims; probably to appease the gods 
who had caused his detention. Cf. the story of the sacrifice of Iphigenia. 
The story may have been invented by the priests as a retort to the charge of 
human sacrifice brought against the Egyptians by the Greeks. See also the 
story Odysseus tells in the Odyssey (XIV. 262 ff.). 

98. 1. epyacrp.4vo$ : suppl. ptc. in indir. disc, with iirdiaros iyivero (= 4<j>dvrj). 
Synt. 137. — p.«rr]0£Cs : becoming hated. Synt. 99 c. 

2. rfjo -1 vtjvo-i : dat. of means. — I0i> AiPv^s : straight to Libya. — okov : 
where slightly inaccurate for 6kol , whither. Cf. our own use of where. 

6. tw \6‘yw : dat. with -irpoo-Tldepcu (sc. x//7](pop') concur. Cf. 81, 23. Synt. 68. 

8. 4mX.6y6p.evos : considering. — diro8o0f]vai: inf. in indir. disc, representing 
aireSbdr] of the dir., the apod, of an unreal cond. in past time. 1)p in the prot. 
refers to continued action in past time. Synt. 160. 

9. 4kovtos f[ acKovros (properly participles) : gen. abs. with ’ A\e%dp5pov. 

11. o’cop.acrt: persons. 

13. okcos . . . o-vvoiKefl : Synt. 140 a. — et 84 toi ktX. : but even if they had 
this opinion in the beginning (without implying whether or not they had). 
Synt. 159. 

14 ff. 4irel iroXXol p.ev ktX. : when many of the rest of the Trojans were perish¬ 
ing, whenever they joined battle with the Greeks , and of Priam himself there were 
falling continually (oik eVrt 6-re ov) two or three or even more of his sons (if one 
may use the epic poets for his authority'), when these things were occurring as 1 
have described (roiotrup) , I am confident that even if Priam himself had had 
Helen as wife, he would have given her back to the Greeks, if he expected, at least, 
to be rid of the evils in which they were involved. 

22. ov p,ev (px]v) ovSe ktX. : furthermore it was not time either that the king¬ 
dom was coming to Alexander. The impf. of zrepLeipu, which in the pres, has 
a fut. meaning, is here used of past intention or probability, just as epeWe 
. . . 7 T apa\dp\J/€<r0cu below. Synt. 84 a, 96, la. The same idea might have 
been expressed by the aor. indie, with &v. Synt. 160. 

23. ajcrre ktX. : so that the power was in his hands on account of the age of 
Priam; the result of is ’A\4%apdpop 7re/nijie, if it had been true. 

24. dvvip 4 k€£vov piiXXov : more of a man than he. 

26. , irapaXdpL\|/€O'0ai: fr. TrapaXap^dvu. — tov ov irpoo’rjKe ktX. : who would 
not properly have connived at his brothers zvrong-doing; for TrpoarjKe without &v, 
see Synt. 104, 2. 

27. xal Tavra: and that too; taking up the preceding clause and followed 
by a ptc. expressing concession. — ovtov : Paris, but abrlp, 1. 28, Hector. 

28. d\\’ ov ydp et)(°v : elliptical; but (it can’t be) for they weren’t able; i.e. 
but in fact they weren’t able. 

29. ov8e Xeyovcri ktX. : but zvhen they were telling the truth the Greeks did not 
believe them. 


Page 99, Line 27] 


NOTES 


257 


30. ws |«v l-yct) -yv(o}it]v diro<|>d£vop,di: i.e. ‘ in my opinion,’ qualifying the 
part of the sentence that follows. \xh without a corresponding bl, as 1. 19. 
In each case there is a suppressed contrast, e.g. ‘ I for my part, whatever others 
may think.’ 

31. okws . • • iroifjo-axri: for a purpose clause instead of the regular obj. 
clause after a verb of effort, see Synt. 146 a. 

99. 3. Kal TavTa p.ev ktX. : merely a transition to the next story. — tr : in 
the way that, as. 

5. ‘PajjuJ/CviTov: an imaginary king, to whom Hdt. assigns many of the 
works of Rameses III, who was a temple builder and renowned for his wealth. 
Almost all the kings of the 20th dynasty (ca. 1200-1090) were named Rameses 
(Ramses). The tale found here belongs to the same class as AH Baba and 
the Forty Thieves. Pausanias (IX. 37, 3) tells a similar story of Trophonius 
and Agamedes. Frazer, in a note on this passage (Pausanias’s Description of 
Greece, Vol. V. pp. 176 ff.) gives a list of twenty-eight variants of the story 
from all parts of the world. 

6. irpo'irvXcua: the propylaea of an Egyptian temple consisted of a great 
entrance gate flanked by towers. 

7. dvTiovs: in front of; pred. adj. governing the gen. just as the corre¬ 
sponding prep. avri. 

9. Trrjx&ov : gen. of measure. Synt. 31, 5, — twv : partit. gen. with the fol¬ 
lowing subst. expressions, rbv p.kv irpbs /3oplio eareuiTa, rbv db irpbs vbrov 
(eorewra). — irpos |3op€» . . . irpos vorov: irpbs with the gen. means from, 
with the acc. toward. In expressing the relative situation of places either case 
is used, depending upon the point of view; an object maybe said to look 
‘ from ’ the north or ‘ toward ’ the north. Hdt. here combines the two uses. 

11. tov (Ji€v KdXeovo-i 6cpos • • • tov 8c x. €l F L “ va KaXfu|jL€vov: the first rbv is 
a rel. pron., the second the art.; an excellent illustration of the fact that a 
ptc. with the art. is equivalent to a rel. clause; the rel. clause, however, re¬ 
quires an antecedent, while the art. with the ptc. is a subst.; for its constr. 
see Synt. 74. 

12. Td €|A7rdXiv tovtojv : the opposite of this. 

13. yeveo-Gdi: indir. disc, resumed from 1. 5 ; the intervening portion con¬ 
tains the statements of Hdt. himself. — dpyvpov : gen. of material with irXovrov; 
wealth in silver. Synt. 31, 4. 

15. Svvd<r0di: for the inf. in a subordinate clause in indir. disc., see Synt. 
177 b ; the inf. represents the impf., as often in this narrative. — tyyvs €X0€iv : 
sc. abrov. 

16. otKo8op.€€tr0di: to have built for him, a common force of the mid. 

17. «s to efjw pepos . . . : extended to the outer part of the house; i e. 

one wall was an outside one. 

18. tov Ip'yd^op.evov : the builder. — €iri(3ovX€vovTd : by way of plot. 

20. Kdl . . . KdC: both . . . and, i.e. whether ... or. 

25. o>s €K€ivwv irpoopwv . . . TcxvdtrdiTO : that in providing for them ... he 
had contrived. — ok«s . . . ex 0 * 7 ’ 1: Synt. 146 a. 

27. Td irtpl tt]v 4£d£p€<riv : the details concerning the removal. 


258 


NOTES 


[Page 99, Line 28 


28. ra |i€Tpa: the measurements , i.e. the distances from fixed points. 

29. 8iac}>v\d(r<rovT€s : if they observed carefully. 

100. 2. ovk «s p.a.KpT|v: not for long ; i.e. not putting it off to a remote time. 
— €)(€cr0CH : to refrain from. 

5. ws tvxciv: subordinate clause in indir. disc., see note on 97, 11 and cf. 
tbs (paiveo'dcu, 1. 8; tbs yvQvou, 1. 15. — &voi£avTa: aor. ptc. coincident in time 
with tvxciv ; see Synt. 99 b. 

6. Ttav XP T 1H 1 °' TWV: f° r the case, see Synt. 44. — KaTa8ect (/caraSe^a) : Dial. 
17. 

7. ovk 6X eiv ovTtva eiraiTiaTai: did not know whom to accuse ; the verb is 
subj. (for i-iraLTidrjTaL), in a deliberative quest. Synt. 110. 

10. K€paC£ovTas : Synt. 132. 

11. ipyao-ao-Sai . . . crrfi<rai: jf. as subj. nvd s, though the verbs may be 
translated as passive, according to our idiom. 

13. orpo tov : = 7 rporbpcp. 

15. cv^xecrOai: was held fast; the subj. must be understood from tov erbpov 
above. 

16. -rjv : for the indie., see Synt. 175 a. 

18. yvtopitrGcls os etr]: when it was known who he was. The rel. clause is 
epexegetical of the ptc. and not strictly an indir. quest. 

19. 'irpotrairoXto-xi kolkcivov : pleonastic. — r« 8e : but to the other. 

20. iroiTjo-cw : change from the impers. to the pers. constr. 

28. tov av tScovTai: fut. more vivid prot. unchanged in indir. disc. — airo- 
K\avo-avra r\ KaToiKTurap.evov: the ptes. are coincident in time with tdiovrcu. 
Synt. 99 b. 

29. dvaKpep.ap.evov : cf. KaraKpe/jidcrcu 1. 27; to ‘ hang up ’ is also to ‘ hang 
down.’ 

30. Seivois 4>epeiv: took ill. — Xoyovs . . . iroievpi4vT|v: talking or perhaps 
like our having words with. 

101. 2. et . . . dp.eXf|CT-€i: minatory prot. Synt. 163. 

4. x a ^- € ' n '“ s IXap.pav€To : handled roughly ; the verb is followed by the gen. 
on the principle of verbs of touching. Synt. 34. 

5. ovk eireiOe : with change of subj. he could not persuade per; for the force 
of the tense, see Synt. 91. 

7. oilvov : Synt. 37. 

8. Kara: near. 

10. iroSewvas : ragged edges of a skin where the tail and feet have been. 
One of these left open formed the mouth of the bottle and was tightly fastened 
( dtrapipLivovs). 

11. ws ovk t'xovra ktX. : as though he didn't know to which (lit. what sort of ) 
mule to tumi first (i.e. to vent his wrath). See note on 100, 7. 

13. -iroXXov : pred. in streams. 

14. crvyKopi^eiv : recovered , caught. — ev K^pScu ‘iroievp.tvovs : considering it 
their gain. 

15. 8iaXoi8op€6o-0at; the prep, has a distributive force ; cf. dLaKe\ev<rap.lvovi, 
50. 1. — ir&o-i: dat. with the verbal idea in bpyty. 


Page 103, Line 9] 


NOTES 


259 


19. «s . . . eyyiv€<r0ai: cf. note on ws tvx^v, 100, 5.—Tiva : collective, as 
often ; one and another. 

21. wcrrap cfyov : just as they were , i.e. without delay. 

23. raia-Gfjvai 8fj : the particle has ironic force ; of course l 

26. 8a<|/i\ei: the position shows that it is pred. ; in abundance , to excess. 

27. viiro tov virvov : personification; see note on 62, 14. For the art., see 
Synt. 13. — cuitov cv0a rap : right there where. 

28. irpotrw rfjs vuktos : far along in the night; for the gen., see Synt. 46. 

30. eirl X.v|xxi : by way of insult. — £vpfjcrcu: for the deed, cf. II. Sam. X. 

4—5. — 4iri0€VTa . . . carl tovs ovovs : cf. itrideivai eirl twv 6vuv, 1. 7. 

102. 1. rfj p.T]TpC: to be taken with both ptcs., but belonging properly to 
the first. 

2. airriyY&.0ii: the subj. is 6 vIkvs with lKKCK\epplvos in pred. agreement. 

3. Seiva iroi&iv: cf. SeivCbs (plpecv, 100, 30. Hdt. more often uses dewd. 
(SeipQs) Trodeodcu. — cvpeGrjvai: sc. as subj. the antecedent of 6<rns. 

4. cpiol pity ov TrurToi: though I for my part don't belteve tt; for plv without 
corresponding SI, see note on 98, 30. 

8. o$ av d'iriyyr|<rT]Tai: see note on 100, 28. 

10. crvWajJiPdvciv : complement of IvTciXa/jcevov, 1. 6. — aimvai: fr. dwlinu. 

13. 'iroXvTpOTrC'rj: versatility , cleverness; cf. 7roXi5rpo7ros, a common epithet of 
Odysseus; e.g. ”Avdpa poi evpeire, MoOcra, TroXbTpoirov, Horn. Od. I. 1. 

16. «s . . . ttjv Gu-yarapa: the only instance in Hdt. of ws as a prep.; a 
common use in Xenophon. 

17. ws dvoo-icoraTov kt\. : that the worst thing he had ever done was when 
(^re) ; cf. below, cro^cirarov (fit] ipyaap.lvos') kt\. : the cleverest thing he had 
ever done was that (6ri) ; possibly Hdt. wrote the same conj. in both 
places, but we have many illustrations of his fondness for variety in parallel 
expressions. 

21. durao-Gai: impf. inf. with conative force. 

26. d'jrrjvcix.Gtu: see note on 100, 5. — eKrairXfjxGcu . . . eirC: the verb is 
usually followed by a dat. of cause; cf. 85, 27. 

29. SiSovra : offering. — IXGovti : with cond. force. 

103. 1. dvGpwircov : partit. gen. with 7rXet<rTa. 

2. irpoKCKpicrGaL: to have been chosen before; i.e. to be preferred before. 

The Pyramid Builders. Hdt. gives their names correctly, but their chrono¬ 
logical position is entirely wrong. They belong to the fourth dynasty (ca. 
2900-2750 B.C.), but Hdt. puts them only three generations before Psam- 
metichus, whose date is 660 b.c. 

6. p.€Ta tovtov PaciXctitravTa: cf. perb. 'ZbXwva oixbpevov, 60, 10. Synt. 
128 a. — X«ma: Cheops (Khufu). — -irao-av : complete. 

7. IXacrai: trans.; Aiyvxriovs. — KaTaKX-qCo-avTa . . . ra ipa: the im¬ 
piety here stated is contrary to the monuments, upon which Cheops figures 
as a temple builder. Hdt. is accepting a popular story which arose from the 
sufferings of the people under the pyramid builders. 

9. touti |A€v: unless plv stands for pty, the correl. is implied in erlpoiOL, 
1. 12. 


260 


NOTES 


[Page 103, Line 10 


10. 4k tovt4ci>v : taking up Ik rdv \i doropaluv ; unusual when no parenthesis 
has intervened; but cf. 1. 13. 

12. €T€poi(n: dat. with %t a£e, instead of subj. of the inf. with which StaTre- 
pcuudivTas agrees. 

14. Kara StKa pvpiaSas : in gangs of 100 , 000 . 

15. olUC : in each case; emphasizing the distributive idea. — ttjv TpCp.t]vov 
ckcuttoi: each in a three-month shift ; for the art., see Synt. 12. Petrie re¬ 
gards as credible the statements in regard to the number of men employed 
and the time consumed in building the pyramid. — \povov 4yy€v4<r0at Tpt|3op.4vo» 
tw Xeu : for the form of expression, cf. 92, 25. 

16. 84kci eTca : pred. —Tijs o8ov : limiting xP<^ov; the time of ( building ) the 
road. A road to this pyramid can still be traced, but its dimensions do not 
agree with the statements here. 

17. 46v: in agreement with the pred. epyov. — ov iroXXw t€w : a vague state¬ 
ment ; dat. of degree of difference. Synt. 64. 

18. J>s . . . 8 ok€€iv: abs. inf. Synt. 122. — ^kos : either the subj., in 
which case the verb agrees with the pred., or the acc. of respect; cf. rb nrjubs 
£<tti ets re Kal elKoai 7ri7x^es, 112, 17; 7r65es 7 rlvre . . . eicrl to p,t)kos, 113, 1. 

19. Tfj vv|/T|XoTdTT| ktX. : where it is at its highest; for the intensive with the 
refl., cf. 92, 19; the gen. is partit. with the superl. 

20. XC0ov: gen. of material. Synt. 31, 4. 

21. TavTt]s t< St] ktX. : now ten years were devoted to this (i.e. ttjs oSov ) 
and to the underground chambers on the hill on which the pyramids stand; the 
repetition of the art. belonging to otKTijjLarwv with two attributive expressions 
is unusual. 

23. Tds 4'irot€€TO ktX. : which he caused to be made as tombs for himself in the 
midst of an island formed by admitting a channel of the Nile. ‘ The connec¬ 
tion with the Nile is impossible, as the underground chamber is thirty-six feet 
above the river level.’ How and Wells. 

24. Tfj TrvpapfSt . . . iroi€\>p.4vT); for the construction of the pyramid. Synt. 
128 a. This is the Great Pyramid of Gizeh, opposite modern Cairo. 

25. tt]$ 4o-ti iravTax'n ktX. : each side of which is everywhere eight plethra 
(800 feet); this seems to refer to the base. For the case of irXtepa, see Synt. 
78. 

26. 4ova"t]s T6Tpaywvov : a superfluous bit of information ! — vtj/os : this 
seems to be the height along the sloping side. The actual height is 450 feet. 

27. ap|xo<rp4vov t& ptaXio-Ta : most carefully fitted. 

29. Tpoirov : after the manner; with limiting gen. 

104. 1. rotavTT]v : i.e. cut into steps. 

2. tovs liriXoCirovs XC0ovs: i.e. to fill in the triangular spaces between the 
steps. « 

4. okojs • . . avCot: expressing indef. frequency in past time; so &cws . . . 
e£t\oL€P, 1. 10. Synt. 172. 

9. ctT€ KaC: or it may be that; introducing another possible explanation of 
the method pursued. 

11. XeX4x0w: let it be recorded (lit. have been said). — kcitcL irep : just as. 


Page 105, Line 16] 


NOTES 


261 


12. €^€iroi^0-q : were completed , by filling in the gaps. 

13. |«Td: adv. — ra 4x6p€va tovtwv : those next to these; the gen. with a 
verb of touching (lit. holding on to). Synt. 34. 

16. <rup}j,aiT)v kt\. : radishes . . . onions . . . garlic; these vegetables were 
used merely as relishes or for medicinal purposes. Probably the inscription 
was mistranslated. 

17. cl»s 4 [a€ ev p,€|Avfjo-0ai: to the best of my recollection. Synt. 122. 

18. cirtXcyopicvos : 7‘eading; for another meaning, see 98, 8. 

19. €<r ti (so accented after el) ourws exovra = ovtws exet. 

22. okotc : since , whereas. — tov etpr)|xcvov : with xpbvov : i.e. thirty years. 

23. aXXov 84 . . . ovik oXi-yov \povov: sc. some verb like iirbveov from oIko- 
86/xeov. — ws tyo) 8ok4o>: qualifying 6\lyov xpbvov (litotes). 

28. Xe<j>pT]va: Chefren (Khafre). If, as Hdt. states, Cheops reigned fifty 
years and Chefren fifty-six, they can hardly have been brothers, but Hdt. may 
have been misinformed as to the length of their rule. A statue of Chefren, 
made of hard diorite, and said to be one of the most beautiful and realistic 
specimens of Egyptian art, is preserved in the Cairo Museum. A cast of it 
is in the British Museum. — tm awr« Tpoira) . . . tw €r4pa>: the first dat. with 
diaxpaadai, the second with rep aurep. Synt. 60 a, 65 a. 

29. Ta tc aXXa Kal . . . iroii]<rai: a shift in constr.; see note on 96, 17. 

30. IkcCvovi : for rrjs iicelvov rcvpap.lbos ; brachylogy (Introd. p. 45). 

105. 1. ovJtc ■ydp ktX. : this does not give the reason for the foregoing; 
possibly a sentence has fallen out. It is not true that there were no under¬ 
ground chambers, as two have been discovered. 

3. 8t’ otKo8op.^p.4vov ktX. : this is somewhat disturbing to the connection, 
as it refers to the first pyramid. — c<ra> vf]<rov irepipeei: itflows in (and) around 
an island. 

5. vnroS€ip.as 84: correl. with is p.iv rd iiceivov, 104, 30 ; this suggests that the 
passage ovre yhp . . . Xioira was a later addition. — Xi0ov A10 iottikov ttoikC- 
Xov: i.e. red granite. 

6. T€o-o-€pd.KOVTa iroSas ktX. : going forty feet below the other; i.e. building it 
forty feet lower, ttjs eriprjs is gen. because of the comparative idea in virofids. 
— toivto fx4ya0os : acc. of extent of space, or adv. acc. This apparently con¬ 
tradicts the statement 104, 30. As a matter of fact, the second pyramid was 
inferior in size and workmanship to the first. Its imposing entrance still 
stands beside the Great Sphinx. 

9. Tavra I 1 ! ktX. : they reckon as one hundred and six years that period in 
which , etc. The abruptness of this sentence suggests a lacuna before it. 

11. €tvai: indir. disc, after the idea of saying implied in \oyL$ovTai. 

14. iroip.4vos ^iXCtios : pred. gen. limiting wpap.l5as. This may refer to 
the conquest of Egypt by the Hyskos, or Shepherd Kings (ca. 1675 b.c.). 
Their rule was oppressive and may have become blended in popular memory 
with the time of the pyramid-builders. 

16. MvK£plvov: Mycerinus (Menkaure). The Museum of Fine Arts in 
Boston contains a magnificent series of sculptures of the period of Mycerinus, 
excavated at Gizeh by the Harvard-Boston expedition. They include a colos- 


262 


NOTES 


[Page 105, Line 16 


sal alabaster statue of the king himself and also a slate group of less than life 
size, almost perfectly preserved, representing Mycerinus and his queen. This 
is perhaps the most remarkable object which has been permitted to leave 
Egypt in recent years. 

17. airaSetv : inf. in a subordinate clause of indir. disc., as often. Synt. 177 b. 

18. Td Ipd dvoifjcu : his piety is confirmed by contemporary evidence, though, 
as the temples were never closed, they were not opened. — 4s to €<rxaTOv kcikov : 
to the extremity of evil; for the gen., see Synt. 31, 6. 

19. dv€ivcu : fr. dvly/u, here trans.; otherwise 106, 29. — Steas: cogn. acc., 

Synt. 70. . . 

20 ff. Pao-iXewv : partit. gen. with the superl. — Kcvra tovto : pointing forward 
to rd re &\\a kt\. but particularly to the second clause; a good illustration of 
parataxis ; for zuhile in all other respects he judged fairly , yet in particular when 
any one found fault with his verdict , he gave htm more out of his own pocket until 
he satisfied his desire (lit. by giving more , he satisfied , etc.), tm 4iri|A€p.<j>op.4v<{> is 
a subst. expression, equiv. to a rel. clause. This feature of Mycerinus s justice 
was probably a popular myth. 

24. covtl : with concessive force. 

25. TavTa : i.e. rd ij-iua. 

26. irpwTov . . . ap£ai: a common pleonasm: the subj. of the inf. is im¬ 
plied in airoOavovaav ; i.e. hts daughteds death. Synt. 128 a. 

28. 'irpr|‘Yp,aTi: antecedent incorporated in the rel. clause ; dat. of cause 
with virepaXy^aavTa. 

29. ircpurtrorepov ti Ttov aXXwv : more remarkably than all others. 

106. 1. 'iroieco’Gai: cf. 99, 16. — Povv: the cow was sacred to Isis, with 
whom queens were identified. 

4. 4v 2ai: the pyramid builders had nothing to do with Sals ; Hdt. has 
brought them into a rite connected with the story of Osiris. 

5. t|(tkt| p.4v({): adorned , i.e. with paintings and sculpture. 

11. p.d\urTd kt) : somewhere about. — ■yvp.vaC: this was contrary to Egyptian 
custom. The garments may have been so fine and clinging that the statues 
appeared nude. 

12. r\ ra Xeyopicva : i.e. that they were iraXXaKal. 

13. SevTepa : taking up /xerd. — -Y€v4<r0ai : sc. eXeyov ol ipies. 

14. Boutovs : Bouto, where the Egyptian monarchy was founded, was the 
seat of the oracle of Leto. 

17. oti 6 p.4v avTov TraTTjp ktX. : that while hts father and uncle . . . had 
lived a long time , he himself was to die quickly (parataxis). 

21. ScuTepa : sc. e-rea or /xavrijia. — tovtiov el'v€Ka : beginning the quotation. 

22. Kai: actually. — <ruvTaxvv€iv : probably trans., with avrbv as subj. — ov 
ydp Troujo-cH ktX. : for he had not done what he ought to do. 

23. 8etv yap : for it was fated. 

24. to\>s |A€v Svo : the other two; defined further by rods . . . /3a<riX4as. 

27. Xvxva iroXXa: many lights; borrowed from the Osiris festival. See 
Matthew Arnold’s poem Mycerinus. The sarcophagus and wooden coffin 
with portions of his mummy were found in the pyramid in 1837. The coffin 


Page 107, Line 24] 


NOTES 


263 


and mummy are now in the British Museum. — okws -yivoiTO : cond. rel. clause 
corresponding to a past general prot. Synt. 172. 

28. T]}j.epT]s . . . vvktos : Synt. 47. 

30. i'va: where , introducing a past gen. prot.; but 107, 1 in order that , in¬ 
troducing a clause of purpose. Cf. the uses of 6kios. 

107. 1. al vvkt€s Tjpcpai ‘iroievp.evak: anacoluthon; we should expect a gen. 
abs. 

2. irvpa|i(8a: smaller than the other two, but so perfect in workmanship 
that it is worthy to rank with them among the Wonders of the World. 

3. tov irarpos : brachylogy; cf. 104, 30. — ctKOtri iroStov kt\. : on each side 
lacking twenty feet of three plethra. kQ>\ov 'Ikclgtov is a kind of adv. acc. rpiuv 
wXedpojv is odd; possibly it is gen. after the comparative idea in et/cocri irod&v 
Karadiovaav, i.e. twenty feet less than. 

4. eovo-iis T€Tpa*ywvov : as if he had said rrjs k£j\ov 'iKaorov : each side of which. 

5. 4s to T^pio-v : i.e. faced half way up. 

6. 4X.€v0€pw04vT€s: i.e. from the sway of the Ethiopians, who, according to 
Hdt., ruled fifty years. — tov Ipca tov 'H<J>cuo-tov : called Sethon by Hdt. 
Neither Manetho nor the monuments know anything of him; the Sa'lte rule 
(the account of which follows) came immediately after the Ethiopian dynasty. 

7. PacriXevoravTa : Synt. 128 a. 

8. SvwScKa Pa<ri\4as: there is no trace of this dodecarchy on the monu¬ 
ments. The number twelve perhaps came from the twelve halls of the 
labyrinth. 

9. poCpas : second acc. after a verb of dividing; properly a cogn. acc. 

10. p,TjT€ Karaipeetv p,rjT€ 8i£T]<r0ai : the infs, are explanatory of vbp.oun roLoide. 

12. T6 : correl. with and adversative, as usual. 

14. cKfiXp-qo-TO : it had been declared by oracle. — kcit’ apxas : in the begin¬ 
ning; made more precise by ax’ jtLko. tvi<TTap,bvoun is r&s rvpavvLdas. Synt. 
129 d. 

18. 8ofjav : picking up e5o£e ; acc. abs. Synt. 80. 

19. \aPvpiv0ov: probably not so called by the Egyptians, but given the 
name by Greeks because of its similarity to the Cretan labyrinth of their own 
traditions. In its main features it was constructed on regular lines and ac¬ 
quired its intricate character from many additions. Its foundations survive 
and were identified by Petrie in 1888. They measure 1000 by 800 feet. 

20. KpoicoScCXttv Ka\eo|x6VT]v -iroXiv: the city was called Sebek (Sebak) 
after a god honored there, to whom the crocodile was sacred. It lay one 
hundred stades east of the Labyrinth (Strabo, 811). 

21. X8-you p,4£io: (a work) beyond description; we should expect 6vra. — 
tol 4£ *EXXt|vwv : i.e. those built by Greeks. 

22. €pv«v d-iroSt^iv: cf. epya d7ro5^x^ej/ra, 49, 3. 

23. irovov : pred. gen. of quality. Synt. 31, 7 ; 32. — (jjaveit]: i.e. ra rdxea 
re Kal %pya. — lovra : suppl. ptc. with <f>avdrj ; would be shown to be. Synt. 137 c. 

24. 6 4v *E<j>4<ra> viios: the famous temple of Artemis, begun ca. 550 b.c. 
and not finished until ca. 430 B.c. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the 

World. 


264 


NOTES 


[Page 107, Line 25 


25. 6 iv Sd|x« : the temple of Hera. 

28. avXal KaTao-rc-yoi: an abXrj was usually open to the sky; these were 
probably large rooms (called by Strabo 1. c. ol/cot). 

29. TTpos popc'w . . . irpos votov : see note on 99, 9 

108. 4. ire vtciko critov Kal \i\icov eKarepa: each set ( i e. upper and lower) 
consisting of fifteen hundred; the case may be explained as a loose gen. of 
material. 

6. avTol 0€T](rdp.€voi: taking up avrol iopupev : i.e. “ as the result of our own 
observations.” Note the ‘ editorial we.’ 

7. twv AlyvirKwv : partit. gen. with oi It ear e tires. 

9. twv dpxqv . . . olKo8op.ii<rap.€V(ov: of those who originally built, dhe 
grave of King Amenemhat, the original builder, was in his pyramid. 

11. ir^pi: anastrophe, because governing ru>v kAtw ; oU^p-druv seems to be 
an afterthought. — t& 8c av« : sc. 6vra. 

13. CT-TC-y&ov : here equiv. to oUrjiidr cov. 

14. avXfjs: treated as a single word; hence the position of re; so es 
c rrlyas , below. 

15. 8i€jjiov<ri: agreeing with an omitted substantive after irapelxovro; (to 
■people ) as they pass, i.e. as one passes. 

19. dpp.otrp.evov tci pdXitrra : cf. 103, 27. 

20. ttis ■ywvi'qs • gen. with e%eTat, is next to. Synt. 34. — reXevTwvros tov 

Xa(3vpiv0ov : where the labyrinth ends. 

21. : hieroglyphics (How and Wells) ; figures (Stein). peydXa seems to 
make the latter interpretation more probable. 

22. o8os ... viro yi\v: an underground passage leading to the sepulchral 
chamber of King Amenemhat was found by Petrie. 

25. peXXovrwv: returning to the constr. of (gen. abs.) though it 

might have agreed with acpi. 

26. ttjo-i : dat. of means. 

27. tov dpi0pov : for the case, see Synt. 34. — IvSetca 8vw8«Ka 4ovcri: eleven 
bowls , though they were twelve; the ptc. agrees with <r<pi. 

28. «r\aTos : pred. with eared)s. — irepicXopcvos : taking off; usually of 
something that is around one (or a part of one) ; cf. 119, 15, where it is used 
of a ring. 

29. virecrx€ t« Kal co-ircvSe : held it under and was pouring libation ; note the 
difference of tense. 

109. 1. €<f>op€ov . . . cxovTts: used with the same meaning; were wearing 
. . . having on. 

2. ovSevl SoXcpw voa> XP € "P €V °S : without any crafty intent. 

4. o ti Ikc'xptio-to : explanatory of rb xP 1 l <TT 'flP L0V 5 plupf. because a state¬ 
ment of fact by the author. 

5. TOV . . . o-ir«io-avTa : taken up by rovrov. 

6. dvapvt|o-0€VT€s : resumptive of <j>pevl Xafibvres. — tov xp'HO’po^ : Synt. 35. 

7. KTtivai p«v ovk ISiKaCwirav . . . 4s 8e to, ^Xta c8o|e <r<jn 8iw|ai: did not , 

to be sure , think it right to kill him . . . but resolved to banish him to the marshes. 


Page 110, Line 27] 


NOTES 


265 


9. \|/i\w(ravTas : in agreement with the omitted subj. of 5tw£cu. 

11. €'irip,i<r‘Y€<r0ai: sc. as subj. avrbv . — €iricrTd|Ji€vos: thinking; for the 
constr. following it, see Synt. 137 b. 

14. [xavTt|tov : i.e. of Leto. 

16. oLTrio-rt-q (icyaX/i] vitck^xuto : great disbelief had welled up in him; a poetic 
expression; followed by the fut. inf. of indir. disc. 

19. €KP<xvTas : agreeing with a pron. the obj. of dyy AX«, though the sen¬ 
tence structure shifts at ws • • • \erj\aTevai; when they had landed , 

some one reported of them that bronze men . . . were ravaging. 

21. o>s ovk tSwv irpoTtpov ktX. : this seems inconsistent with the statement 
that the twelve kings themselves wore helmets of bronze. 

24. 4>CXa . . . irowcTai: made friends with , treated kindly; for the dat., see 
Synt. 65. 

25. or<j>eas peyaXa : two accs. with a verb of promising. Synt. 73. 

26. ovT(a : then; taking up ws eTrecoe. 

28. Kpaxr|cras : when he had become ruler. 

30. "Airi: Apis , a sacred bull that from time to time appeared among the 
Egyptians. See Bk. III. 27-29. 

110. 1. ird<rav : on all four sides. 

2. koXoct-o-oC : square pillars adorned with a statue in front. 

5. IvoiKrjo-ai: inf. of purpose with SISuxri. So iicSiSdo-Keo-dcu below. Synt. 
120. 

8. direSwKC: the prep, implies that the gift was due; cf. dircurteiv, 50, 17. 

10. €Kp,a06vrwv : used as the pass, of iK8i8daiccip. 

11. ol €ppt|v€€s : the ‘ interpreters ’ formed one of the seven classes into 
which the Egyptians were divided (Bk. II. 164). One of these served as 
guide and expositor to Hdt. 

13. -irpos 0aXd<ro-t]s : seaward. 

14. Hi]Xov<r£a> crropaTt: the Pelusiac arm, so named from the city Pelusium 
situated upon it, was one of the seven streams into which the Nile divided 
north of Memphis. 

15. xpova) vcrT€pov: i.e. about one hundred years later. For the dat., see 
Synt. 64. 

18. ol "EXXt]v€s : we Greeks. — ovrw : taking up the gen. abs. and emphasiz¬ 
ing it as the ground for the following. 

19. tq TT€pl Atyoirrov -yivopeva: obj. of eTrioTaneda. — airo 'PappTjTixov 
dp£ap.evoi: beginning with Psammetichus; we should expect the ptc. to agree 
with the obj. rather than the subj. of liriardneda. 

22. dXXo-yXoxro-oi: this seems to be a standing expression for foreigners. 

23. x"P wv : attracted into the rel. clause and taken up by roi5roi<rt. 

25. co"x® : ingressive, as usual. Synt. 93 a. 

26. ’Airpiew: Apries (Hophra), great-grandson of Psammetichus, who was 
preceded in succession by the son and grandson of Psammetichus. He was 
overthrown by a revolt in which Amasis (Ahmose II) was a leader. 

27. 4k rfjs 8c ktX. : and the name of the city from which he came was Siouph ; 
Siouph was a village near Sals. 


266 


NOTES 


[Page 110, Line 28 


28. ra irpwTa : cf. i$j of) Sr] tcl irpcoTa diaaT^T-qv epiaavre, Horn. II. I. 5. — 
KaTcovovTO : fr. Ka.T6vop.cu. 

29. ev ovSeptfj [xoLpTj . . . rj-yov : they held in no regard; dyio is unusual ih 
this sense ; cf. 80, 23. 

111. 1. oIkujs : pred. gen. Synt. 32. 

3. to op0piov: adv. expression, strictly an acc. of extent; so t6 d-rro to6tov 
below. 

4. pe'xpi ot€v (equiv. to p.lxP L alone): until. — ir\T]0wpiiis ayopfjs : fall 
market-time, i.e. about ten o’clock in the morning; the second gen. limits the 
first. The usual expression in Attic is irXlidovaa ayopa. 

9. irpoto-TTiKas = dpx ets - 

10. Ixpfjv : of unfulfilled obligation. Synt. 104, 2. — trtpvw o-€pvov : each 
adj. is pred. Two forms of the same word in close juxtaposition are often 
found in Greek, especially in tragedy. 

11. TiTrurTeaTo = 'qirbjTa.vTo. See on 94, 26. 

12. apeivov -qicoves (sc. dv) : you would be better spoken of \ i.e. have a better 
reputation. Synt. 160. a/cotfw is often used as the pass, of Xlyu. Cf. the use 
of 7rd<rxw as pass, of ttoUw, pavOdvw as pass, of SiddaKio, ttIvtu as pass, of 
/3dXXw. — vvv 84: but as it is; a regular formula after an unreal cond. or the 
like. 

14. ol €KTT]p.6voi (fr. KTdop.au') : those who possess. Synt. 95. 

15. e-rrcdv xp^ccovtcu : after they have used it. 

16. 4vT€Ta|i€va €tt) (fr. eKTeLvu), expayctT] (fr. iKp'pyvvpi) dv : should be stretched 
(the perf. indicating the state), would break (the aor. of the single occurrence). 
— €9 to Se'ov : at need. 

17. exoiev: sc. as subj. ol iKTr]p.lvoi. 

18. KaT€o*Trov8do-0at: perf. inf. to be serious; see note on ivTcraplva, 1. 16. 

19. to pepos : in turn. — Xa0oi dv kt\. : he would without knowing it become 
a madman or a simpleton. For the tense of the ptcs., see Synt. 99 b. For the 
repetition of the subj. by 6 ye, cf. Horn. II. III. 409. 

21. Tawa toi>s <|>CXovs apeCiJ/aTO : two accs. with dp.d\paTo; the more com¬ 
mon constr. is the acc. of the person and the dat. of the words spoken, as 
1. 13 above. Synt. 73. 

22. Xe-ycTcu 6 ’'Apacrig . . . d>s: it is said of Amasis . . . that; with the 
pass, of A^yoj the inf. is more regular. 

24. IttiXCttoi : the subj. is tcl eTriT'/jdeia. 

25. kXctttco'kc dv: iterative impf. with dv, sometimes used in the apod, of a 
past general cond. The augm. is regularly omitted in iterative forms. Dial. 
39. — ol . . . 4>dp€voi: subst.; those who said. — dv : with dyeaKov. 

26. apv€vp.€vov : when he denied it. 

27. okov €Kao-Toio-i tilt): wherever they severally had one; the past general 
prot. used of an indef. number of cases. — iroXXd pev . . . iroXXd 84 : adv. many 
times. Note the anaphora. — teal tjXutksto . . . Kal dir^tjnrye : the intensive 
Kal is redundant in our idiom; its use emphasizes that both experiences be¬ 
fell him, conviction and acquittal. 

29. ipao-iXevorc : ingressive. Synt. 93. 


Page 113, Line 16] 


NOTES 


267 


30. aireXva-av pq <J>topa etvat: acquitted him of the charge of theft; p.i\ because 
of the neg. idea in car^Xvaav. Synt. 181. — tovtwv : antecedent of 6<roi, and 
limiting r Qv ipu>v, for which see Synt. 35. 

31. 4$ cmo-K€\)^v: for repairs; with robruv understood as obj. gen. 

112. 1. <»>s ov8evos 4ov<ri d£Couri: on the ground that they (the gods) were 
worthless. 

2. ocroi 8e . . . tovtwv 84: correl. with foot, p.kv . . . Tofouv p.£v above; 
the second 54 not to be translated. — Kar48r](rav: convicted; the opposite of 
airlXvaav. 

4. ttj ’AG^vaiT): for Athena; i.e. in her honor. The Egyptians called her 
Neith. 

5. Gwpdtria ola: an abridged expression for 6o}p.d(n6v foriv ota, it is 
wondeiful what; i.e. wondeifully beautiful. — ttoXXov : far. 

6. otruv t€ . . . Kal okouov t4wv : of how great ... of what sort; the indir. 
interrogatives are exclamatory and indicate cause; ‘ seeing that they are so 
great and of so excellent quality.’ For the gen. of material, see Synt. 31, 4. 

8. av8p6<r<j)tyYas : the Egyptian sphinx consisted of a lion’s body and a 
man’s head, while the Greek sphinx was usually represented with the body of 
a lioness and the head of a woman. 

9. rjydyeTo : he caused to be brought; see note on oiKo5op.£eadou, 99, 16. 

11. -irXoov : acc. of extent. 

12. kcU : actually. — rjpepe'wv : gen. of measure. 

14. Iicopicre . . . 4 k6|xi£€ : note the difference in force. 

15. Trpoo*€T€TaxciTO : fr. irpoardaou. 

16. KvPepvTyrai: forming one of the seven classes of Egyptians; see note 
on £pp.rjvtes, 110, 11. 

17. o-T€yrjs = OLK'fip.a.Tos , as 108, 13. — TO |XT]KOS . . . 4 o-ti els Te Kal etKOcri 
ir^x €€ s : ^e more usual constr. is found below (1. 21). Cf. 103, 18 with note. 

22. avrtj: i.e. ij arlyr]. 

25. ola: showing that the two following ptcs. have a causal force. 

26. ovk eav kt\. : probably because he took the lament of the builder as a 
warning. 

28. twv ns avTT)v poxXevovTwv : explanatory of fodpuiros. 

31. ev 8e': and among them. — rov vtttiov Ke(p.evov : probably it originally 
stood upright. 

113. 5. tu ev Me'p.<|>i ( KoXooatp ) : dat. with t6v abrbv. Synt. 65 a. 

8. err ’Apao-ios : in the time of Amasis. 

9. Kal . . . Kai: both . . . and .—Ta . . . yivopeva : acc. of specification. 

11. -iroXis : acc. pi. — Tas airacras : in all. 

13. d'TroSeiKvvvat ktX. : explanatory of vbpov. 

14. o0ev PiovTai: whence he lived; i.e. the way in which he got his living; 
or, perhaps, the amount of his income. 

15. I0vvea-0ai: lit. straightened , i.e. punished; coordinate with dtrodeLKvtJvai, 

1. 13. 

16. SoXwv ktX. : Solon’s constitution was considerably later than this. 


268 


NOTES 


[Page 113, Line 21 


21. 4voiKfj<rai : purpose inf. Synt. 120. — toi<ti |xtj PovXopcvoicri . . . 
avTov Be vavTiWoficvonri : to those who did not wish . . . but who sailed there , 
if the reading is correct. Stein’s suggestion is tempting, i.e. to take avrov 
with IvoLKleiv and assume that a phrase like /car’ ip.TropLT]v,for trade , has fallen 
out after avrov. 

24. x.pT](rifA(OTaTOv: most used or frequented; the more common meaning of 
the adj. is useful. 

25. ‘E\\f|viov: Hellenium; dedicated to Zeds 'EXXijvtos. 

31. ovBev (t<Jh ptreov : though it does not belong to them; for the acc. abs. 
see Synt. 80. 

114. 1. IIr|Xou<rCa) KaXcop^vw ©■Top.aTi: see note on 110, 14. There were 
several important roads from Pelusium, so that it was always guarded with 
special care by Egyptian kings. 

2. ^a[i|x^viTos (Psamtik III) : the name is a variant of 'fra/ifj.riTixos. 

4. PacriXfutras 6 ’'A|xacris ktX. : the length of Amasis’s rule is confirmed by 
the list of Manetho; i.e. from 570 to 526 b.c. 

5. pcya avaptriov : for the expression, cf. p.lya irXoijaios, 59, 31. 

6. <rwT]V€fx0r| : fr. avfjupepb). 

7. 4rd<j>Ti: fr. Odirru .— 4v tw Lpw : i.e. in the temple of Neith at Sais. See 
112, 4, and note. 

8. Iirl 'Papin’iviTO-u . . . PcunXtvovTos : in the time of Psammenitus . . . 
ruling; i.e. in the reign of P. 

9. <J>d<rp,a : a marvel; Lat. fortentum. — piyio-Tov Bfj : the superlative is 
made more emphatic by the particle. 

10. v<r0T]<rav (fr. uw) : was rained upon. — ovt€ irpoTepov . . . ovt€ vtrre- 

pov : rain is more frequent now in upper Egypt. At Thebes it rains three or 
four times a year. (So How and Wells.) 

11. to p4\pt 4p«v : as 94, 25. 

13. Kal tot€ : actually then. 

14. ap<|>oT4pwv twv o’TparoircBtov: for the art. with dp.(p6repos, see Synt. 24. 
The gen. is partit. with 7roX\ci;i'. 

15. TrXf|0€i: Synt. 63. 

16. twv yap ktX. : as the bones of those who fell in this battle lay scattered, 
each nation separately; darluv may be explained as partit. with at Ke<pa\al or 
as gen. abs. 

21. cl 04Xois . . • 8iaT€Tpav«is (fr. Starerpatvw) : a mixed cond. 

22. ovtw 8f| ti : so excessively, an idiomatic expression. — poyis av . . . 
8iappf)£€ias : sc. ware. — iraltras = d iraloeias. 

23. cpc yc : me for my part. 

24. airo TraiSlwv dp|dp«vot : beginning at childhood. 

26. tov p.^ <f>aXaKpovo-0ai : articular inf.; obj. gen. with alnov. Synt. 115, 2. 

115. 1. Atyvrnrlwv . . . 4Xax.£<rTOvs . . . irdvTwv avOpwirwv : each gen. is 
partit. with the adj., the second with the superlative idea; the fewest Egyptians 
of all men ; i.e.^ fewer Egyptians than all {other) men. 

2. TovToicri p.4v: taking up Alybirnoi p.lv above after the parenthesis r<bvrb 
. . . dvdp&irwv. 


Page 116, Line 25] 


NOTES 


269 


3. to-xvpas 4>°P«iv tols K€<j>a\ds: i.e. ‘that their heads are hard.’ Notice 
the constr. in the parallel clause below, 8n aadevla s <poptovai rds /ce0a\ds, and 
that with alrtov above, rod p.ij <pa\aKpodadai. For Qopteiv = exeiv, cf. 109, 2, 
where ix eLV = (popleiv. 

5. *£ dpx"ns : t.e. from childhood. — -rrlXovs napas 4>op4ovTcs : by wearing tur¬ 
bans (a Persian word) as caps. The Greeks did not wear hats except when 
traveling. Wilkinson (Manners of the Ancient Egyptians, Vol. II, p. 74) says 
that the statement as to the hardness of Egyptian skulls is confirmed by monu¬ 
ments and modern experience. 

8. M4|a<|hv : the capital of Egypt. — ava iroTafiov : up stream ; the * river ’ is 
always the Nile, the only Egyptian river. — vca MvTiXtiva£T)v: some citizens 
of Mytilene had settled at Naucratis. 

10. 'n-poKaXeop.evos : fut. 

12. tovs avSpas: i.e. the fighting men on board, regularly two hundred to a 
trireme; this number is confirmed by 11. 28 ff. 

14. xpov*? : * n time. 

15. air’ t|S : from that on which. 

16. 4irl Xvfifl : as 101, 30. 

18. tovtov KdTuras : taking up Karla as fiaaiXta above (epanalepsis). 

19. ttjs tjzvxfjs : his strength of spirit; for the case, see Synt. 34. 

20. 4ir’ vSwp: compare Hector’s prophecy of Andromache’s fate. Horn. 
II. VI, 454. 

22. 6p.otcos . . . rfj tov (3acri\eos: in the same way as the king’s daughter. 
Synt. 65 a. 

24. avTcPowv . . . avTcicXaiov: corresponding to (3or) . . . K\avdp.ip above. 

27. ol tov iratSa : his son. Synt. 53. 

29. KaXtp : fr. /c<£Acos (Attic 2 deck). — 8eScp.4vov$ : in free agreement with 
rbv iraTSa p.er’ Alyvirrluv. 

116. 1. MvTiX-qvaicov: partit. gen. with roiat. . . . cnro\op.£voiai. 

6. 8civd TroicvvTwv : cf. 102, 3. 

7. to Kal 4irl Trj flvyaTpf ( iirolrjae ) : for Kal after r&vrb, see on 49, 18. 

8. (rvvf|V£iK{ (fr. avpL<p£p<S) «o-t€ : it befell that. Cf. 127, 17; more often 
followed by the inf. without (bare. Synt. 121 a. — twv o-vp/rroTtW ol: cf. ot rbv 
iraida, 115, 27. 

9. 4Kir€'rrrwK6Ta 4k t«v 4ovtwv : cast out of his possessions; cf. note on 111, 12. 

10. cl p.T] ocra (j<r. ex et ) : except as much as. 

13. avaKXavo-as p.4ya . . . 4irXr||aTO : he burst into loitd laments . . . and 
began to beat; the ptc. does not precede in time the main verb, but is ingres- 
sive like it. Synt. 99 c. 

15. to iroi€vp.€vov irav : everything that was done; impf. ptc. Synt. 99 a.— 
4tt’ cKao-TTj 4fjo8a>: i.e. ‘ as each person passed.’ 

23. p.4£co Kaxa t] wcttc avaKXalciv : misfortunes too great to weep for. 

24. os : since he. — 4k iroXXcov tc Kal cvSaipovsov : from great prosperity. 

25. 4Trl yTipaos ovSw : on the threshold of old age , always used of the outgoing 
door of life, not of the entrance upon old age. Cf. Horn. II. XXII, 60; 
XXIV, 487, where it is said of Priam. 


270 


NOTES 


[Page 116, Line 26 


26. Sok&iv : the inf. in anticipation of Xtyerai in the next sentence. 

27. SaKpvav: inf. in indir. disc., although the verb of saying is in a paren¬ 
thetical clause. 

28. erricr'Trdfj.cvos: aor. ptc. coincident in time with the main verb. Synt. 
99 b. 

29. KapPv<rr|: dat. with baeXdeiv, as 77, 23. — oIktov Tiva : a feeling of pity. 

30. KeXcveiv: change from the impers. to the pers. constr. with the subj. 
implied in curry. — diroWupcvcov : destined for death. 

31. <rco£€iv : sc. as subj. robs ayybXovs. — o,vt6v : i.e. Psammenitus. 

117. 2. KaTaKOirevTa: fr. KaraKbirTW. 

4. €X«v = 7r dax<ov. 

This story belongs to the same class as the story of Croesus placed on the 
pyre by order of Cyrus. Both reflect the moralizing tendency of the time and 
are probably not historical. 

6. 4p.dvq: ingressive aor. Synt. 93. — 4o>v ov8t irporepov <j>p€vf)pr|s : the ex¬ 
planation of Hdt. as opposed to that of the Egyptians. 

7. €|€p*ya<raTO : destroyed ; cf. Karepy&o-eadai, 56, 19. — iraTpos Kal p/rjTpos : 
i.e. Cyrus and Cassandane. 

8. <j>06vu): dat. of cause, explained by the following clause. 

9. to xofjov: the great bow sent to Cambyses by the king of Ethiopia, to 
whom the Persian had sent Ichthyophagi as spies, on the pretence that he 
wished an alliance. With it came a message bidding Cambyses to make an 
expedition into Ethiopia when he could draw the bow with ease; until then, 
ran the message, he should be grateful to the gods that they had not incited 
the Ethiopians to go against the Persians. — ocrov re: as 90, 3. 

12. oxj/iv et8c: the dream thought of as a vision, as always. 

15. tov ovpavov : gen. with a verb of touching. Synt. 34. 

19 ol p€v \iyovo-i : asyndeton; sc. airoKreivai, correl. with KaTairovrCicraL in 
the next clause. 

20. 4|aya-y6vTa: agreeing with the omitted subj. of the inf. — ’EpvOptjv 
0d\ao-«j-av : see on 49, 7. 

21. irpwrov p.4v: taking up and resuming irpCbra p.bv, 1. 7. Here it is a 
pred. adj. used pleonastically with &p£cu, as often ; i.e. ‘ this was the beginning 
(or the first) of his evil deeds.’ Synt. 34. 

23. o-vvoCk€€ : i.e. as wife. It was not uncommon for Persian kings to 
marry their own sisters. Hdt. says that Cambyses was the first to do it. 

24. air 1 dp.<j>OT€p«v : i.e. Trarpbs Kal p.r)Tpbs. 

118. 3. €<rxe : took. Synt. 93 a. — 4'irava<rTas : used absolutely ; it would 
require the dat. 

7. cx«>v : when he had it. 

8. o”vv€0T|KctTO : for the mid. of this stem, see on 57, 10. — StKopcvos : m 
Att. SexVevos. 

10. tq -irp-fiypaTa : the power. — tivfjcTO : fr. atf£w. — (3E(3top.4va : shouted 
abroad. 

11. okov: for 6koi ; cf. 98, 2 and note. — IOvoteie : opt. of indef. frequency 
(past. gen. cond.). Synt. 168. 


Page 119, Line 11] 


NOTES 


271 


12. Sekttjto : he possessed. 

13. c4>cpe Kal rjyf : carried off as booty and captives. Cf. Lat. ferre et agere. 

14. Siaxpivcov ovSeva : excluding no one , i.e. with no distinction. 

15. dpx^v iat^Sc \apa>v : not taking it at all. — cvxvas : with partit. gen.; 

in the next clause agrees with its noun. 

16. apaipr|K€€: Ion. plupf. of alpbio. 

17. 4v 8e : and among them. 

18. oi: the men who; the rel. clause serves to characterize the Lesbians by 
mentioning a subsequent act of theirs, which was probably notorious. 

19. irao-av : in agreement with racppor, added as if an afterthought, to make 
more definite the qualifying phrase irepl rb tccxos rb kv Sa/xcp.— StSepevoi: in 
chains. — <opv£av : fr. tipbaao). — kcos : I suppose. 

20. oL tovt’ rjv iiripcXe's : this was a concern to him, i.e. made him anxious. 

21. ol evruxOls • his good-fortune. Synt. 53. 

23. ”Ap.ao-is IIo\vKpdT€i coSfi Xe'yti: conventional formula for beginning a 
letter. 

25. to 0£iov . . . 4>0ov«p6v : for the thought, cf. the speech of Solon to 
Croesus, 59, 24. 

26. co-Ti: so written after ws. — PovXopai Kal avTos ktX. : I prefer that / 
myself and those for whomsoever I am concerned; aur6s is nom. because the 
subj. of the inf. is the same as that of the main verb; the antecedent of tuv, 
if expressed, would be robrovs. Synt. 81. 

27. to |i€v ti . . . to 8e: in one thing ... in another; ti adds indefinite¬ 
ness to the notion. — t«v TrpiyypdTcov : partit. gen. 

28. Kal ovtco kt\. : and so {i.e. rb pkv evrvx^ip ... rb 8b irpoaTTaLeiv ) to 
pass through life with alternations of fortune rather than, etc. -rrprjoawp is nom. 
because he is thinking only of avrbs. For = p.a\\ov if, cf. potXof iyw \abv 
cxbov eppevaL i) airoXladaL, Horn. II. I. 117. 

29. Xo-yw aKOtitras : by hearsay. 

30. 4s t^Xos : finally. — irpoppitos : cf. 60, 5. 

119. 3. Itt’ a> airoXopeva): at whose loss. 

4. OKWS |xt|K€ti : so that it shall never again come; the constr. used ordi¬ 
narily after a verb of effort {zg- see to it, take care), is used here where a 
clause with ilurre would be expected. Synt. 148. 

5. Ttoiro tovtov : after this. 

6. irdOrjo-t : dat. with evaWd £. — Tpoirco tw . . . (nroKeipeva): m the manner 
suggested; for the word order, see Synt. 18. 

7. aKeo (for cucbeo, Dial. 17) : remedy it. — liriX€|dp.£vos ... Kal vow XaP«v : 

when he had read . . . and had decided. 

8. 4ir’ w av ktX. : that one of his possessions at whose loss he would be especially 
distressed in heart; the partit. gen. is drawn into the rel. clause by the omission 
of the antecedent. 

10. 8i£f||Ji£vos: for the repetition of the verb in the form of a ptc., see on 
52, 14. — cr<J)pryyCs : properly seal, but as it was usually set in a ring, it came 
to mean ring as well; so 120, 2. 

11. crpapaySos : in Hdt. always with \ldo s. 


272 


NOTES 


[Page 119, Line 12 


• 

12. OeoSiopov: Theodorus of Samos was a gem-cutter as well as a metal 
worker. This ring is referred to by Pausanias (VIII. 14, 8) and by Pliny 
{N.H. XXXVII. 4). As Theodorus was not living, the ring was irreplace¬ 
able. The opapaydos {emerald or aquamarine ) was next to the diamond in 
costliness. 

14. avSpwv: Synt. 37.— avayaytiv {sc. irevTTjKbvTepov) : put out. 

15. irfpwXopifvos: used of taking off something that surrounds one; cf. 
108, 28, of a helmet. 

18. <rvp.<j>opfj 4xP°’ T0 : treated {it as) a misfortune; i.e. mourned for it. 

21. Sa>pov 8o0flvai: pleonastic. — IIoXvKpdT€'i: dat. with iXOeiv is &\fnv, as 
often with iXOeiv is Xbyovs. Synt. 65. 

22. x w P'n <ravT °S tovtov : when he had succeeded in this. 

23. SiSotis: offering. 

24. Kcu-irep €wv: Synt. 129 b. 

26. t)<t 0 €£s : fr. r/Sopai. 

27. €v eirouioras: a formula virtually equivalent to our ‘thank you.’ — X^pis 
SiirXti ktX. : i.e. ‘ I thank you both for your words and the gift.’ 

28. KaXeopcv: ‘ regal ’ use of the plural. 

29. p.€ya ‘iroievp.evos: esteem of great importance; a formula, hence piya and 
not peyaXa, as we might expect. 

31. J>s . . . Tdxi<rTa,: as soon as. 

120. 3. tov . . . €<rr]X0€: for a different constr., see 116, 29. Synt. 79. 

4. iravTa t& iroiTjo-avTa puv ola KaTaXeXdPqKt: all that he had done and 
what (as a consequence) had befallen him. rd is a rel. pron. obj. of iroirf- 
cravra; ola serves as an indir. interrog. 

5. Al'yu7nrov €tt€0t|K€ : despatched it to Egypt. 

7. €KKop.urai = <rw(rai. — dv0pwira> av0pa)Trov: see note on 111, 10. 

9. 0$ Kal ktX. : since he actually finds what he throws away. 

11. SiaXv£o-0ai Tqv : Diodorus (I. 75) rationalizes the story by mak¬ 

ing Amasis break off the alliance, because Polycrates misused his tyranny. 
The story of Polycrates is one of the best illustrations of the doctrine of 
Nemesis. For the rest of his story, see p. 132. 

14. £irl tovtov 8t] ktX. : a return to the main narrative interrupted at page 
118. 

15. twv . . . KTio-dvTwv . . . Xapicov: instead of rwv S. tCov KTiodvrwv ; 
the phrase is subj. of ixiKaXcoapevcjv in the gen. abs. 

17. iroXiopK€ovcri: dat. of the ptc.; for the constr,, see Synt. 59. 

18. 4s to irpoo-w: redundant with irpoeicbirTeTo ; the phrase is treated as one 
word: hence the position of re. 

19. &>s 8f 6 jAaTcuoTepos ktX. : but as the idler {i.e. less credible) tale has gone 
abroad (to be said) ; the inf. is epexegetical. Synt. 119. SpprjraL = tippyrai- 

20. £mx«piov vopicrfxa KO\J/avTa iroXXov: striking a quantity of coin of the 
country. 

21. p.oXv(3Sov: gen. of material. 

22. ovtw 8^j: picking up the ptc. Se^apivovs and emphasizing it as the reason 
for d-iraXXdcroeadai. — tcxvttjv irp«TT|v o-TpaTir|v : this was the first expedition. 


Page 122, Line 6] 


NOTES 


273 


25. Kafipvo-ri . . . \povi^ovn . . . Kal irapa<|>povrj<ravTi: when Cambyses 
was lingering and had taken leave of his senses. 

26. liraviorreaTat = iiravlaTavTai. See on 94, 26. — avSpcs payoi: Magians ; 
properly the name of one of the six tribes into which the Medes were divided, 
but applied to a class of wise men who interpreted dreams. 

28. tov . . . GdvctTov: prolepsis; 'i.e. obj. of /jlclOAv instead of subj. of 

KptlTTOlTO. 

29. Kpv'TTTOiTo ■ycvop.evos i had been accomplished secretly. — oXLyoi: only a 
few. 

121. 1. avTov: i.e. rbv Oavarov. — ol 8e -iroXXot: while the majority; para- 
tactic addition to the main statement. 

2. tlSc^o-av: thought , an unusual meaning; followed by a ptc. in indir. disc, 
as in the meaning know. Synt. 137 with b. 

3. ctira : followed by an inf. in indir. disc.; an unusual constr. Synt. 173 ar 

7. dva-yvcotras: fr. avayiv&OKw, in Hdt. always persuade. In Attic it means 
read. — «$ . . . Siairpi^fii: indir. disc, after the idea of saying implied in 
avayv&oas. 

8. cI(T€ dywv: cf. avrbv 5 1 is dpbvov elaev Aycop, Horn. Od. I. 130. 

10. irpoepeovTa : sc. Kr/pvKa. 

11. dKov«TT€a: verbal adj. used impersonally; the pi. does not differ in 
meaning from the sing.; they must give ear to (i.e. obey ) Smerdis. 

12. Kal 8 tj Ka£: emphasizing, as usual, the person of importance for the 
narrative ; cf. 49, 17. 

14. ’AyPaxavourt: the situation of the Syrian Ecbatana is uncertain. 

15. o-Tas cs p.€crov: a shortened expression for iXd&v is p.i<rop Kal eras. 

16. eXirCo-as : thinking, as often. 

17. avros: with irpobebbadai. Synt. 81. 

19. ovro) |aoi 8i€irpT|£as: is this the way you accomplished ? p.oi is probably 
ethical dat. Synt. 57. 

21. £<tti : so accented after ovk. — oko>s : properly how, used here like 6'ri 
or cl>s, that, to introduce a substantive clause explanatory of raOra. 

25. €jjl€wutov : for the position of the refl. pron., see Synt. 22. — dv£<rT€a<ri 
= aveardao-i (-a<7i) : 2 perf. (Dial. 42) arise. 

26. fit 8’ €«tti cao-TTfp irpo tov : but if the situation is as before (i.e. that the 
dead do not rise) ; e<rrt is so accented when it follows el. 

27. ov pi] . . . dva(3Xdo-Tfl : Synt. 111. — v€WT€pov: a euphemism for KaKbv. 
— dva(3Xd<rTr): a poetic word. 

28. p.€Ta8u6£avTa$ : sc. dvdpas or ayyiXovs. 

29. Trap 1 ot£0 t]ko)v irpottyopfixlfii: from whom he has come that he orders. 

31. jicraStooKTos yfivopifivos : periphrasis for pLerabtuixOels. 

122. 2f yap ktX. : this clause is logically subordinate to tiiridi in the 
next sentence ; a favorite form of expression with Hdt. 

3. fil'iras tt]v aXT]0£tr|v ktX. : tell the truth as to whether . . . and be gone 
unharmed. 

5. fi-ya) Spfi'pSiv: a favorite order for emphasis. 

6. fifj ot£v : from the time when, ever since. 


274 


NOTES 


[Page 122, Line 9 


9. tov Tavra 4iri04p«vov clirai: for the word order, cf. ’kOyvaloun vbp.ovs 
/ceXei;<racrt Tronfjcras , 57, 23. 

12. ola avrip aya06s: as a good man. 

13. t£s av e^T) ... 6 4iraveo-T€<S>s 4iriPaT€va>v: who could be the man who has 

risen against me and is usurping. iiraveoTeibs is a circumstantial ptc. subordi¬ 
nate to the subst. ptc. iTL^arebuv. 

14. tov ovvopaxos: Synt. 43. 

19. os 486 k€€ : he who thought. 

22. d , ir€K\ai€ . . . d'rroKXaWas: cf. 52, 14; 93, 22; 119, 10. 

25. ot avaOpwo'KovTi: as he leapt; dat. of interest. 

26. jjlvktjs : a cap to guard the curved point of the scimitar. According to 
Pausanias (II. 16, 3) Mycenae was so named by Perseus, because there the 
cap fell from his sword. 

28. Kara tovto : i.e. Kara rbv pa]pbv .— Tfj : where; an adv. 

29. ’A-mv: see Summary p. 117. — KtupCfl (sc. irX^yrj) : a fatal blow. t«- 
Tv<j>0ai: perf. pass. inf. of tIittoj. 

31. 4k Bovtovs (nom. Bout(£>) irdXios: i.e. by the oracle of Leto. See 106, 
14. 


123. 4. tXc-yc apa : meant after all. 

6. tt]s tc : since the particle belongs to rrjs ov/jufropijs and not the attributive 
expression, its natural position would be after the first rijs. — 4Kir€'irXriyp4vos: 
also placed out of its natural order, since it belongs to both nouns. 

7. 4tru><j>p6vT|cr€ : came to his senses .’ — trvXXaPwv: comprehending. 

9. Too-avra (sc. eXeye): only so micch. — Tjp.4pTi<ri: dat. of degree of differ¬ 
ence. — bys : about; as regularly with numerals. 

11. KaraXeXdpr|K€: Ion. perf. of KaTaXapL^dvu ; its subj. is the inf. bcQrjva.i 
(fr. tK<t>alvb)). 

14. tt]v pniSapd w^eXov ISttv: which I would I had never seen. Cf. 82, 30. 
For the neg., see Synt. 180; for the form of wish, see Synt. 104, 1. 

18. Ta\vT€pa ii (ro<j>wT€pa: rather quickly than wisely; if two adjectives or 
adverbs are compared with each other, both are regularly in the comp, 
degree. 

19. OVK 4vijv apa: it is not after all possible. The impf., usually with &pa, 
is used idiomatically of something that was true before, but has just been 
found to be true. Synt. 90. — to peXXov *y£v€<r0ai: that which is destined to 
happen. This fatalism is characteristic of Hdt. as well as of oriental thought. 

20. 6 p,aTau>s: that fool , i .z. fool that I was. 

22. p.r): lest, after the idea of fearing in iTi\e%dp.evos. 

23. virapaipr|p.4vov: Ion. perf. of biraiplu). 

24. p.4XXovtos «reo-0ai: cf. /xlXXov ylveodai, 19. Synt. 96, 1. — dpapTwv: 
mistaken in; followed by the gen. Synt. 34. — dStXtJjeoKTovos: cf. the forma¬ 
tion of the Eng. word fratricide. — ov8cv 84ov: when I should not; acc. abs. 
Synt. 80. 

25. ov8ev iio-o-ov: none the less. — 4o'T€prip.ai: for the force of the tense, see 
Synt. 95. 

26. 8f|: clearly. 


Page 125 , Line 5 ] 


NOTES 


275 


28. |it|K€ti V(i.tv eovtu: the pron. may be dat. of the possessor or, like vp.iv, 

1. 29, dat. of advantage (or disadvantage). — Xo’y^ecOe : followed by the suppl. 
ptc. in indir. disc, instead of the more usual inf. Synt. 173 b, c . 

29. t6v te eXittov : the omitted antecedent of the rel. would be partit. appos. 
with ot pdyoi. 

31. tov vvv ktX. : now he who ought to aid me , when I have suffered shame¬ 
ful treatment from the magi; for xpV v ripupleiv, see Synt. 104, 2. 

124. 2. teteXevttjke : has died , i.e. been killed; d-irodrrjcrKeiv is more common 
in this sense. — twv otKTp.oTa.Twv: generalizing pi. — tovtou 8e' : correl. with 
oSros plv though it refers"to the same person; the logical contrast is between 
oBros and poi. — jjit]K€ti : instead of ovkItl because strong assurance is indicated, 
as though with an imv.; cf. 123, 28. 

3. twv Xoiirwv: partit. gen. with the superl. 

4. t& 0e'Xw |aol -y€veo-0ai: what I wish to have accomplished. — teXevtwv : 
agreeing with the subj. of 0Aw. 

6. ’ Ax.aip,6vi8ewv : see on 92, 2. 

7. fit] TrepiiSeiv . . . Tr€pi€X0ov<rav: not to allow . . . to pass over; the aor. 
ptc., regular with irepudeiv , is coincident in time with it. Synt. 132, 99 b. 

8. Covert . . . KTT]o-dL|X€vot: a periphrasis for the perf. Synt. 96, 5. 

9. d.'iraipcO'qvai: shift to the pass, constr.; sc. abrots as subj. 

10. KCLTEpyao-djAEvoi: sc. €x ov<TL • — avao-wo-cur0ai: sc. as subj. bp.a s. 

11. TavTa picv iroiEvtrt: if you do this. — €K<j>€poi: Synt. 112. 

14. Ta EvavTia: subj. of yevladai. — tovtoio-i : with tvavrla. For the 
threefold curse of unfruitfulness, cf. Soph. O. T. 25 ff., 269 ff. ; Deuteronomy 
XXVIII. 17-18. 

16. ap.a El'iras : Synt. 129 d. 

17. irpTjfjiv : fortune, fate. 

18. avaKXavo-avTa : coincident in time with eldov. Synt. 99 b, 133. 

19. Ta E<r0TjTOs E)(op,Eva eI^ov : what they had on in the way of clothing (lit. 
connected with clothing). 

20. ws . . . T&xio-Ta: as soon as. — Eo-^aKE'Xio-E . . . Eo-a-irT] : chiastic 
order, lodirr) fr. odjiru). 

21. dTHjvEiKE : carried off. Cambyses ruled from 529 to 522 b.c. 

22. Ta iravTa : in all. 

23. airaiSa . . . EpcEvos Kal 0t]Xeos *y6vov: cf. 81, 26. 

25. aino-TCt] . . . vitteke'xvto : for the same expression, see 109, 16. 

26. Ta irpf|'YfiaTa : cf. 118, 10. — T|iricrTEttTO (= ijTrLaTavTo) : they thought. — 
Eirl 8ia|3oXfi: the prep, indicates purpose; cf. iwl \bp.ri, 101, 30; 115, 16 ; 
<?7T l dirfk'fjai, 63, 8. 

126. 1. irdv to IlEptriKov : all Persia. 

2. EVEo-TEWTa: ptc. in indir. disc, with iTl<Trap.ai, meaning think; cf. 124, 26 
for a different const. Synt. 137 b. 

3. E^apvos rjv: periphrasis for a verb of denying. — p.t] diroKTEivat: for the 
neg., see Synt. 181. 

5. avTOx^pftl : 89, 4. 


276 


NOTES 


[Page 125 , Line 6 


6. pfjvas €7TTd kt\. : the seven months that remained to complete eight years of 
Cambyses's rule. 

8. 7 rX.T]pwtrios : obj. gen. with iiriXoiirovs. — kv Toitri: sc. fxrjoi. 

9. avTOv iroGov «x €tv • mourned him. Synt. 150. 

11. t«v: pi. because the antecedent is collective. — aTeXtlrjv o-TpaTTp^s Kal 
<f>opov : exemption from military service and from taxes. Synt. 31, 3. 

13. avTiKa €vitrrdp.€vos: see note on &/xa diras, 124, 16. 

14. ’Orav-qs : brother of Cassandane, wife of Cyrus (see 92, 2). 

16. tov payov : prolepsis. 

17. os TT€p rjv : the man he really was. Tjv for earl or eli), see Synt. 175 a. 

18. 4fje<}>olTa : fr. ^/c0oirdw. 

19. 4s oi|/iv Iwvtw: the usual const.; cf. 119, 21. But ijyaye es 6\J/iv ttjv 
IkcLvov, 93, 6. 

21. tt]v cj,vtt|v : the harem was a part of the crown possessions taken over 
by a successor. 

25. KoiptpTO : for Kotpdotro. Synt. 177. 

29. (Tii 84: the 5^ of ‘ apodosis ’; see on 54, 28. 

30. ot€w tovto> <rvvoiK€€i: who this is to whom she is married. 

31. TrdvTtos yap 8fj kov : for surely, I suppose. 

126. 1. ’Atoo-o-t) : dat. of association with es \6yovs eXOeiv { — bLaXlyeodai). 

3. trvyKaT'Hpevwv : i.e. living with her. 

5. d\Xr|v dXXr| : one to one task , another to another. 

8. tov av KtXtvT]: this may be taken as either a pres, general or a fut. more 
vivid prot., since Set avaXaptodai may refer to either a present or a future 
obligation. 

10. cutoi piv ktX. : surely when he has you as wife and holds sway over the 
Persians he ought not to get off unpunished. The father puts the indignity to 
his daughter before the wrong to the nation. For x a ^P 0VTa i n this sense, cf. 
122, 3. 

13. a<j>ao-ov avTOv toL wto (fr. oCs) : feel for his ears. 

14. i]v pev <J>aivr|Tai e’xwv : if he is shown to have; for (fralveodcu with the ptc., 
see Synt. 137 c. 

15. o"v Se {sc. p6/ju£e aecjvTrjv awoucdeiv) : see note on 125, 29. 

17. el yap ktX. : for if he chanced not to have ears and she should be caught 
feeling for them; the first cond. is simple, not implying anything as to fulfill¬ 
ment, the second would ordinarily be expressed by tfv with the subj. (fut. 
more vivid), but, because the particle el does duty for both, the fut. ind. is 
used. The direct form is retained after a past tense {avTLTrt/jLirei is hist, pres.) 
as commonly in Hdt. Synt. 177. 

19. durTW(r€i: destroy; a poetic word. 

21. tov 8« payov ktX. : we should expect this clause to form a new sentence, 
as it refers to a past act and is not properly coordinate with the preceding. 

22. ov o-piKpfj: litotes. See Introd. p. 45. 

23. r] tov ’OTavcw 0vyaTT|p: i.e. as became the daughter of Otanes. 

24. 4ir€iT€ avTfjs pepos kyivi.ro tt]s dmljios: when it became her turn to 
approach. 


Page 127, Line 31] 


NOTES 


277 


26. Toiirt rtepo-Tjcrt; dat. of association with (poirtocri. 

27. xnrvwpivov xapTcptos : sound asleep. 

28. ov \ a ^«' ir “S aXX’ evTr€T€«s: this sounds as if Hdt. were contradicting 
the statement of someone else. Cf. on 96, 27. 

127. 1. 4wvt<o 6TriTT|8€OTttTov$ 4s irumv : most suitable for him to trust. 

2. kcu avToi: even themselves (i.e. of themselves'). 

4. ^xao-Tov : subj. of the inf. 

5. tovtov : agreeing with (Lvdpa, added with the force of an appositive. 

8. 2o0<ra: Hdt. wrongly lays the scene at Susa, because to him it was the 
capital of the empire. It was said to be at a Median fort Sictachotes. (So 
How and Wells.) 

9. ol 6 iraTrip : his father. 

11. cr4>£o*i: reflex, pron. used for the reciprocal dW'rjXoun. 

12. irCo-ns : acc pi. — 4s Aapelov airiKCTO: it came to Darius; i.e. was his 
turn. 

13. avros povvos : alone by myself. 

14. ctT] . . . t€T€X€vtt|k€ : opt. and ind. combined in parallel clauses in 
indir. disc., as often. Synt. 175. 

16. d>s cru(TTr|<rcov (fr. ovvicrTripu) : with the avowed intention of contriving. 

17. <rwf|V€iK€ «<tt€ : as 116, 8. 

18. 7roi4€iv avrixa: to act at once. — ov yap apeivov : sc. birep^dXXeadai. 

20. 4k(|>cuv€iv otxas o-eoivrov: you seem likely to show yourself. 

21. ov8cv T]<r<r«: just as good as. 

22. 4ir! to o-coc})pov4(rT€pov: adv. phrase ; more temperately, more cautiously. 

23. avrr]v \dp(3av€: make it. — ovtws: taking up with emphasis 7rXe0ras 
•yevoplvas ; i.e. we must become more and then attempt it. 

24. ol irapovrcs: a nom. added as appos. to the voc. 

25. rpoiro): dat. with XPV ; fut. indie, in a monitory or minatory prot. 
Synt. 163. 

26. 4£o(cr€i: fr. iKcplpu. 

27. pdXio-ra p4v: above all, if possible. 

28. w<j>€iX6Te . . . ttoi&iv: you ought to do ; the impf. expresses unfulfilled 
obligation. Synt. 104, 2. — 4ir’vpecov awwv (3aXo|ievoi: by yourselves; an 
idiom, perhaps derived from the throwing of dice. 

29. ava4>4p€iv: properly to refer to, hence to share with. 

30. vnr€p40€o-0e: consult with, ask advice of — iroiiiopev . . . ilo-rc: hortatory 
subj. coordinate with imv. — vpiv: dat. of interest with virepirlo-ri ; i.e. if you let 
pass the present day. 

31. a>s: repetition of Sri. For the clause introduced by o>s there are three 
possible interpretations: (1) no other than I will be an accuser first; taking 
ip,ev as gen. with the comp, idea in dXXos, and (f>6d s as equiv. to an adv. (2) no 
one will accuse me before I accuse (some one else) ; taking ip.ev as obj. gen. with 
KarJiyopos and understanding ep.1 with <pdds. (3) no one before me will be an 
accuser; where ifiev follows (pdas on the principle of a comparative. While 
the last interpretation is tempting, there is no parallel for this const, with 
< pdas, and (1) seems most probable. 


278 


NOTES 


[Page 128, Line 1 


128. 1. <r<j>ca = ravra. 

2. wpa : fr. opd w. 

4. eftyto : for form, see on aicto 119, 7. 

5. irapif«v: with fut. force, as regularly; we shall enter. — avroi<ri: i.e. 
Toiai /xdyoLO'i. 

6. 8i€<rT€w<ras: stationed at intervals; suppl. ptc. in indir. disc, with oiSas. 
Synt. 137. — et jitj t8wv, aXX’ aKotio-as : if not from seeing, at least by hearsay. 

7. Tas : these; 4 placed first for emphasis. — T€u> ( rlvi ) : interrog. pron. 

8 . toi Xoyo) (jl€v ktX. : which it is possible to show, not by word, but by deed. 

12. \aXe 7 rds irapeXGciv: difficult to pass. Synt. 118. — toi«v8« : ix. prom¬ 
inent Persians. 

13. ovSels otrTts ov: everyone. — 'irap'/jtrci: fr. xapir)p,L ; so also Tapir), 1. 17. 
— to, p.€v . . . tcl 8e : partly . . . partly. 

16. tov iraTpos: my father, i.e. Hystaspes ; see 127, 8. 

18. 'ircipa.Tai: for 7 reipdr)rai. 

19. SiaSciKvvorGft) ktX. : let him be declared by that to be an enemy; i.e. be struck 
down. 

19. d><rdp.evoi: fr. Adlu. 

20. epyov «x.wps0a: let us hold fast to the task; for the gen., see Synt. 34. 

21. k6t« KaXXiov irape|€«.: when will there be a better opportunity (than now) ? 

22. -q : or; connecting dvaaduraadai. and axodaveiv. 

23. ot€ : since. — apxwp,€0a p.€v : the correlative is 8<roi re. The two reasons 
are their own submission to a foreign king and the commands laid upon them 
by Cambyses. 

24. Kctl tovtov uTa ovik €\ovtos : and he a man without earsl 

26. €ir€<rKT|vJ/€: enjoined (byway of threat). — p,r] iretpwp.evovcrt: if we should 
not try. 

27. 4-irl 8ia|3oXfi: cf. 124, 26. 

28. TiOepai tjni^ov : I cast my vote, i.e. favor. 

30. aXX 1 r\ tovTas : except on the condition of going. 

129. 1. ev w (xpbvf)\ while. — lyiveTO . . . TaSt: there were three tradi¬ 
tions about the exposure of the false Smerdis : that it was effected (1) by 
Darius; (2) by Otanes and his daughter; (3) by Prexaspes. Hdt. joins all 
three traditions in his account. 

3. IIpT|f;do"jr€a . . . 'Trpo<r0€o-0ai: three reasons are given for this: 8ti ixe- 
7 T bvOee kt\.-, 5i6re piovvos ^xiaraTO kt\. ; xpbs S' ert Ibvra (= 8l6ti Tjv) kt\. 

4. tov iratSa To|€vo-as: Cambyses had wantonly shot down the son of 
Prexaspes to disprove by his marksmanship the popular notion that he was 
too much addicted to wine. 

8. irpoo-€KTwvTO : conative impf. — irCo-ri: dat. — XaPovrcs : binding. — rj 
jx€v (yd\v) : a formula regularly used to introduce an oath, in very truth, on his 
honor. 

9. Kgciv Trap’ € 0 )VTW: to keep to himself; 'for the fut. inf., see Synt. 116 b. — 
t|oio-€iv: as 127, 26. — ttjv a-iro o-<j>e'o>v dirdTT]v: the prepositional phrase is a 

little more precise than the subj. gen. 

10. to irdvTa pup (a : everything possible to an infinite extent. 


Page 130, Line 23] 


NOTES 


279 


12. Sevrepa , irpoo*€<|>€pov : they made a second proposal. 

13. avroC: connect closely with (riry/caX^av (fut.). 

14. ckcXcuov : coordinate with wpo<T€(f>epov instead of with 0ctpem, as we 
should expect. 

15. tov Kvpoti: sc. viov. 

16. «$ : with the three following ptcs. 

17. 8rj0€v : forsooth; emphasizing the folly of the belief. 

20. cToipou : pred. with eivai agreeing with the subj. of <pap.tvov (gen. abs.). 

22. ayopevciv ckcXcuov : cf. dyopevoai intXevov, 14, and account for the dif¬ 
ference of tense in the infs. — rwv pev: taken up by robrcav for the case 
of each gen., see Synt. 35, 38 a. 

23. €K«v 6TT€\f|0€TO : he willingly forgot; i.e. disregarded. — dp£apevos airo : 
beginning with. 

24. eyeveTjXoyrpre ttjv iraTptf|v : traced the pedigree; i.e. enumerated the an¬ 
cestors of Cambyses, with some description of their qualities. 

25. ws tovtov KaT^Pq : when he got to him (Cyrus). — TeXevTwv : in conclu¬ 
sion. Synt. 129 f. 

26. Tr€iroif]Kot: representing the perf. indie, of the dir. disc.; the perf. 
because the benefits done resulted in a state of blessing. 

27. irpoT€pov pev KpvirTeiv: while formerly he had concealed it; the clause is 
logically subordinate to the following 5^-clause (parataxis). The inf. is pres, 
because the concealment has been continuous up to the present. Synt. 86. 

29. tov pev Kvpov ( vlbv) SpepSiv: placed before the ws-clause for emphasis, 
and to bring it into correlation with robs p.dyovs 51. Note the different con¬ 
structions after e\eye. 

31. IIep<rr|<ri 8e kt\. : after he had called down many curses upon the Persians 
if they should not recover , etc. d dvaKryjaalaro represents p dvaKT^auvrat 
of the dir. disc. Synt. 177 a. 

130. 2. dirfjKe ewvTov eirl Ke^aX^v <j>ep€(T0ai: he hurled himself (to be borne) 
head first; purpose (or epexegetical) inf. Synt. 119, 120. 

- 5. oi 8e Sq eirrd: resuming the narrative of the conspiracy interrupted at 

129, 1, to tell the episode of Prexaspes. — ipovXcvo-avTO: cf. the tense used 
129, 1. 

8. €V T€ . . . xa£: paratactic arrangement; i.e. while they were proceeding in 
the middle of their course (when they were half way), they learned etc. For 
p.l<ros, see Synt. 27. 

10. eSCSocrav . . . <r<f>£<ri Xoyovs: as 127, 11 and often. —ol dp<}>l tov 

’Ordvta : Otanes and his partisans. 

12. otScovTuv: in a ferment; due to the disclosures of Prexaspes. 

14. wOltopcvwv (sc. \6yoi<n) avxuv: rvhile they were disputing. — ktrrd: the 
number corresponds to that of the conspirators. 

18. Toio"t opvuri: dat. of means. 

19. olov ti ktX. : the kind of thing that Darius's opinion pointed to (i.e. that D- 
expected). — ydp: see on 50, 12. 

21. 0ci?i iropirfi xpewpevovs (sc. avrovs) : favored by divine guidance. 

23. Totcri . . 4(T(|)€poi<ri: those who carry messages (as a regular duty). 


280 


NOTES 


[Page 130, Line 25 


25. apa IcrTopfovrcs: Synt. 129 d. 

26. Itrxov: conative impf. 

27. 8iaKeXev<rdpevoi: cf. 50, 1 and note. 

29. avTOv TavTT]: pleonastic. — Spopo): on a run. 

31. diro IIpq(;d<nr€o$ yevopeva: the prep, is unusual; we should expect £k 
or 7 rp6s. Cf. 131, 30. — cv PovXfi cxovTes : discussing. 

131 . 2. ava . . . eSpapov: tmesis; as 72, 24. 

4. <J>0dvei toi rofja KaTeXopevos: seized his bow first , i.e. before the conspirators 
were upon him. Notice the aor. ptc. coincident in time with an hist. pres, 
(equiv. to the aor. indie.). Synt. 99 b. ra t6 £a = t6 tS^ov, as often in Homer. 

7. f\v (sc. rd t6£ci) XP 1 ! 0 "™ ovScv. was of no use. 

11. pe'v-roi: correl. with \xkv. 

13. rjv yap: giving the reason for the following clause. — icre'xcov: with 

= £aeix€‘ Cf. KaraaraOels f/v, 132, 26. 

14. irpoo-0€ivai: put to, shtit. 

16. o-i>p. 7 r\aKevTos (fr. (rv/xv-XeKco) : intertzvined, locked together. 

17. ota ev crKoret: since it was dark. 

25. ol 8c tt€vt€ : i.e. the other five. 

28. Scikvvovtcs : as if fr. deucvbu. Dial. 42. 

29. cv -rrocrl ■yivop.cvov : that came in their way. 

132 . 3. eo-x*: checked. 

4. Ocpaircviovo-i: Lat. colunt , celebrant. — t<ov rip-cpccov : partit. gen. with 
fcaXicrra. 

8. Kareo-TT]: subsided. — cktos itcvtc rjpcpcwv cycvcTO : x.z. five days had passed. 

11. dircScSexTo : the decision was left to chance ; for the story, see Book III. 

83-87. 

14. Kart|KOvcrav cirl 8 tjX.o<tvvt| : were obedient on terms of slavery. 

15. irap^vres K. eir’ Al'-yvarTOv : since they had allozved C. (to pass) into Egypt. 

16. acKovTtov yap ’Apa(3utfv : for if the Arabians had been unwilling. — ovk av 
eorpdXoicv : potential opt. of a past occurrence ; the aor. ind. with &v would be 
more regular. 

17. yapovs tovs irpcoTOvs cydpec: he contracted marriages of the first rank. 
(So Stein). 

18. 0vyaTe'pas : obj. of £yd/j,ee ; ya/xovs is cogn. acc. 

21. €TcpT]v : besides. 

24. e'lripirXe'aTO (lirLinrX'qvTo) : Dial. 40. It is unusual to find a pi. verb with 
a neut. pi. subj. 

25. KaTa . . . paXurra : about the time of. 

26. virapxos : usually called o-aTpdTrrjs. 

27. eireOvprio-e: became enamored; for the following gen., see Synt. 35. 

28. ovtc -rraOcov ovtc aKovtras ktX. : zvhen he had neither received an injury 
nor had been the subject of idle talk; for -irdcrxu and a/codw with the force of pas¬ 
sives, see note on 111, 12. 

133 . 1. ovSe I8c6v : nor even had seen him. 

2. ws pevol irXevves Xeyovo-i: referring to the following clause. The correl. 
to p.£v does not occur until 1. 15. 


Page 134, Line 20] 


NOTES 


281 


4. €Lvcu: inf. in subordinate clause in indir. disc., as often. 

5. Aao-KvXeiu): Dascylium on the Phrygian coast of the Propontis was the 
principal city of the province or satrapy. — tovtovs : picks up t6v re’Opolrea 
Kai tLXXrjv Ubparjv. 

6. c's v€iK«a o-u(XTr€or€iv : became involved in a quarrel. — Kpivo|X€va»v (sc.avruv) : 

while they were disputing. 

7. tw *OpoiTT] Trpo<}>€povTa : throwing up to Orcetes, i.e. casting in his teeth; 
cf. 50, 26. 2v -yap kt\. : what, are you to be reckoned a man ? ydp in a ques¬ 
tion often refers to some suppressed previous declaration ; here with reference 
to Kpivop.tva)v wept dperijs; i e. ‘How can you claim distinction, for,’ etc. 

8. os: you who , since you. Cf. 116, 24. 

9. w8c . . . eovcrav €vir€T€a x ci P<*>6'n vcu : though it is so easy to subdue. 

10. T'qv : = <y<rre a vt^v. 

11. ot (lev . . . <{>acri: taking up oi xXevves Xlyovai, 1. 2. The cause 
(c ilTtrjv, 1. 3) is contained in dXyijaavTa rip dveidei. 

13. ovk ovto) . . . o>s: not so much ... as. 

14. 8i’ ovTiva KaKws i]Kov<re : on whose account he was disparaged. 

16. ot€v 8i] \pi]p.aTos: something or other; for the gen. see Synt. 35 a. 

18. ’AvaKpcovra: Anacreon of Teos, a lyric poet, who died about 478 B.c. 
Poets were often found at a tyrant’s court. 

19. cI'tc 4k Trpovoir|s ktX. : either because he purposely scorned the power of 
Orcetes, or something like this happened: the herald of O. came up and spoke with 
him, and Polycrates (for he happened to be turned toward the 7 .vail) neither turned 
nor answered; i.e. either because of intentional contempt or because he did 
not see the herald and so failed to answer him. 

25. irapeo-Ti (= e£e<rri) : it is possible, one may. 

26. 6 8e J)v *OpoiTT|s : but at any rate Orcetes. — Tfj vircp MaiavSpou iroTap.ov 
oIkt||X€vt] : to distinguish it from the Lydian Magnesia. 

29. tov voov: the purpose. 

31. MCv<o: cf. Thucydides I. 4. M^os 7raXai6raros cDv i <rp.ev volvtikov Iktt]- 
oclto Kal Trjs vvv 'EXXrjuiKrjs daXdoaris eKparricre. 

134. 1. Ti]s <iv0p<»)TrT |itjs Xe-yop-evris *yev£f]S: Minos belonged to the TjpuiKT] 
yeveij, or to the field of legend. 

2. irpcaTOs : sc. lari. 

3. ap£eiv: fut. inf. with IXxLSas e'xwv equiv. to a verb of hoping. Synt. 116 b- 

5. 4'iriPovXcvciv: to have designs upon ; an unusual meaning; for the common 
meaning, see 1. 8. 

6. Kara to, <j>povir]|AaTa: on a par with your ambitions. 

7. w8e: pointing forward to crb vvv ktX. 1. 9. 

11. cl'veKa x. pt] parto v: as far as wealth is concerned. 

12. Ta iT€pi twv xP 7 lH L °' Ta,v : m y story about wealth. 

16. MaiavSpiov MaiavSpiou : Mceandrius son of Mceandrius. He succeeded 
Polycrates as tyrant of Samos. 

18. tov Kocrpov: decoration, adornments, or perhaps, dress. 

20. to "Hpaiov: the Herceum or temple of Hera, one of the greatest temples 
of antiquity, see 107, 25. 


282 


NOTES 


[Page 134, Line 21 


21. cirolcc roiaSc: for a similar deception, see Nepos, Hannibal , 9. 

22. Ppa\€os : a small space. 

25. iroXXa jxcv . . . iroXXa 8c: earnestly; notice the anaphora. 

27. avros : as opposed to the man whom he sent to inspect the wealth. 

29. Xot)(r0ai: fr. Xow. 

30. TravToiT] c-ycvcro jjlt] aiTo8T]p.Tjcrcu: resorted to every means to dissuade him 
from going away. 

135 . 4. PovXctrGai "yap ktX. : for she preferred (she said) a long period of 

maidenhood to being bereft of her father; is due to the influence of the 

comparative idea in j3ob\eadcu. 

6. aXXovs tc iroXXovis . . . cv 8c KaC: not only many others, btit among them 
also. 

9. apwrTa twv Kar’ cwvtov: best of his time (lit. of those of his time'). 

10. ovtc cwvtov dittos oxjtc ktX. ; in a way that neither he nor his pretensions 
deserved. 

11. oti p.r|: except. — ol 2v>pa,Koo-lwv “ycvoptcvoi Tvpavvoi: i.e. Gelo and Hiero. 

12. ov8c els : more emphatic than ovSeLs ; not even a single one. 

14. ovik afjtws diTT]'yf|crios: in a way too horrible to relate. 

16. airfjKC: fr. curlvfu. 

17. covTas cXevGcpovs : for their freedom. 

18. twv €7rop.cvwv: repeating rCov eir. 1. 15, although it should properly be 
taken with both clauses. 

18. cv avSpairoSwv Xo-yw: cf. tv av8pu>v \6yip, 133, 7. 

21. voi (sc. as subj. Zetfs) : opt. of past indef. frequency. 

22. rEoXvKpdrcos al 'iroXXal cviTvi^tat: Polycrates's many successes. 

24. diriKop.^vwv 8c ktX. : Orcetes was put to death by order of Darius in 
punishment for disloyalty and several lawless acts. His property was confis¬ 
cated. The first ptc. used here would apply to slaves, the second to the 
inanimate objects included in his property. 

27. o-Tpa4>Tivai: fr. arptepw. — rov iroSa: acc. of specification.— to-xvpo- 
Tcpws: very severely. 

29. vojxl^wv : since he was accustomed. 

136 . 3. aypuTTviTjo-i: the pi. of abstract nouns is a poetic use. 

4. cxovri ol <}>Xavpws : to him in his illness. 

6. Aqp.oKf|8cos: see 135, 7. He was taken to Sardis as slave of Orcetes, 
135, 18. 

7. cryciv: sc. as subj. some word such as robs depdirovras, though we may 
translate it as pass, according to our own idiom. 

8. okov 8f|: somewhere or other; cf. 6Veu 133, 16. 

11. ovk vnreS^Kcro: claimed not to; i.e. denied the knowledge. 

12. cwvitov €K(|>f|vas: if he declared himself^ i.e. his profession. — 'EXXaSos : 
Hellas here includes Magna Grecia. 

13. Tcxva^civ: with Karecpdvr]. 

17. c'x«iv Tt]VT^(yTiv: i.e. iirLaraaOaL r^v rt%- — circTpcxj/c : yielded, gave way. 

18. to-xupa: i.e. the strenuous treatment of the Egyptian physicians ; or, 
possibly, after setting the limb. 


Page 138, Line 15] 


NOTES 


283 


21. SwptVrai: followed by the acc. of the person and the dat. of the thing. 

24. tw eirct: often of a witty saying, a bon mot. 

27. viroTvirTovcra ktX. : each of them dipping deep down into the gold chest 
with a bowl. 

29. ws = &<tt€ ; Synt. 149. 

30. aveXtytro Kal a-weX^© 1 !: for avaXeybp.evos <rvvbXe^e. 

31. xpr^ia iroXXov Tt \pv<rov : colloquial; a great lot of gold; cf. vos xPV/ Jia 
p-lya, 61, 14. 

137 . 3. €Kpay€v : fr. iKpi/yvv/u. — «v€|1€to updo-w: it spread. 

4. tj 8«: the bk of apodosis. 

5. 4v KaKii: in bad plight. 

7. e£opKot (J^opKbei) piv : made her swear. — rj picv (pr/v) : see on 129, 8. 

8. to av . . . Serj0fj: indef. rel. clause of the fut. more vivid type, retained 
in the form of the dir. disc. The oath was exacted before telling her his 
demand. — 8ef|<r€o-0cu: sc. some verb of saying from i^opKoc. 

9. €<ttI <J>€povxa: = <plpei; for the meaning cf. 53,24.— twpcvos: by treat¬ 
ment. 

12. K<XTT]<rai: remain inactive; cf. 64, 24. 

14. vcov: according to Hdt., Darius was about twenty-eight years old. 
— 4 >cuv€<t0cu ti diroSciKvvficvov: to make an open display (of strength or cour¬ 
age) ; for (palvecrdou with the ptc., see Synt. 137 c. 

15. iva kcu : Kal seems to emphasize the whole clause.— avSpos: a (real) 
man, i.e one possessed of the manly virtues. 

16. €tt’ ap.<}>6T€pa : for two reasons; explained by the two following clauses. 

17. <r<j>€<i>v : gen. with Trpoeare&Ta. 

20. avi£o|i€va) yap ktX. : for as the body waxes, the powers of mind wax with it; 
but as it grows old, they too grow old and are ditlled for any enterprise. 

22. 4k SiSaxfjs : i.e. inrb ApoKljdeos ScdaxP^a. 

24. £€v£as y&jjvpav : throwing a bridge. 

25. Tfj<r8e TTjs TpreCpov : i.e. Asia. — ttjv triply ijimpov: Europe. 

26. oXiyov \p6vov : Synt. 47. 

28. rt]v irpcoT-qv (sc. oSbi ') : first; cf. the common expression tt]v raxlo'Trjv. 

29. etrovTai toi : will be at your disposal. — poi: ethical dat. Synt. 57. — 

<TTpar€V€cr0at: inf. for imv. 

30. Trvv0avop.€vr]: pres, in the sense of perf. Synt. 88. 

138 . 1. Sefjai: with the adj. Synt. 118. 

6. 6(j.o v : = dpa. — tovto > t« : rel. attracted to case of the antecedent. 

7. kao-Ta avirtov : everything about them. 

8. eir’ avrovs : i.e. "EXXvjvas understood from 'E\\45a. 

9. apa €-iros T€ Kal epyov ktroUe : apparently a proverb ; ‘ no sooner said than 
done.’ 

12. okcos . . . p,T] SiaSpfjcreTai . . . aXXa . . . dird£owi: obj. clauses, 
loosely coordinate with Sie^eXdeiv : he ordered them to go and (to see to it that ) he 
should not escape, but that they should bring him back. 

15. cSccto av-rov ok«s . . . : a request, not a command; an obj. clause 

after Seiadai is unusual. — ird<rav : to be taken with rrjv 'EXXdSa. 


284 


NOTES 


[Page 138, Line 18 


18. ekeivov : i.e. Democedes. 

20. ir\€V(T€o-0ai: inf. in a subordinate clause in indir. disc. 

21. Sokeeiv : abs. inf. 

22. EKimpwTO: that D. was testing him; i.e. because if he accepted 
everything, Darius might conclude that he did not intend to return. 

23. ovti EiriSpap.wv ktX. : by no means accepted with eagerness the proffered gifts. 

24. KO.T& x«pT] v : in place , i.e. where they were. 

26. dS£\4>eoto-i: dat. with the verbal idea in Swpe'fjv. Above the father was 
included. — ravra: i.e. the same as to the fifteen Persians. 

29. Kal ^oiviktjs es 2i8«va : a more precise designation of the preceding. 

30. yavXov : a Persian boat; here = 6X/ca5a. 

31. iravTouov aya0wv : gen. of material, or with i-rrXikprjirav. Synt. 31, 4, 37. 

139. 1. irpowrxovTES : putting in. 

2. airEypa^ovTO: had them listed , for report to the king. 

4. ek pa<rT«vr|S ttjS A.: out of kindly feeling toward D. An unusual expres¬ 
sion. 

6. Mi}8ike'o>v: = II epoiKlwv, as often. 

7. 8fj0€v : emphasizing the fact that it was mere pretence. 

14. irpotEvcu : fr. irpotrjpu. 

15. avTairTOVTO: sc. AripLOKl/deos. 

18. kws TavTa ktX. : how will king Darius be content to have received a wanton 
insult (i.e. without taking revenge) ? 

20. dirEXT|(r0E TjpE'as : sc. A^pxiK^bea. — Tfj<r8E ( tt6\los ) : gen. after the comp. 

23. 4£cupE0E'vTES te tov Ar]poK^8Ea Kal tov yavkov . . . dirai.p£0£VTES: chi- 
astic order. For the accus., see Synt. 72 a. 

24. tov ap.a rjyovTO : which they had brought with them. 

25. tt^s ‘EXXaSos: partit. gen. with the adv. expression to irpoo-wrlpw. 
Synt. 46. 

140. 1. AapEtos 8 e ws Sia^as TaxurTa tov 'EXX^o-itovtov : i.e. after an ex¬ 
pedition into Scythia, which according to Hdt. was without success. Modern 
historians regard the whole account as a fairy tale. 

2. tt]s e£To-tuuov ktX. : because of the advice of Coes, the king abandoned 
his intention of destroying the bridge built across the Ister after his forces 
had crossed into Scythia and left it under guard by the Ionians. It was due 
to Histiaeus that the bridge was not destroyed before Darius returned. 
'IotlclIov with evepyealrjs, as if it were a verb; cf. the constr. with Trapaivltnos; 
the difference is due to the desire for variety. 

4. 48C8ov: offered. 

5. aTE: cf. ola, 8. Synt. 129 a. 

6. -irpoo'EXP'ntt 6 '• desired in addition (7rp6s). For the gen. see Synt. 35.— 
MvpKivov: Myrcinus was rich in timber and silver mines. 

8. te ov . . . 8e' : unusual correlation; cf. ovre . . . 8e, 81, 13. oifre . . . 
re is more common. 

9. TupavvEvo-ai (i.e. rvpavvlda) : obj. of cur&i. — teXewOevtwv : sc. robriov, i.e 

these requests. 


Page 141, Line 30] 


NOTES 


285 


10. KaTd t& ciXovto : according to their choice; i.e. to Myrcinus and Mytilene 

respectively. J 

11. €m0vp,Tj<rai: to conceive the desire. Synt. 98 a. — Meyapd^w : a Persian 
whom Darius had left in Thrace to complete the reduction of the states on 
the Hellespont. 

16. are 8e raxeovros ktX.: and inasmuch as H. was fortifying the gift (i.e. 
Myrcinus) which he had asked of Danus as reward for guarding the bridge. For 
the tense of the suppl. ptc. atVijo-as, see Synt. 99 b. 

18. irapd 2Tpvji.6va Trora|x6v: lying along the river Strymon ; the acc. because 
of the extent of the district. 

21. koiov tl XP%a €ir<n'q<ras: what a foolish thing you did; kolos (lit. what 
sort of) is common in expostulations. 

22. Seivui t€ Kal o-o<j)u): clever and tricky. — 8oi>s €yKTura<r0ai: allcrwing to 
found; the inf. denotes purpose. Synt. 120. 

23. I'va: where. 

24. kmtt€€s : i.e. pines, from which oars might be made. 

141. 1. oi: pi. because the antecedent is collective. 

2. ‘TTpoo-rdrew: Synt. 34. 

3. Kal Tjp.€pT]s Kal vvktos : by day or night. Synt. 47. 

4. irav<rov . . . iroievvTa: the ptc. is suppl. with iravaov ; not so /xeTaTrejui.- 
Tpdfxevos, 1. 5. — oIkt)(o>: i.e. with his subjects. 

5. o-vve'xT): pass, voice. — tittCm: a common word in Homer. 

6. TT€pi\dpr]s: get in your grasp; a word used of trapping an animal or per¬ 
son. Cf. Trepnrtaris, 81, 10 and note. — iroi&iv (inf. used as imv.) ok«s: see to 
it that , followed, as regularly, by the fut. indie. Synt. 146. 

8. «s €v irpoopwv ktX. : that he rightly foresaw the future; as if he had said 
ws (8ti) TrpoopepT] kt\. Synt. 129 c. 

11. etvat: Synt. 137 a. 

13. ol8a p,a0wv: I know from my own observation. — tirivoew yap ktX. : giving 
the reason for the following clause. 

14. airiKvto : cf. clkIo 119, 7 . — poi: ethical dat. 

15. {)7r€p0ecop.ai: communicate to , ask advice of. 

18. iyw <rc: a favorite order; cf. <rb p.oi, below. 

19. poi . . . o<j>0aXp.«v : out of my sight. 

20. iv Ppaxct: in short. 

21. ore: doing double duty, as obj. of Ideiv and subj. of airuclo-Oai. 

22. TifuioTaTov: neuter, because a friend is a KTrjp.a. 

23. to. toi ktX. : to both of which qualities (as if abstract nouns and not ad¬ 
jectives had preceded) in you I can from my own knowledge testify in regard to 
my own affairs. 

25. ev iTroCrpras : a formula like our ‘ thank you ’; ‘ I am obliged to you for 
coming.’ Cf. 119, 27. 

26. <rv 8e: repetition of the subj. for emphasis. 

28. o-v<t(titos : one of the highest honors among the Persians. 

29. opoirdTpiov : i.e. a half-brother. 

30. clvai : after KaraaTr/o-as. 


286 


NOTES 


[Page 142, Line 1 


142. 1. tipx« to : f r - — to ScvTcpov : the first time may have been their 

conquest by the Persians in the time of Cyrus. 

3. twv vqcrcov : i.e. the Cyclades ; for the gen., see Synt. 39. 

4. avr^ t€ IcovTfis p.d\urra . . . aKfiatracra : was not only at the height of he? 
power; for ewvrijs, see Synt. 31, 6. <xK/id<ra<Ta 7/v = ijicnaae. 

7. tcjnjyov: were banished ; used as a pass., hence inrb. — -rrax^tov; i.e. ir\ov- 
<rl(ov. — cf>vyovT€$ : picking up ‘4(pvyov ; a common device of Hdt. 

8. liriTpoTros : i.e. for the absent tyrant Histiaeus. 

9. ’ApicTayopijs • • • MoXirayopeco . . . Avcrayopcco: names containing a 
common element are often found in families. 

11. 6 yap Tcrriatos Tvpavvos rjv . . . ical ervyxave : thotcgh H. was tyrant , 
he happened (parataxis). 

13. irpCv = irpdTepov. 

15. ct k«s avToi<ri -irapacrxoi kt\. : if haply he would furnish them , etc. For 
this form of prot., see Synt. 164 a. We should expect instead an inf. obj. of 
idlero. KarlXdoiev is grammatically coordinate with Trapdcx 01 , though logically 
the consequence of it (parataxis). 

21. oKTaKurxtXujv acrirCSa: eight thousand shield; i.e. men armed with shields, 
the later ‘hoplites.’—ctvat: inf. with Trvvddvop,ai ; the ptc. is more regular. 
Synt. 137 a. 

22. -irXota p.axpa: Lat. naves longae. 

24. v|ilv: ethical dat. 

29. -rrpo<r€0€<rav; commissioned. — tq Svvairo : representing a fut. more vivid 
prot. of the dir. disc. Synt. 177 a. 

30. cos avrol 8ia\v<rovT€s : saying that (on the ground that) they would them¬ 
selves discharge it. Synt. 129 c. 

143. 1. 4\iri8as iroWas t'xovres: followed by the constr. of indir. disc, with 
the verbs of the subordinate clauses unchanged. 

7. dya0fj: fertile. — evi = emr-ri. 

9. tovs 4>vyd8as «£ avrfis: as if he had said robs (f)vy6vras ; cf. 140, 2. 

11. irdp€|: besides (and including). 

12. TavTa p.^v: i.e. ra dvaunpubpaTa ; the implied contrast is with the rest 
of the xpi^nara offered. — tovs ayovras: appos. with i)p.las. 

17. €vireT& alp€0fivai: easy to take (lit. be taken). Cf. 133, 9. Synt. 118. 

22. TovTOio-i: dat. with avvliraivov ; below the dat. of the person is used 
with this adj. Synt. 68 a. 

25. cos : when. — virepO^vn : the mid. is more common in this sense; cf. 141, 
15. 

28. tcov aWcov crvp.p.dxcov: of the allies as well; an idiomatic use of &\\os. 

30. rciiv *Axaip.€vi8&ov: see on 92, 2. — tov : limiting Ovyarlpa below. 

31. IlavcravCTis: Pausanias, victorious general of the Spartans at Plataea, 
480 b.c., was sent to assist in freeing the eastern Greeks, but becoming 
possessed with a desire for rule he intrigued with Persia and, according 
to Thucydides (I. 128), planned to marry the daughter of the king. 
Megabates, whose daughter Hdt. says he intended to marry, was satrap of 
Phrygia. 


NOTES 


287 


Page 145, Line 29] 

\ 

144. 1. tovtwv : gen. with vorepip. 

2. o-x«v : ingressive, as if he had said ^a X e. Synt. 99 c. 

6. irpoc^ao-iv: avowedly; adv. acc. Synt. 77. 

7. cycWo cv : i.e. dirbcero is. — KavKa<ra : otherwise unknown ; certainly a 
port on the south coast of Chios. 

9. ov yap c8cc : since it was not fated; cf. 106, 23. — irpTjyp.a tou>v8c o-vvtj- 

v€ ^X®t| yc vccrGai: it befell that the following thing occui'red. Hdt. generally uses 
the aor. act. of (rvfuplpu in the sense found here. 

10. irepuovTos : going the rounds of — tols <}>vXaKds : the watch. 

11. MvvSitjs : Myndus was situated on the Carian coast, northwest of Hali¬ 
carnassus. 

14. SicXovTas Kara tovto : dividing him in this fashion (explained by the 
following). 

15. ttjs vco$ : limiting 0a\ap.lrjs. 

20. e-iTOifjo-aTO . . . t<rirtp\tTo : account for the difference of tense. 

21. <roi 8c ktX. : what have you to do with this , lit. what have you and these 
matters (in common)? 

23. cp.co im0ccr8ai: cf. 90, 19. 

24. iroXXa 7rpr|(rcr€is : meddle. 

25. 7r\oib>: dat. of means. 

29. Td 4 k twv dypaiv: for the proleptic use of the prep., see on 51, 5. 

30. a>$ ‘TToX.iopKTjo-6p.cvoi: with the expectation of being besieged; note the use 
of the fut. mid. for the fut. pass. 

31. co-a£avTo: fr. adoaop-ai. 

146. 2. 8ic{3aXov . . . ras Was: cf. 144, 8, where the verb is intr. 

3. , jr€(|>pa‘Yp.€vovs: fr. (ppdacru). 

4. a>s 8c ktX. : but when the resources with which they had come had been used 
up by them. 

6. tov ttXcvvos tc ktX. : and the siege was demanding more and more (the 
more'). 

8. KaKws irprio-o-ovTcs : in bad plight. 

9. ovk ct\c : was unable. 

10. t) Sairavri . . . dirai.Tcop.cvT): the demand for the expenses; for this use 
of the ptc., see Synt. 128 a. 

12. McyaPaTT) 8iaf3c(3XT)p.cvos : since he had been brought into enmity with M; 

the ptc. in the nom. is coordinate with the gen. abs. — ttjv Pao-iXijiTjv: Synt. 
72 a. 

14. tov ccrTl’Yp.evov (fr. OTi^w) tt) v Kcc|>aXT)v: the man whose head was branded. 

18. aXXcos picv ov8ap.ws ctx* ktX. : cf. 88, 25. 

19. 6 8c : repetition of the subj. 

20. tov irio-TOTaTOv: second acc. with a verb of taking away. Synt. 72. 

24. £vpijo-avTa : with two accusatives as airo^vp^aas above. 

28. airoo-Tao-ios «v ■yivop.^vijs: now if a revolt came about; the gen. abs. 
forms a prot. to pLeT^aeodai , inf. in indir. disc, after an expression of 
hoping. 

29. vcwTcpov ti iroicvo-ijs: i.e. revolt. 


288 


NOTES 


[Page 146, Line 1 


146. 1. o-vveiriirrE ktX. : it befell that all these things occurred at the same time. 
It is unusual to find an aor. ptc. with the impf. ind.; the suppl. ptc. is used 
with this verb on the analogy of rvyxdvu; for the usual constr. see 145, 15. 

3. irdv: everything possible. 

4. Aoyw: i.e. a temporary measure. In fact he expected to recover the tyranny. 

5. «s dv . . . cvvaTritTTCitaTO: Synt. 143 b. 

7. tovs |A€v €^e\avvwv . . . tovs 8c 4 £e8i8ov: change of const. 

8. rfjcri iroXuri: dat. with i£e8L8ov, but to be understood with iroieiadcu 

also. — aXXov . . . dXXt|v: Lat. alium . . . aliam. 

9. 60ev ct'r] EKacrTos : a past general prot. denoting indef. repetition. 

11. ws . . . KaTerravo-e: taking up Kardiravo-is. 

14. (rv|x(xa)^LT|s : gen with e5ee ; the inf. is epexegetical. Synt. 119. 

18. irCvciKa: the oldest mention of a map of the world, which the Ionic 
philosopher, Anaximander, is said to have been the first to make. evetet- 
fjLTjTO : fr. evrl/j.vui. 

21. jj.t) 0a)ji.d<rrjs: a prohibition. Synt. 109. 

22. ircuSas eTvcu SotiXovs: subject of l<rrl understood, to which 8vei8os and 
dXyos are pred. 

24. Tciv Xonrwv: partit. gen. with v/uuv. — oo-w: inasmuch as; dat. of degree 
of difference with the superl. 

26. ewetews : to be taken with %wp4e LV - 

27. ovte . . . te : not . . . but, as regularly. 

28. TCI ES TOV ttoXejjlov — to, TroXeiuuKd; acc. of respect. — 4s rd p.Eywrra 

dvfjKETE : you have attained the highest position. 

29. t| |xd\r| avTwv: their {eqitipment in) battle. 

147. 3. evttetecos \Eipa)0t]vai,: as 133, 9. — e<tti 8e «al dyaOa ktX. : and those 
who possess that continent have good things . . . beginning with gold; we should 
expect the ptc. to agree with ayada ; instead it seems to agree with rot<rt . . . 

vefjiOfjilvoLO’L. 

6. Td 0v(x« ktX. : these things you may yourselves have if you wish them heartily. 

7. dXXfjXwv e)(6[xevoi : next to one another, bordering upon one another; for 
the gen., see Synt. 34. 

8. oi8e : pointing to the map ; the ‘ deictic ’ use of the dem., when the art. 
is Regularly omitted. Synt. 24 a. 

11. E(j>Tj XE-ywv: for the pleonasm, see 87, 8. 

18. tov etteteiov <j)6pov: the (fixed) annual tribute. 

19. Kat otjtoi : these too. 

21. irapa iroTapov : cf. 140, 18. 

22. Td Sovcra TavTa: this famous Susa. 

23. IvOavTa: the rel. constr. of the preceding clause is abandoned. 

24. -nSri: henceforth. — 4pit«TE: may be taken as pres. imv. or as pres, indie, 
(prophetic present). 

25. iTEpl [aev xcopr^s: the correl. clause is it apexov 54 rijs ’Atrlrjs, 1. 30. 

29. xpvo-ov IxopEvov: pertaining to gold; cf. 124, 19. — Kat Tiva: many a 
man actually. 

30. irapE'xov: when it is possible; acc. abs. — aXXo ti: = Lat. nonne. 


Page 150, Line 7] 


NOTES 


289 


148. 2. Is TptTT| v t] |xlpT|v : until day after tomorrow. 

3. Is toctovtov rjXao-av: they proceeded only so far. 

5. Is to a"tryK€i|i€vov: to the appointed place. 

6. oKoo-tuv T]p,€p!cov: how many days' journey; gen. of measure. — diro 
0a\a<ro-T]s tt]sTcov<ov: i.e. from the sea coast of Ionia. 

8. 8ia|3d\\«v : deceiving; an unusual meaning. — XP €0V ^dp ktX. : f or ^hen 
he ought not to have told the truth. 

9. (3ou\6|i€v6v *y€: if he wished at least. 

10. Xlyci 8’ ftiv: yet he did tell it (the truth). 

11. xnrapircuras : snatching away; i.e. ‘ preventing by interruption.’ 

13. ovSeva yap ktX. : for no word that you say is acceptable to the Lacedemonians. 

17. lo-€X0wv ea-ft): pleonastic. 

18. diro'ir!p,\J/avTa: after he had sent; preliminary to iTrcucov<rcu. 

20. tovto 81: and she; the pronoun agrees with the pred. tIkvov. 

23. apxeTO Ik 8!kci raXdvTtov ■u-mo-xveop.ex'os: he began by promising ten 
talents (lit. he began with ten talents in his promises). This use of the ptc. is 
analogous to the epexegetical inf. Synt. 119. 

25. irpo!(3cuv€ . . . virep{3dXXa)v : he went on offering larger stems. 

27. Kal to iraiSiov T|v8d£aTO (fr. av5d£ofj.cu ) : when the child cried out 
(parataxis). In later years Gorgo became the wife of Leonidas. 

31. Iirl irXIov : any further. 

149. 2. twv Xoiirlwv . . . plyio-Tov: i.e. greater than the rest; see note on 

60, 16. 

3. lireX0d)V Iirl tov Sfjpov : going before the assembly. 

4. TavTa . . . to kolL : see note on 49, 18. 

5. iroXIpou: warfare; cf. nagy, 146, 29. 

6. vop,i£ovo-i; use. — et'rjo-av: opt. combined with indie, in subordinate 
clauses in indir. disc.; so below elaL . . . ety. Synt. 177. 

8. o-<|>!as : i.e. the Milesians. 

9. Svvaplvous : agreeing with the omitted subj. of pbecrdaL (roi>s ’Adrjvaiovs). 
— ovSev o ti ovk ; everything. 

11. Sia(3aXXeiv : as 148, 8.— ct: if (as was true). 

13. Iitoitjo-€ tovto : i.e. ddfiaXe. 

15. ’Tcoo-t: dat. with the verbal idea in (3oy0obs. 

17. lylvovTo : proved to be. 

21. avTos p>€v 8r| ovk : he did not indeed in person. 

24. tu o-toXu> tovto) : instrumental dat. 

25. tt]s *E<J>€ 0 'ltjs : sc. yys. 

26. x €t P l ‘ iro ^Tl : accompaniment. Synt. 66 a. 

29. airiKOVTO : i.e. at Sardis. 

160. 1. alplovcrt 81: Hdt. is fond of repeating a verb of a previous clause 
with an additional statement. Cf. 54, 23. — x w pk : except. 

3. to 8c pi] XerjXaTfjcrai: obj. of e<rx e prevented. The redundant \xi\ is due 
to the neg. idea in eerxe. Synt. 181. 

7. lvlirpi]o*e: ingressive. 


290 


NOTES 


[Page 150, Line 10 


10. cio-Tc: with the two following ptcs. Synt. 129 a. 

11. trvvtppcov: poured. 

15. 6 & : and it (the Hermus). 

17. toiis p-cv • • • tovs 8e: some . . . others. 

20. viro vvKTa : toward night. 

22. to (TKT|TrT6p.€voi : in excuse for zvhich. 

24. cvtos "AXvos : i.e. west of the Halys. 

27. Kcrra ctCPov : on their track. 

31. o-T€<}>avT]<j>6povs aywvas : the great games held at Olympia, Delphi, the 
Isthmus of Corinth and the valley of Nemea in Argos, where the prize was 
merely a crown. 

161. 1. StjWSew tov KtjCov : Simonides of Ceos, a famous lyric poet, who 
is noted especially for his epigrams in honor of Greeks who fell in the Persian 
Wars, but who achieved great distinction also in other forms of verse, notably 
in epinicia, or songs in honor of victors in the great national games. 

6. ovk €<}>a<rav : refused. 

8. ovtw yap ktX. : giving the reason for rbv irbXepav t<TKevd{ovTO. vxdp X u 
is used like rvy x duco, with a suppl. ptc.; since the fact was that their behavior 
had been such toward Darius (that it was too late to recede). ovSev Tjcrcrov 
nevertheless; in spite of the fact that they were deprived of Athenian 
assistance. 

11. rov 8c rjyep.ova ktX. : and the leader of the coalition that resulted in the 
concoction of these events. 

18. CKyeveVOai p,ot: may it be possible for me / understand 56s to account for 
this use of the inf. 

20. SeCirvov irpOKeipicvov . . . €kcIo"tot6 : every day when his dinner was 
served. 

21. p.€>v€o: perf. imv. of pup.vif)<TKw, but made on the analogy of the pres, 
instead of the regular form p.lp.vrj<ro. 

162. 1. p,€Ta 8« tovto: an expedition had been sent out 492 b.c. under 
Mardonius, the king’s son-in-law, to punish Athens and Eretria, the two cities 
in Greece that had assisted the Ionians. The fleet was wrecked off the 
dangerous promontory of Athos in Macedonia and, after securing the sub¬ 
mission of Thrace and Macedonia, Mardonius returned. — twv'EXX^vwv: used 
proleptically as obj. of dTreireipdro (Synt. 34), instead of subj. of e X oiev. 

3. 8i€T-€p.TT€ KTipvKas aXXovs aXXrj: the distributive idea expressed by the 
prep, did is emphasized by dXXovs dXXrj. 

8. ovtoi : i.e. the inhabitants of the tributary cities along the coast. 

10. toL irpo'Co-x€TO atT€cijv: what he demanded in his proposals. — ‘irdvTes 
vt|<ri«Tai: instead of the more regular iravres ol v-qaiuTai. Synt. 27. 

11. 4$ tovs diriKoCaTO: opt. in a rel. clause denoting indef. frequency in past 
time. Synt. 168. 

12. Kal 8t] Kal At-yivfyrai: the 2Eginetans are especially mentioned because 
of the result of their act mentioned in the next sentence. There was con¬ 
stant hostility between the Athenians and Aiginetans. 


Page 154, Line 3] 


NOTES 


291 


13. €7r€K6aTO : fr. 47r£/cei/uat. 

14. €irl «r<})i(ri €\ovTas: aiming at them. 

15. Kal . . . tircXaPovTO: shift of constr.; the clause should properly be 
coordinate with SokIovtI s re /crX. For the case of Tpocpdaios, see Synt. 34. 

18. iroXciios trvvf]irTo : war was in progress. — 6 n4po-r|s : i.e. Darius. 

19. wo-T6 : with the four following ptcs. 

20. neurio-TpariSsW: referring especially to Hippias, son of Pisistratus, 
who was exiled from Athens and had taken refuge at the Persian court. 
Doubtless he hoped to be restored as tyrant of Athens. 

22. 6 Aapeios : picking up 6 Hlpaijs. — TavTqs €X°H L£V °S T *is *irpo<|>d(rios : 

using (lit. holding on to) this pretext. 

23. tt)s'EXX aBos: partit. gen. with robs firj SSuras instead of r «v 'EXXiJj'wj'. 
For the neg. pd\ with the ptc., see Synt. 180. 

24. <j>Xavpo>s TrpT||avTa t« <tt6Xu>: see note on 1. 1. 

25. TrapaXvei Tfj$ <rTparT|yiT)s : he relieved of his command. 

153. 8. €ir€ixov (sc. t6 v6ov) : intended. 

9. twv -irpoTcpov: the former events ; referring, probably, to instances of 
cruelty on the part of the Persians toward the inhabitants of places which 
they had reduced. 

10. tov$ : for robrovs rods. 

13. Kal a {itch : themselves too. 

16. 'Prjvairi: an island only four stades (less than half a mile) from Delos. 

17. I'va rjtrav : where they were; we should expect ehv, but see Synt. 175 a. 

18. "AvSpcs lpo£: sacred, because Delos was devoted to the cult of Apollo. 

19. ovk emTTjSca ktX. : having formed an unfavorable judgment against me. 

Iirl rotrovro : only so far; pointing forward to p.T)bkv <rLve<rdcu. So cD5e, 1. 20. 

21. 4v rfj x«PTl : the antecedent of the rel. pron. incorporated in the rel. 
clause and taken up by Tabrrjv. This promotes clearness when the rel. clause 
precedes. — ol 8vo 0€o£: i.e. Apollo and Artemis, whom the Asiatics would 
probably identify with their own sun and moon divinities. — 4*y4vovTO: were 
bom. 

23. avTwv: agreeing with the gen. implied in v^lrepa. 

24. p.€Td: adv. 

28. p.cTa tovtov 4£avax0€vra : cf. p.erd S 6\(ova olx^^vov, 60,10. Synt. 128 a. 

154. 1. Ar\\os 4kivt)0t] : Thucydides (II. 8) says that there was an earth¬ 
quake at Delos a short time before the Peloponnesian War, though none 
earlier within the memory of the Greeks. He is obviously contradicting Hdt., 
but one statement is as likely to be true as the other. — «s eXeyov Ar|Xioi: to 
be taken with the following clause. 

3. c<T€<r0ai: with pLeWSvruv. — 4irl yap Aapefov ktX. : Darius reigned 521- 
486 b.c., Xerxes 486-465 b.c., Artaxerxes 465-424 b.c. The whole period of 
the three reigns was, therefore, about one hundred years, and, as Hdt. reckoned 
thirty-three and one-third years to a generation, it seems probable that this 
was written after the close of Artaxerxes’s reign. In that case, the Pelopon¬ 
nesian War was in progress. 


292 


NOTES 


[Page 154, Line 6 


6. c\Ikoo-i aXXas yeveas : according to Hdt.’s method of reckoning, this 
would represent a total of six hundred and sixty-six and two-thirds years, or 
the period 1189-522 b.c. Hdt. places the Trojan War at about 1250 b.c., and, 
as the Dorian migration was dated about eighty years later, he seems to mean 
that not since that event had Greece been so troubled. 

7. t& |A€v . . . rd 8e: some . . . others. 

11. dirfjpav (airaeLpui) : sc. vlas ; so also with TpoaLayov. — irpos tcls vf]<rovs : 
i e. on the way to Euboea; see 153, 27. 

13. ‘irtpnrXtovTcs Tas vf|<rovs: z.<?- from one to another. For the case of 
vrjcrovs, cf. irepulvaL ras 0uXa/cas, 144, 10. 

15. out€ eSiSotrav oim €<|>a<rav: would not give and refused. For idldooav, 
see Synt. 91. 

16. o-TpaTcvecrOai: pres, not fut., because ovk ecpacrav, refused, may take a 
complementary inf. — Xe-yovres : meaning. 

20. Tijs ’EptTpiKTjs partit. gen. with the following names of towns. 

These towns were situated on the coast, east of Eretria, but are otherwise 
unknown. 

21. KaratrxovTts: taking up Karlox ov * n characteristic fashion. 

23. cbs irpocrouropcvoi: Synt. 129 c. 

24. IitowOvto PovXf|V = ej3ov\ebovTO .— ct kws 8e ktX. : but if haply they might 
guard their walls , this was their concern ; i.e. ‘ they were concerned with guard¬ 
ing their walls, if perchance they might.’ 

26. Ivlko. : it had been decided; the subj. is loured. 

27. iroXXoi p.ev: a more logical position for p.lv would be after eTrurrov. 

29. irpo8i8ov<rt: sc. ttjv 

31. dirorivvpcvoi ktX. : taking vengeance for the temples that were burned in 
Sardis; for the allusion, see 150, 21 ff. 

155. 2. KciTd t&s Aapeiov IvToXas : see 153, 4. 

5. ravra rows ’AOtjvcuovs : two accusatives with ’Kov^aeiv. 

6. Kal . . . yap: and since. 

7. €vi 7 rjr€vcrai: i.e. for cavalry manoeuvres; inf. with the adj. eTrirrjdebTaTov. 
There is no reference to the use of cavalry in Hdt.’s account of the Battle of 
Marathon. 

8. <rcj)L: dat. with a verb of leading, as often in Homer. — Tinr(r]s 6 IIcio-i- 
<rTpa.Tov: see note on 152, 20. 

12. KaTt'XaPe cjruyeiv . . . IleurCcrTpaTOv : it befell to be banished by Pisistratus. 
(pvyeiv in this sense is usually followed by virb with the gen. 

15. 4 > iXnr‘iri8r]v: Philippides, a name confirmed by manuscript authority. 
Phidippides, the common form of the name, is undoubtedly a corruption. 
See Browning’s Phidippides , which perpetuates a late addition to the story: 
namely, that he died after carrying to Athens the news of the victory at 
Marathon. 

16. tovto (i.e ijp.epo8pop.eiv) peXeTcovra: practicing this (as a profession). 

17. tw : dat. with TrepnrLirTeL. 

18. to Ilap0€viov opos: there was a temple of Pan on the mountain 
(Pausanias, VIII. 54, 6). 


Page 156, Line 29] 


NOTES 


293 


19. Pw<ravTa . . . KcXeva-ai: shift to the constr. of indir. disc, suggested 
by eXeye above. Whether Philippides himself reported this vision or whether 
it was a legend that took form later, we cannot tell. The supernatural plays a 
considerable part in our author’s account of this and other battles. 

20. d.'ircryyeiXai St’ oti: to carTy a message ( asking ) why. 

22. t& S’ ext teal earoptvou: and woicld be on other occasions besides ; rd 81 as 
if rd p.lv had preceded. 

23. Tavra: subj. of elvai .— Karao-rdvTwv cv tcov irpTjy|xdra>v: i.e. after the 
Persian invasion. 

25. Ilavos tpov: a cave on the north side of the Acropolis, which may be 
seen today. 

27. Tore . . . ot€ irep ktX. : the rel. clause simply defines the time of this 
mission of Philippides. 

156. 1. ScvTepaios: on the next day ; i.e. within twenty-four hours. The 
distance is estimated at 1240 stades, or about 138 miles. 

2. tovs apxovTas : i.e. the ephors. 

4. pi] TrtpuScIv ktX. : not to allow the most ancient city in Greece to be cast into 
slavery by barbarians. For irepnr'nrTw used as the pass, of TrepifUoXXo), see on 
81, 10. For the constr. and tense of the ptc., see Synt. 132, 99 b, The Athe¬ 
nians believed that their city had existed from time immemorial and that the 
inhabitants were autochthonous. 

6. iroXi Xo-yipa): dat. of degree of difference with the comp.; poorer by a 
famous city. 

8. eaSt: fr. avbavw. 

9. <r4>i: repeating toT<tl pleonastically, as the latter belongs properly both 
to the jilv and the Sb clause. Cf. 135, 18. 

10. lo-Tapivov tov [atjvos : in the Attic calendar the month was divided into 
three decads, p.Tjv icrapevos, ph)v p.e<ru>v, (pdlvuv. The date indicated would 
be, therefore, the ninth of the month. 

11. jiT] ov ktX. : unless the moon was full ; for the double neg., see Synt. 
182 a. 

15. T€pive'i 'HpaKXcos: the cult of Heracles at Marathon was the oldest in 
Greece. His temple, the Heracleum, is placed by modern authorities at 
some distance from the modern Marathon. See How and Wells on this 
passage. 

18. dvapaipcaxo : Ionic plupf. of avcuplu. 

20. ovk €tov twv o-vpPaXeiv: opposing an attack. — oXvyovs -yap clvai . . . 
trupPaXsiv : for they were too few . . . to attack ; implied indir. disc, after ovk l<kv- 
T<jiv. avpLpaXeiv with oXlyovs instead of the more usual <5 'xrre <rvp.(3aXeiv. Synt. 
121 b. 

21. Kal MiXndSea): including Miltiades. 

23. 6 tw Kuapa) Xax.«v iroXtpapxctiv : he who had been appointed by lot to the 
office of polemarch. This is an anachronism, as the custom of choosing the 
archons by lot was not instituted until later (487—486 b.c.). 

27. ev crol . . . €<tti : it depends upon you , rests with you. 

29. pvTjpoo-vva : pi. of a single circumstance ; cf. 107, 18. 


294 


NOTES 


[Page 157, Line 1 


157. 1. 'ApfioStos T€ kcu ’Apurro-ycircDv : Ilarmodius and Aristogiton, who 
killed the tyrant Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, were also of the deme 
Aphidna. 

3. SeSoKTdi: it has been resolved ( i.e . by the Persians). A conjectural reading 
(Reiske) 818€ktcu, it has been shown , is tempting. 

7. kws 4s <re ktX. : how it belongs to you to have power over events. 

8. cpxopcu <|>pdo-wv : cf. 51, 16. Synt. 96, 3. 

11. tkiropai = vo/ulI$ w, as often. 

13. irpiv ti kt\. : before any unsound thought occurs to some of the Athenians , 
i.e. before they become traitors. 

14. 0ewv t& ilcra vep.ovTwv: if the gods dispense justice. — oloi t« ctp.cv: we 

shall be able. Synt. 89 a. 

15. 4s ere Teivei Kal 4k cr4o dpTTjTai (perf.): the pron. is emphatic; concern 
YOU, are dependent upon YOU. 

16. irpotrGfj (sc. yvJi/j.’qv) : concur. — t<rri: for the tense, cf. eifx.lv, 1. 14; for 
the accent, cf. 55, 6. 

18. twv d,Tro<nr€v86vTwv ttjv <rvp.j3oXir|V: i.e. rdv ovk Iuvtwv crvfL^aXeiv, cf. 

156, 20. 

19. twv: rel. pron. attracted to the case of its antecedent ayaduv, which is 
incorporated in the rel. clause. 

21. 4K£KvpwTO : it was (lit. had been) decided. 

22. twv r] yvcopri e'({>€p€ : whose judgment favored; i.e. who were in favor. 

23. cKdorTov: pred. gen. with lyLvero. — irpvTavrjCT] Ttjs T]p.4pT]s: the day's 
command; instead of ‘ the command for the day.’ 

24. 6 Se ScKopevos ovti kw (tv(jlPo\t]v 4ttoi€€to : if Miltiades was in favor of 
an immediate attack, it seems odd that he should have delayed in this way. 

We must rather believe that the decision to attack was the result of other | 
causes, such as the condition of the enemy’s forces. 

26. ‘ircpifjXOe: sc. r) t rpvravriir}. 

29. Kepas to Be^iov: the right wing was the post of honor and of danger. 

It is not clear whether the tribe of the polemarch was also there. 

30. ws dpi0|xeovTO : i.e. according to an official or assigned order. 

158. 1. cvwwpov: for the euphemism, see on 51, 28. — diro tcu>tt]s crtjji Ttjs 
p.ax'ns: after this battle; acpL points proleptically to IlXaraieutri, 1. 5. 

2. 4s -n-aviyyvpias Tas 4v Trjo-t TrevTCTTjpio-i: at the festivals that occur every four 
years. The reference is probably to the great Panathenaic festival. 

3. k<it€vx£tcu . . . X4*ywv: pleonastic. 

6. to cTTpaToireSov ktX. : while the army was made equal (in length) to the 
army of the Medes (i.e. the Persians). Instead of this clause we should expect 
a gen. abs.; as it stands it is an instance of anacoluthon. 

8. 4irl Tanias oXCyas: only a few rows deep. 

9. eppwTO (fr. pibvvv/uu ) irXi]0€i: was strong (lit. had been strengthened) in 
numbers. 

10. 8i€t4t<xkto : impers. 

11. dir€i0tio-av (fr. airL tjiuu) : had been let go; i.e. ‘ had been given the com¬ 
mand to go.’ — Spopw i€vto : they hastened on a run. 


Page 160, Line 5] 


NOTES 


295 


12. rjcrav 8 e kt\. : and the distance between them was not less than eight stades 
(i.e. a little less than a mile) ; the verb agrees with the pred. 

14. p.av£r|v T<H<ri’A0Tiva£oi(ri c7r€<)>Epov ktX. : attributed to the Athenians (i.e. 
thought them possessed of) madness that would tttterly destroy them. 

16. l'ir7rov: see note on 155, 7. 

21. irpwToi aveo-xovTO ktX. : were the first to endure the sight of etc. Synt. 
132. Hdt. seems to forget other struggles described by himself in which 
Greeks engaged with Persians, e.g. 150, 25 ff. 

22. tews 8e : but up to that time. 

23. 4>oPos aKovo-cu: fearful to hear. Synt. 118. — paxopevwv . . . xpovos 
EyivETo iroXXos: instead of rijs paxys • • • XP^ V0S KT X. 

26. Kara tovto jae'v: taking up rb p.bv /xbaov and correl. with rb 8b Klpas 
eKarepov. 

30. ewv : impf. of iaio. — toio-i . . . pfj£a<ri: dat. with ep.dxovTo. 

169. 3. irovw = p.&XTh a Horn. use. 

1. ■yEvop.Evos : having proved himself. — airo e0ave : tmesis. 

5. KwE'-ysipos: brother of the tragic poet TEschylus, who also fought at 
Marathon. 

7. tt]v X^P 0,: acc * thing retained with the pass, of a verb of depriving. 

9. Eir€Kpd,TT]o-av : got possession of 

12. 4>0fjvai kt\. : to reach the city before the Athenians; for the aor. ptc. with 
( pd&vw, see Synt. 134, 99 b. 

14. ws iroSwv eIxov : as fast as they could. Synt. 46. 

15. irplv -q t^keiv : redundant. 

17. Kvvoo-dpyEi: Cynosarges, a gymnasium dedicated to Heracles, whose 
location is uncertain. It may have been at the foot of Mt. Lycabettus, which 
would have been a natural position for the Athenians to take, in full view of 
the bay. 

20. dirEirX.£Ov: i.e. because they saw the Athenian forces. 

21. dirE0avov: the subj. &v8pes is thrown into the acc. after the prep. Kara. 

25. KaTaXaPsiv (jyt. * Adljvas) : to reach. 

26. vo-TEpoi . . . Tfjs o-vpPoXils i too late for the engagement. 

The account of the Battle of Marathon, as given by Herodotus, is singularly 
lacking in the details we should expect from a modern historian, such details 
as the exact date and hour, the position of the opposing armies, the kind and 
number of forces in action. On the other hand many of the details given are 
immaterial or of doubtful truth. He probably had no documentary evidence 
concerning the battle and had never visited the battlefield. He was acquainted 
with the traditions that sprang up in connection with the battle and knew well 
how it was regarded by the Greeks of his own day. His method of descrip¬ 
tion is that of the artist rather than the historian, but we must not assume from 
that that he deliberately falsified the facts. 

160. 3. Kal 7 rpiv : even before; i.e. because of the burning of Sardis. — KExa- 
pcrypEvov: fr. xapdcrcrw. 

4. Kal Si] Kai: introducing the main clause ; the first Kal is intensive. 

5. SsivoTEpa ettoiee : cf. 102, 3. — oppiiTo ( &pp.r]To ) : was eager. 


296 


NOTES 


[Page 160, Line 6 


6. avTiKd fwv: the correl. is rerdprip 5£ eret, 10. — eir^-y’yeWcTO irepircov ay- 
ye'Xovs: pleonastic. 

7. KaTa iroXis : city by city; i.e.from city to city. — irXcw (rrXlova) : sc. OTpaTirjv. 

8. eKdo-Toion: agreeing with a word for the inhabitants of the cities. — tj 
irapetxov : abridged expression for i) barjv rrapeixov ; the impf. is used because 
it refers to a repetition of the action. 

8. KaC: connecting the following nouns with arpar^v. — vc'as : ships-of-war. 

9. irXoia: transports, for animals and supplies. 

10. Iirl TpCa c'rca : i.e. 489-487 B.C. 

11. a>s . . . crTpaT€vcrop.€V(ov: with the avowed intention of proceeding; the 
alleged reason is also the real one. 

12. irapacrKeva^opivcov : coordinate with KaraXeyopilvcov. 

15. crT€XXop.€vou : when he was on the point of setting out. Synt. 84. 

17. «s Set piv ktX. : since he had to appoint a successor and then (ovrcv) set 
out; the preliminary ptc. contains, as often, the main idea and is taken up by 
oi/Tw. 

18. irporcpov : followed by the inf. like rrplv ij. 

19. Pao-iXevo-cu : ingressive aor.; so also fiaoiXdKravTi below. Synt. 98 a, 99 b. 

20. Ttop-ueco : Gobryas was one of the seven conspirators who slew the false 
Smerdis. See 126, 31 ff. Four other wives of Darius were mentioned, 132,19 ff. 

23. p/qTpos: pred. gen. 

24. Kar’ on. .. dr\: on the ground that he was; the opt. because of im¬ 
plied indir. disc. Cf. in the following clauses bWi drj, ws dr]; the difference 
for the sake of variety. — yovou : collective ; progeny, children. 

25. vop,i£6p.€vov ttr) irpos ktX. : it was customary in the view of, etc. 

161. 2. ovk airoSctKvvpivov ko> *yvco|XT]v : had not yet expressed his opinion; 

the pres, because he was still refraining from expressing it. Synt. 86. — KaTa 
twvto TovTOitri: at the same time as (with) these events. 

3. Kal ATHAapiyros : the intensive is regular after ‘ the same.’ — avaPep-riKws : 
with the impf. of tv yx& v(j} the ptc. retains its own time reference; so the two 
following ptcs. 

6. cos T] <f>dns ptv e'xci: as the report goes about him. 

7. irpos roicrt eXeye eireo’i: in addition to what he had been saying. 

11. Kal 4v 2irdpTT|: such a custom at Sparta is mentioned nowhere else. 
The story of the intervention of Demaratus is probably without foundation. 
It is not likely that a Spartan king could have influenced the succession. 

12. voiaC^ccOcu • because of i<t>r\ in the parenthetical clause. — -qv ot pev ktX. : 
if some children have been born (previously) before their father became king. 

14. o\J/6yovos: late-born (relatively speaking) ; a poetic word, pleonastic 
with iTL-ylvrjraL. — rov Imyevopcvov : pred. gen. of possession. 

17. Sok€£iv 8c poi: Synt. 122. 

18. t) yap "Aroo-cra ctx* to irav KpaTos: doubtless the real reason for the 
accession of Xerxes. 

20. oppdro o"TpaT€t)€o’0ai: was hurrying his preparations for the expedition; 
cf. bpp-rjTo (TTparebecrdai, 160, 5. 

21. irapacrK£va£6p.€vov : in the midst of his preparations. 


Page 163, Line 6] 


NOTES 


297 


22. Pao-iXtvo-avra: when a rule is over it is thought of as a single occur¬ 
rence. — to, iravra: in all; i.e. 522-486 b.c. 

23. ol c^-yevero : was it permitted him. 

162. 1. Ilepcreaiv : partit. gen. with the superlative. — MctpSovios : leader of 
the unsuccessful expedition sent out by Darius in 492 b.c. See note on 152, 1. 

2. He'pfjrj p,€v . . . Aapttov %k : the difference in constr. for the sake of 
variety. 

3. toiovtov Xoyov ei'^CTO : persisted in such talk as this (lit. held on to it). 

4. Ilepo-as : Synt. 74. — p.rj oh ktX. : not to pay the penalty for what they had 
done; the redundant oh because oik6s ean upon which the phrase depends is 
itself negatived. Synt. 181. 

5. ct . . . irprjcrcrois : properly a supposition with the apodosis suppressed 
(aposiopesis), but it may be translated as a wish: may you accomplish. 

7. iva Xoyos <r€ e'xT| ktX. : cf. 161, 6, and the Horn, expression iva p.iv kXIos 
icdXbv ev avdp&TTOLCTLv %xV aLV ' Od. I. 95. 

8. xaC ns . . . <j>t)Xacro-T]Tai: and that people may guard against; for the 
use of ns, cf. 'iva ns <rr vylyai ical dXXos, Horn. II. VIII. 515, etc. 

9. Xoyos Tipcopos : an argument for vengeance. 

11. TT€piKaXXf|S : sc. i<rrL. 

12. t& rjp.€pa: cultivated; attributive of devdpea. — dpcTfjv re aKprj (i.e. x^PV) • 

unsjirpassed in fertility. 

13. a|Cri iKTfjtrGai: worthy to possess. — ola : with the ptc. — vcwTtpwv epytov 
I'mGvp.TjTfis : cf. novarum rerum cupidus Caesar B. G. I. 18, etc. 

14. avros : connect with elvat; for the case, see Synt. 81. 

15. KaTepyao-aTO: worked upon. — dve'ireurc w<tt€ : usually the inf. without 
w<rre is used. 

17. cptcXXe 4s x«tpas a£ecr0ai: was about to undertake. 

21. ovt€ . . . tc : not . . . but , as often. 

22. KaTTyyf|crop.£H ktX. : shall be the first to establish this custom (explained 
by ovdapcd kw 7jTpepilcrap.ev below). 

24. Iirctre : since, from the time when. 

26. 0609 . • • a-yei: an example of tragic irony; cf. 169, 4. — avroio-t rjp.iv 

rroXXa 6irerrouo-i: if we ourselves engage in many widertakings; the dat. with 
<rvp.(f)lperai, it turns out. 

27. ra p.4v: rel. clause, with the antecedent incorporated in it. 

28. KaT€pydo-avro : subdued; for a different meaning, see 1. 15. 

29. €rr«rTap.€vouri (.svr. vp.iv) ; since you know well. 

31. okws jxr) X€i^|/op.at (fut. mid. for fut. pass.) : obj. clause with i<f>p6vn£ov. 

— t«v rrporcpov ‘yevop.evtov: gen. with the comp, idea in XeLpopai, left behind, 
inferior to. Synt. 39. 

163. 1. Tip/fj: office, i.e. of king. 

2. 'irpotryivop.cvov: suppl. ptc. with evplaicu ); for the tense, see Synt. 89. 

3. Tfjs: rel. pron. attracted to the case of the omitted antecedent Tatr-qs 

— ovk . . . ov84 . . . 84: not ... or . . . but. 

4. np.wpiT|v t€ xal Tia-iv: Hdt. is fond of coupling synonyms. 

6. eXav o*TpaTOv = arparebeadai.. 


298 


NOTES 


[Page 163, Line 12 


12. irplv eXo>: until I seize; in Attic, &v would be required. Synt. 171 a. 

13. oi ye : the antecedent is implied in ras’Adrjvas. 

15. apa ’ApurrayopT): i.e. at his instigation ; see 149, 19 ff. — 8ov\w 8*': the 
particle connects two designations for the same person ; cf. 85, 9. 

17. ot 6 Aans ktX. : i.e. at the battle of Marathon. 

19. dvapriipai: I am bent upon. Synt. 95. 

20. 4v avrouri: therein; i.e. the expedition against Greece.—. . . xara- 
o-rpcvJ/opeSa : monitory protasis. Synt. 163. 

22. tleXoiros . . . x.copt)v: i.e. tt]v HeXoirbw^trov. 

23. t<u Aios at04pi opovpeowrav : coterminous with the ether of Zeus. The 
ancients thought of the heavens as a hemisphere covering the earth, which 
was a circular disk whose circumference coincided with that of the heavens. 

25. <r<}>4as irdo-as : all of them; i.e. all lands or cities. 

26. iruvGdvopai . . . €)(€iv: Synt. 137 a. 

29. tovtcov . . . virefjcHpTipevcov: if these are removed (from the number of 
our enemies). 

164. 1. 8s : you who , since you. 

2. liriKto : hit the mark. — Kal . . . ovk 4a<r€is: logically coordinate with to 
re &XXa \lyojv, but shifting to an independent clause. 

3. KdTaycXdo-cu: with dat. instead of the more regular gen. 

4. covTas dva^tovs (jtf. /carayeXchrat) : who have no right. — Seivov av c’lli] 

. . . el: after Set vov and similar words, el = Sri, hence ov (not u^) Tipupyo-b- 
p,eda. The sentence illustrates a common paratactic arrangement after words 
like detvov, davpacrrbv, etc. It would be a shocking thing that while we have re¬ 
duced to slavery the Sacce, etc., when they had ' done the Persians no injury , but 
merely wished to gain additional power, we shall not punish the Greeks , when they 
were the aggressors. 

9. ko£t|v : used contemptuously. 

10. lirio-TapeGa pev . . . ImorTapeGa 8e: anaphora. 

11. pd)(T]v : manner of fighting. 

12. ircuSas: so called because Athens was the ‘ mother city.’ 

14. eireXavvcov: suppl. ptc. with iireipiid'tjv. Synt. 132. 

16. oXlyov airoXiirovTi diriKecrOai: lacked only a little of reaching (lit. failed 
by a little'). 

19. to 4k tt]s ’Ao-Itjs: the attrib. expression belongs properly with vla.% also. 

20. 4s tovto 0dp<r€os: to that pitch of boldness. Synt. 31, 6. 

24. tov: at any rate. 

25. diro 7 re£pi]s ktX. : apparently a proverb; cf. Theocritus, Id. XV. 62. 
Trelpq.irdvTa TeXetrai. 

26. Too-avTa: adv. (cogn.) acc. with IxCkeiivas. 

27. 4ir4iravTO : was done. Synt. 95 b. 

28. irpoKtipevTj: equiv. to a pass, of xporldr]p.L (in a perf. sense) as usual. 

165 1. tu 8r| Kal ktX. : upon which fact he actually relied in speaking; eXeye 
has to be taken with both the rel. and the main clause. 

2. pi] X€x0 €l(r€,a)V: the neg. shows that the ptc. has conditional force. 

3. «tti : it is possible. — alpeoptvov 4X4o-0ai: in choosing to choose. 


Page 167, Line 4] 


NOTES 


299 


4. XcxGcurettv 84 : sc. yvw/jLeiov avriluv d\\ij\ri<Ti. 

5. €<tti: sc. rrjv dfidvct) . . . £\£<rdou. — avTov lir’ Iwvtov: (itself) by itself; 
the intensive often accompanies and emphasizes the refl. 

6. 'irapaTpCvj/cop.sv aXXa> xpvtru: rub it beside other gold (i.e. on the touch¬ 
stone). Fine gold, when rubbed upon the touchstone, made a red mark; 
adulterated gold made a dark streak. 

8. a8€\(f>€u> 84: see note on 163, 15. 

9. ov8ap.o0i yfjs • nowhere on earth. Synt. 46. Cf. Lat. ubi terrarum. 

10. t£ ovk . . . re: more often oure ... re. 

19. virep^xovTo. £wa: overweening creatures; placed proleptically as obj. of 
bpq. s instead of icepavvoi. 

22. to, ToiavTa: i.e. t£l pLeyiara. The sentiment found here became a com¬ 
monplace with later poets; cf. the fine lines in Horace (Od. II. X. 9-12): 
saepius ventis agitatur ingens | pinus et celsae graviore casu | decidunt turres 
feriuntque summos | fulgura montis. — <jn\4ei 6 0€os t& vnr6p4xovTa TravTa 
koXovciv : the keynote of the History. 

24. Kara toiovSc : in some such way as the following. 

25. 8i a>v 4(j>0dpr]<rav : tmesis. The aor. is gnomic. 

29. ovik Iovtojv d|va>v 4>Xavpcos aKoveiv: who do not deserve to be slightingly 
spoken of. 

166. 3. tovto (re pvo-€Tai ktX. : this will save you from receiving any punish¬ 
ment befitting your idle words, prjbeva because pvaerai has the force of a verb 
of preventing. Synt. 181. 

7. eirireXea iroifjo-&): a periphrasis for liriTeXlaw. — p.T] yap el'-qv ktX. : may 

I not be the son of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, etc., if I do not pumsh. 

11. aXX’ ovk Ikcivov : at least they will not. 

13. SapSis T6 €v4irpr]0‘av Kal r^Xacrav Is tt]v Ao"Ctiv : hysteron proteron ; see 
Introd. p. 45. 

16. to yap p,4<rov ktX. : for there is no middle ground of our enmity. 

18. Ti|xcop€€iv: to take vengeance. — iva Kal ktX. : that I may actually (naty 
know this terrible thing that I shall suffer; referring contemptuously to the 
warnings of Artabanus. 

20. niXovj/ 6 4>pv£: according to Pindar ( 01. 1, 24) a Lydian. 

21. &>s = &<TT€. 

23. €v<j>povTj re lyiv€TO Kal S^'pliiv €Kvt^6: parataxis, instead of ‘when night 
came on,’ etc. For the euphemism in evcppovr), see on 51, 28. 

24. vvktI PovXt]v 8i8ovs : leaving counsel to the night; i.e. allowing night to 
fill the role of counselor. 

25. €vpio"K€ ol ov irpfiyfjitt etvai: he found that it was not the thing (i.e. advis¬ 
able ) for him. 

27. Karv'irvaxrc : he fell asleep. — Kal 8f| kov : and now perhaps. •— d>s XlyeTai 
vnrd Ilepcrlcov: the account of the dream, however, is thoroughly Greek. 

28. av8pa ol I'rrurravra : cf. Horn. II. II. 20 ff. 

167. 1. |x€rd 8r] PovXtveai: tmesis ; do you by change of plan decide? 

4. ovt£ 6 crvyyvaxrojuvos roi irdpa (irdpeari) : nor is there zvith you one who 
will pardon you. 


300 


NOTES 


[Page 167, Line 5 


5. twv oSwv : partit. gen. with ra 6tt]p. 

6. diroirracrGab : cf. ^x er ’ o.TroTTTdfj.evos. Horn. II. II. 71. 

7. 6 84 : repetition of the subj. 

9. &Yxk rT P°4 >a PovXevopai: I make a sudden change of plan. 

10. <j>p€vcov t€ -yap kt\. : for I have not yet reached the prime of my mental 
powers ; (ppevwv and 4/xecourov both limit rd tt pQra. 

14. &€iK&rT€pa . . . -q XP €0V : more insolent than I should. 

15. o-vyyvovs : having come to the same mind (as he). 

16. ws p.€Ta8e8o'yp€vov : on the understanding that I have decided by change of 
mind ; acc. abs. 

17. 'fjo-vxoi 60 -T 6 : make no move , remain inactive. 

20. Kal St] <j>aiveai kt\. : have you really openly renounced ? for the ptc. with 
<palveadou , see Synt. 137 c. 

22. a>s irap’ ovSevos aKovcras : as though you had heard them from a nobody. 

23. 4£ av»T«v: therefrom; i.e. from your conduct. 

26. avd t€ €8paji€ : cf. 72, 24; 131, 2. 

27. icaXtovra : fut. 

31. uTre0f|Kao : 1 aor. mid. of viroTid-qpu ; a rare form. 

168. 2. TeTpapptva) Kal pcTeyvwKori: synonyms. — 4ir«f>oiTd>v = iirKpoirdov. 

3. ovSapws o-vveiraivov 4ov: by no means approving. 

4. vvv 84: just now. 

5. ol irdvTtos 4v r]8ovf): it is altogether his pleasure. 

6. 4'n , i7rnf|cr€Tai Kal co£: he will appear to you too ; with the verb cf. airoirTa- 
oOcu, 167, 6. 

7. opouos Kal 4>j.ob: just as to me. 

8. av -yivopeva: indir. disc, with evplaicb), representing hv ylvoiro of the dir. 

11. ol: his. Synt. 53. 

15. koItov eiroiesTO : he was sleeping. 

16. (nrepcrdv: cf. Horn. II. II. 20. ott) 5’ dp’ birkp K€(pa\ijs. 

17. o"v 8f|: you really. 

18. ws 8tj kt]86|a€vos avroi : as though you were anxious for him forsooth; 
St/ttov is more common in this sense. 

20. diroTpeirttv: with conative force. — Sepl'nv: placed at the beginning of 
the clause for emphasis; as for Xerxes ; subj. of iradeiv. 

24. os : dem. pron. — ap{3wo-as : for avafiuHras ; cf. 52, 25. 

26. ola dvGpcoiros IScov kt\. : as a man who has seen many great powers brought 
low by lesser ones. 

29. pejivTipevos pev ktX. : remembering the expedition of Cyrus against the 
Massagetce how it fared; for the case of <tt6\ov, see Synt. 35 c. This expedi¬ 
tion took place about 529 b.c. and resulted in the death of Cyrus. (Book I. 
201 ff.). 

30. pepvr]p4vos 84: note the anaphora. 

31. tov lir’ AtGboiras tov Kapf3vo-€« : an expedition upon which the soldiers 
were driven by famine to devour many of their own number. (Book III. 25.) 

_o-vo-TpaTcvoptvos: ptc. representing the impf. This expedition is described 

in Book IV. See note on 140, 1. 


Page 170, Line 25] 


NOTES 


301 


169 . 2. axpepC£ovxa '• with cond. force. 

4. ''EXX^vas <|>0opf| xis KaxaX.apPd.vei 0ef|Xaxos: an example of tragic irony. 
See 162, 26. 

5. rpd,Tropai Kal xqv ‘yvwpriv pexaxi06pai: cf. 168, 2, with note. 

8. iroCee 84 ovxtos kxX. : act in such a way that no effort on your own part shall 
be lacking. Synt. 146. 

12. 4<]>a(v6To . . . <j>avepos rjv: synonymous. 

15. airo : temporal. 

16. 4irl T€o"<r€pa cxea: i.e. 484-481 b.c. 

17. irepirTo) cxe'i avopeva): in the course of the fifth year. 

18. x €l P^ 'irXfiOeos : with a great body of troops. Synt. 66 a. — crxoXtov 

twv rjpeis ISpev -ttoXXw pe-yio-xos: cf. Thucydides I. 23. tQv trpoTlpuv epywv 
p.kyiGTov eirpax^V t6 M rjdiKbv. 

20. irapd xovxov : in comparison with this. 

21. pq84va : of no (after the neg. any) importance. — xov 2kv0ikov : the Cim¬ 
merians were driven from their home north of the Euxine Sea by the Scythi¬ 
ans in the middle of the seventh century B.C. 

23. xa ava> xrjs ’Atrujs: tcpper Asia ; i.e. the region between the Tigris and 
the Indus Rivers. 

24. €Tip(op€€TO : with conative force. — Kara xa Xcyopeva: i.e. according to 
traditional accounts, such as the Catalogue of Ships in Iliad II. 

26. irpo xcov TpaHKwv : before the Trojan War. 

29. xo Trpos pctrapPpi-ris : southward. 

170 . 1. o*8’ : as if the neg. ovk had preceded ; not these or others. 

2. d£iai: a match for. 

3. koiov : lit. what sort of; probably used after r£ for variety’s sake. 

5. 4xexd,xo>'ro : were assigned. 

6. apa crxpaxevopevouri: while at the same time joining the expedition. 

8. xovxo p«v: with no corresponding tovto see note on 1. 16. — d>s 
irpoa-irxaurd.vxttv kxX. : on the ground that those who first sailed had come 
to grief. This refers to the expedition under Mardonius; see note on 

152, 1. 

10. 4 k xpiwv exf'wv : beginning three years before. — kov pd,X urxa : somewhere 
about ; qualifying the numeral. 

12. xnro pacrxCycov : tinder the lash. 

16. £ev£avxas: i.e. by joining the opposite banks by means of boats.— 
xavxa p4v: picking up tovto p.iv, 1. 8. 

18. 4v a> . . . 4v xovxo) : while . . . meanwhile. 

20. KpixciXXajv: the site of Critalla is not definitely known, but it was 
somewhere on the royal road to Susa, east of the Halys River. 

21. 4v0avxa (Att. IvTavda) : i.e. at Critalla. — irdvxa xov kxX. : all the army 
on the mainland that was going to march , etc. 

23. irpwxa pev: the correlative is peT& 5^, 171, 1. 

24. yijv x€ Kal v8o>p : as tokens of submission. 

25. TrXf|v: except that. — ovx« 4s’A0f|vas ovxc 4s AaKeSaipova: because, as 
Hdt. says elsewhere (Book VII. 133), his former messengers the Athenians 


302 


NOTES 


[Page 170, Line 25 


threw into a pit and the Lacedemonians cast into a well, telling them to get 
earth and water from there. 

26. cirt: to fetch. 

171. 1. ol Sc: and they; i.e. Phoenicians and Egyptians; see 1. 7. 

3. rfjs Xcpo-oWjo-ou : limiting a/cr^. 

4 . p.€Ta|v : placed between the two dependent genitives. 

6 . cyc<|>vpovv: sc. as subj. the antecedent of roicn. 

7. tt]v p,ev . . . tt]v Sc: agreeing with ylepvpav understood. By the ‘ bridge ’ 
Hdt. means the cables connecting the boats. — XcvkoXlvov . . . (3vpXivr]v : 
gen. of material followed by adj. limiting the subst.; as usual, showing the 
author’s desire for variety. Papyrus is an Egyptian product. 

8 . co-Tt: sing, verb with pi. subj. referring to an interval of space. Synt. 1 c 
— cs Tqv airavTCov : sc. yrjv. 

9 . c£€vyp.cvov : perf. of the finished product. 

10. CKctva : i.e. tcl l£evyp.lva. 

12. c-iriKeo-Qcu pao-rCyi: equiv. to fxao-Tiy&o-cu, to scourge , hence followed by 
the acc. — irX^yas : cogn. acc. Hdt. treats the Hellespont as a rebellious 
slave. 

13. ‘qSrj r^KOvcra : I have heard too. 

15. wv: at any rate; implying some doubt of the story of the scourging. 

18. rjv tc . . . v\v tc p.^ : whether ... or not. 

19. dpa : after all. 

20 . 0vci: it was customary to offer sacrifices to great rivers to propitiate 
them. The Hellespont is here called a river because of its strong current. 
It is called irlXayos (open sea ) 1. 13 ; ddXacrcra, 1 21. 

21 . ^qpiovv: contr. fr. fy/uudeiv its subj,, like that of ImKladai, 1. 12, is left 
indefinite ; we should use the pass, constr.: that it be punished. 

22. twv iirco’TccoTcov Tfi £cv|i: those m charge of the construction; the gen. 
limits ras ice<pa\ as. 

24. Tas 84 : but other bridges. 

25. tcl twv -ycc{>vp4wv: hardly more than ai y£<pvpai. — tcl ircpl t6v”A0wv: 

the works about Athos. 

26. apa tw eapi: i.e. early in April. 

28. ckXittwv tt]v ck tov ovpavov 48pt|v : leaving its seat in the heavens; for 
the proleptic use of the prep., see 51, 5. 

29. ovt 1 €Triv€<j>€\e<{>wv ovtwv : though the weather was not cloudy. — al0piqs 
tc (jr. loverr)s) tcl paXicrTa : but when there was a perfectly clear sky. 

30. 186 vti Sc Kal pa0ovTi: the ptes. are practically synonymous. 

172. 1. to 0 c\ci -irpo<j>aiv€iv : what it would portend; for the rel. in an indir. 
quest., see 92, 16 and note. 

3. 6 0eos: i.e. the Sun. — -qXiov: without the art. virtually equiv. to a 
proper name ; so o-eXijvTjv, 1. 4. 

4. irpoScKTopa: fore-shower; perhaps coined by Hdt.; found only here.— 
<reXr|VT]v 8c o-<j>cwv ( 'ypodlKTopa ) : probably only a Greek notion; see next 
note. 


Page 174, Line 26] 


NOTES 


303 


7. tov tjXiov 40cX.ovt€s tSco-Gcu avurxovTa: the Persians were sun worship¬ 
pers and waited for the sacred moment of its rising before a great under¬ 
taking. 

12. toulvtt|v . . . r\ pav -iraijcret Karaorrp€\|/a<r0ai: such ... as to prevent 
his reducing. 

13. irporepov ■>]... •y^Tai: more commonly irplv (i)) &v ytvqTou. Synt. 

171 a. 

18. p.€T£p.eX.T]are . . . pao-Tvycoo-avTi: he regretted . . . having scourged. Synt. 
136. 

20. irpos tov IIovtov . . . irpos to At-yaiov: for the difference in case, see 
on 99, 9. 

21. r) iiriros : the cavalry. 

22. t] 0€pairr|ir): abstract noun used as collective. 

24. o-TpaTOs : sc. Silfiaive. 

173. 4. t]8ti 8e ijkovo-o.: cf. 171, 13. In both places Hdt. probably doubts 
the report. 

12. dvdtrTaTov . . . n-oi^o-ai: a common periphrasis. 

13. €|t]v toi iroieiv : you might have done it. Synt. 104, 2. 

19. irc^ov : here an adj. — 4<|>dvT] (sc. 8v) : was shown to be. 

20. e£ripC0|rqo-av tovSc tov Tpoirov : this can hardly be authentic. The num¬ 
bers given by Hdt. are probably greatly exaggerated. 

21. ws p.d\io-Ta etxov : as much as they could. 

26. p.€xpt ov (xpbvov') : until. 

28. ey^vcTO : came to. 

174. 3. ovvopa p.€v €tx« kt\. : while it was ostensibly proceeding against 
Athens , it was really directed, etc.; paratactic arrangement of clauses. 

7. ws . . . ‘irao-op.cvoi: in the belief that they would suffer. — ovScv dxa.pi: 
euphemism ; cf. 63, 3. 

11. p.Tj8 i^ovto)v : side with the Medes. The Medes, who were conquered by 
the Persians, were often identified with them in the speech of the Greeks. 

12. ■yvwp.T|v €7 ti4>0ovov : invidious (\unpopular ) opinio7i; because at the time 
when this was probably written the Peloponnesian War was in progress, 
during which many Greek states were arrayed against Athens. — -n-pos: in the 
view of. 

14. ovk i'TTiorxr| 0 'a> (sc. yv&pLTiv airodl^acrdai) : I shall not refrain. 

16. cfjeXurov: had abandoned; as a matter of fact, the Athenians did leave 
the city, but only to fight for it at Salamis. 

18. iiretpwvTO : impf. because referring to a continued act in past time. 
Synt. 160. — dvTicvp.€vot (avribopiai) : Synt. 132. 

20. ToidSc eyiveTO : pointing forward. — T€ix««v ki0«v€S (x^Cive s) : a poetic 
periphrasis for rdxea. 

21. i\.T]Xap.evoi: fr. i\abvw. — IIeXo 7 rovvT|o-iouri: Synt. 56. 

22. av : connect with ip.ovv<I)0ri<Tav below. 

26. r\ TavTa: asyndeton, because a summary.—irpo tov: before that. — 
opoivTcs av: in this case av is repeated with its verb. 


304 


NOTES 


[Page 174, Line 28 


28. Iir 1 d|i<|>6T€pa : in both cases , i.e. in either case. 

29. T-qv : placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis, 

and made the obj. of tti ideodcu instead of the subj. of 9)v. For the tense of ijv, 
see on lireipCivTO 1. 18. 

175. 1. vvv 84 : but as it is. 

3. TdXr]0£os : crasis for too aXydlos ; for the case, see Synt. 34. eirl oko- 
T€pa twv Trpr|yp.dTcov : i.e. to whichever side. 

4. pe\J/€iv epeXXe: Synt. 96 a. — IXopcvoi 8e ktX. : choosing that Greece remain 

free. 

5. to 'EXX^vikov : obj. of eireyeipapres. 

7. peTa ye 0eox>s : next to the gods. — dvwcrdpcvoi: fr. avudlw. 

10. dv€o*)(ovTO . . . 84£ao-0ai: Synt. 132 a. 

12. to Ipov : i.e. the whole sacred precinct. 

15. Xiirwv 4>€vy’ €o-\aTa yauis ktX. : fee to the ends of the earth , leaving your 
homes , etc. The sing, verb is used because the advice is to the whole people 
regarded as a unit. 

16. TpoxoeiSeos: referring to the circular city wall. — aKpa Kap^va: i.e. the 
Acropolis. 

18. iroScs veaTOt: cf. ir68a vlarov ”ISt]s, Horn. II. II. 824.—X € P € S (x e ‘P es ) : 
poetic form. — p4cnnis : Ep. for plays. 

19. d£t|Xa (= &8yXa) : unseen , i.e. annihilated. — KaTa . . . IpeCirei: casts 
down , demolishes. — piv : i.e. ryv ttSXlp. 

20. o£us ’'Aprjs: often in Homer; here applied to Xerxes. — SupiTpytyes 
appa SitoKcov: cf. iEsch. Persians 85. Si ;piov appa Sulucup. In both places 
‘ Syrian ’ means no more than Asiatic. 

21. kov : crasis for /cal ov. 

22. paXepw irvpt: often in Horn. 

23. oi: the antecedent is pyob s. — peovpcvoi: as if fr. pelio ; the usual form 
is plu. The mid. is used here like the act. 

24. KaTa: with kIx v tcu; tmesis. — op6<j>ouriv: dat. with /cara/c^i/rai, in¬ 
stead of the more usual gen.; this constr. is sometimes found in Homer; eg. 
II. III. 10. 

25. KaKOTTjTOS dvdyKas : unavoidable misfortune. 

26. 1!tov : apparently there were two debirpoiroi. — KaKols 4iriKi8vaT€ Ovpov : 
variously translated ; e.g. spread a brave spirit over your ills , or steep your soul in 
woes , i.e. succumb to them; the last is perhaps better. 

27. crvpcj>opf| Tfj peyioTT-rj 4xp4&>vTo: i.e. ‘were afflicted with the greatest 
despair’; cf. 119, 18. 

28. irpopdXXovtri,: agreeing with <r0i, 1. 30. — xnro : under the influence of. 

30. opoia t« paXio-Ta (sc. Soulpip) : equally with the most famous , i.e. ‘ of as 

high repute as any.’ 

176. 1. ScvTepa avTis: Homeric. — IX0ovTas: acc. after the dat. XajSoOat, 
agreeing with the omitted subj. of the inf. 

6. avrov TrjSe : cf. avrov rabry, 130, 29. — sctt’ av TeXevTfprwpev : Synt. 171. 
— TavTa 8e Xcyovcri: repeating ravra Xlyovai above; the 81 of apodosis. 


Page 177, Line 23] 


NOTES 


305 


8. IlaXXds : as the patron goddess of Athens. 

10. dSapavTi ireXdo-as : bringing it close to adamant , i.e. ‘ making it strong as 
adamant.’ 

11. *yap : not to be translated ; see on 50, 12. — KiKpoiros ovpos : referring 
to the Acropolis, supposed to have been settled by Cecrops, or, perhaps, to 
the border of Attica. 

12. K€v0p.cbv KiGcupwvos : the vale of Cithaeron. Mt. Cithasron forms the 
boundary between Attica and Boeotia. 

13. Tpiroyevei: an epithet of doubtful origin; according to Hdt. (Book 
IV. 180) Athena was said to be the child of Poseidon and Lake Tritonis in 
Libya. 

15. l-inroa-vvT|v: abstract noun used instead of a collective; cf. depair-pir], 
172, 22. — piveiv : inf. used for imv. 

16. “qo-vxos : pred. adj. with p.eveiv, instead of an adv. 

17. ir 0 T€ : in Hdt. kotI, cf. ttov ( kov ) 1. 19. — KdvTios (/cal olvtLos) eVorrj : yoit 
will face (them). 

18. airoXeis 8i : the usual position of the particle, when a vocative precedes 

19. At| p.f| t€ pos : metonymy for o-Ltov. — o-vviovcrrjs : gathered in. The battle 
of Salamis occurred on the twenty-eighth of September. 

20. TavTa crcjn kt\. : since this both seemed and was gentler than the former 
response. 

22. is tov Sfjpov : before the assembly. 

23. 8i£r)p.iv<ov to p.avTr)iov : as they sought the meaning of the oracle; the ptc. 
limits yvQ/j.a.L. 

24. <ruv€<rTT)Kvicu: conflicting. 

27. iir€<|)paKTO : fr. (ppdaaoo . — ol piv 8f|: taking up pLere^lrepoi above. 

177. 1. eo-4>aX.\€ : baffled; the subj. is ra dtio reXevTaia. 

5. <ruv€X* OVTO : were confounded, made doubtful. 

7. iXapPavov : understood , interpreted; cf. <rvp.[3dX\e<rdcu, 1.11; crvXhafidvovTi, 

1. 17. 

8. twv tis ’A0T]vai£ov : a favorite order with Hdt. 

9. is Trpa>TOtis v€&)o-rl irapuov : recently coitie into prominence. 

10. iKaXicTo : poetic for Tjv. 

12. «Ix € • • • €tpT|p.6vov: periphrasis for elpTjro. 

13. ouk dv ktX. : it would not , he thought , have been uttered so mildly. SoKeetv 
is the main verb in this clause, inf. because of \lycvv. puv refers to to iVos. 

14. tov : with the phrase & delrj 2a\a/us. — et' irip -ye : if really. 

15. apcj)’ avTtj: about it; hence for it. 

17. trvXXapPdvovTi ( 'nvt ) Kara to op0ov : if one understands aright; the dat. 
of relation. Synt. 58. 

19. tovtov: referring to the ships, but agreeing in gender and number 
with the pred. reix^os. 

20. diro4>aivop.6vov : sc. yvdpirjv. 

21. alpcTcoTepa pdXXov : pleonastic. 

22. ovk ewv : forbade, opposed. — to <rvpirav ctirai: to put it comprehensively. 

23. iKXnrdvTas . . . oIkC^iv : sc. IkIXbvov from oik ewv. 


306 


NOTES 


[Page 177, Line 25 


25. ore ’A0r)vaioun. kt\. : when the Athenians had amassed great wealth in the 
public treasury . . . and were going to share it individually, each man receiving 
ten drachmas. The mines in Laurium were the property of the state and 
were productive from early times. 

28. \a£e<r0ai: fr. Xa 7 x<£vw. 

30. tovtwv twv XP T U JL °' TWV " of price. —ttoit]O‘(io"0ch : to cause to be made. 

178 . 1. tov irpos Alyivf|Tas Xeywv: meaning that with the JEginetans; see 
note on 152, 12. 

3. cu 8c ktX. : but they were not used for the purpose for which they were made. 

9. imOopivovs : after fiov\evop.lvOL<ri ; cf. 176, 1. 

10. r ov T<t0|a6v : where a congress of deputies from loyal Greek states 
had met upon news of the approach of Xerxes. 

11. <ttt|o-ovt(u : trans. establish, institute, hence wage. — oi'ouri: instead of 
the simple rel. rotcri parallel to rrj ; the difference merely for variety. 

13. Tfjs cs 0ccr<raXCr|v : i.e. the pass of Tempe. 

14. pia ayx OTe P T l T€ KT X. : single and nearer their own land. In Thessaly 
there were two ways. 

16. irpoTcpov rj = rplv ij, as often. 

18. irapievat: to let pass. 

19. Tprjxtvos : here the district at the head of the Malian Gulf; usually the 
town. — tt]v 'EXXdSa : i.e. Central Greece, excluding Thessaly. 

20. TT) o"tcivotcLtt| i jc. 1<xtLv. Hdt. is speaking of the Pass of Thermopylae 
proper. There were two spots, at either end of the defile, which was about 
three miles long, where the passage was actually narrower. — Tjpi'TrXcOpov : i.e. 
fifty feet. — KaTa tovto : at this spot. 

21. TO o-TcivoTttTov Tfis x^P'HS o-XX^s : i.e. narrower than the rest of the 
region or the narrowest part of the whole region. For the idiom, see on 60, 16. 

22. cpirpocrOe : i.e. in the direction of the invader. —- oirio-0c : i.e, at the 
other end of the pass. — kg.t<x tc ’AXtttjvovs ktX. : making more precise the 
previous statement and in chiastic order. 

25. twv ©cpp.oTrvXcwv : limiting rb irpbs etnrepTjs, an adv. expression. Hdt. is 
mistaken in the direction; the mountains are south, the sea north of the pass. 

27. 0aXao-o-a . . . Kal Tcvayca : the sea had gradually receded, and today 
the pass is separated from the sea by a tract of marshy ground a mile or more 
in width. 

28. 0epp.d XovTpa: warm springs were usually sacred to Heracles, as, ac¬ 
cording to the legend, they were created by Athena for his refreshment. The 
whole region was associated with him, and Mt. CEta was the legendary scene 
of his death and apotheosis. 

29. XvTpovs : caldrons or basins provided for collecting the water for baths. 

179 . 2. to -n-aXaiov : adv.; cf. Ik tt a\cuov below. 

4. €K€ito : lay in ruins. 

5. op0wccuri: after they had rebuilt it; preliminary to airap-bveiv, not edo^e. 

7. €TricriTi€iar0ai : fr. iwunri^opai. 

11. lo-pepXr^Kws r[v: periphrasis for ^(re/3e/3 Xl/rei. — Kal S-rj = ijdr]. — TpiTaios : 

on the third day. 


Page 181, Line 10] 


NOTES 


307 


13. Tpr]\tvtr]: i.e. the district; called T prjx^, 178, 19. — 4v Tfj SioSto : in the 
Pass of Thermopylae proper, midway between the two iaoboi ; see note on 
178, 20. 

17. 6 p4v : i.e. Xerxes. — twv irpos Pop-qv avepov 4x<$vt«v : the region extend¬ 
ing toward the north; strictly toward the west; see note on 178, 25. 

18. Tpr])(tvos : i.e. the town. — irpos votov t€ k<x! pecrapPptrjv : fulness of 
expression. 

19. <J>epovT(ov = exbvTiov above. — to 4irl TauTi^s tt]s r|ir€ipov : upon this con¬ 
tinent; i.e. that of Europe; the expression is adv. with <t>ep6vTwv. 

180. 1. avTol . . . ol "EXX^ves : i.e. the Greeks at Thermopylae, independ¬ 
ently, without appealing to the federal council at Corinth. 

4. <r4>i: i.e. the Opuntian Locrians and the Phocians. 

6. ov yap 0eov ctvai: sc. \iyovres. 

8 . 4£ apx.fjs yivopcvcp: straightway from birth. 

9. toio"i psyitrTouri . . . peyicrra : for the sentiment, cf. 165, 18. 

11. 8o£t|s : expectation, i.e. of success. 

12. ttj v TpT]x.tva : as 178, 19. 

13. CKdorrtov : limiting arparr]yoi 

15. AecoviS^s : Ionic form, the Doric is Aeuvldas. 

16. 8i£a>v = SvQv. 

18. direXf|\aTO rfjs 4>povTi8os : he was far removed from the thought. 

19. diraiSos cptrevos yovov : the same expression 81, 26. 

21. ovrco S-rj : summing up the ptcs. and emphasizing them as the cause of 
is A. avifiaive 17 PacriXiijlr]. — Kai : both. 

23. KXeopeveos 0vyaT€pa : i.e. Gorgo ; see note on 148, 27. 

24. os : dem. pron. 

25. to us KaT6(TT£»Tas TpiTjKoo'ious : the usual (fixed) three hundred; picked 
men who were always in readiness and went out to war under the leadership 
of the king. — toicti 4T’uyxavov iraiScs 4ovt€s : those who happened to have sons ; 
so that, in case of their death, their families might not die out. 

26. tovs ktX. : whom I reckoned in my emimeration ; i.e. 179, 28. 

30. KaTT|yopT|To p-qSiteLv: the charge had been brought of siding with the 
Medes ; the inf. is subj. of Karrjybp^To. 

181. 2. aXXa 4>pov«6vT€s : though they were otherwise minded; i.e. inclined 
toward the Persian cause. During the Peloponnesian War there was very 
bitter feeling in Athens against the Thebans, and this feeling is reflected in 
the insinuation of Hdt. against their loyalty. There is no evidence of their 
disloyalty at this time, although later they did ‘ medize.’ 

6. Kdpveia : the great national festival of the Dorians celebrated in the 
month of August in honor of Apollo; during it they always refrained from 
war. 

8. 4v€v<ovto . . . TroiT] 0 "£tv: were minded ... to do ; the fut. inf. on the 
analogy of indir. disc, after a verb of thinking. 

9. KaTa tuvto . . . toutoicti : at the same time as these events. 

10. ’OXupirids: more commonly tol ’OXi5/x7rta; the great festival of the 
Olympic Games which lasted five days. 


308 


NOTES 


[Page 181, Line 21 


21. oXCyoov . . . dXe£a(r9ai: too few ... to ward off. 

23. okocoi el<r! kcu o ti iroieoitv : indie, and opt. combined in indir. disc 
— dKTjKocc: plpf. See Dial. 41. 

27. Karcopa : in Att. Kadedpa. — ou : as if he had written to aTparbirebov irav 
p.kv 0 &. 

28. to avop0cG(ravT6s ktX. : which they had erected and held under guard. 

182. 1. 6 8e totjs : correl. with irav pkv ov ; 6 5e resumes the subj. after 
the parenthetical sentence that intervenes. — €pdv0ave: of sense perception, 
as often in Hdt. Cf. 4p.dvdave, 1. 5, where sense perception and mental action 
are combined in the meaning. 

4. Tas Kopas: the Spartans wore their hair long. At Athens it was a sign 
of foppery or of ‘ Laconism.’ 

6. ko.t t] crux it) v : unmolested. 

9. to €ov : the fact or truth ; cf. 58, 14. 

10. dXXa . . . yap : hit . . . since. 

15. Kal irpoTcpov : i.e. Book VII. 102 ff. In reply to the king’s question 
whether he should meet resistance, Demaratus had said that the Spartans at 
any rate would oppose him, no matter how few their numbers. That conver¬ 
sation, as well as the one given here, is undoubtedly imaginary and inspired 
by the actual result. 

16. ycXcoTo, pc e0€u : you made me a laughingstock. 

17. Tfj irep ktX. : the way in which I saw that matters would turn out. 

19. dycov peyicrros : highest endeavor. 

20. ainKaTai: in Att. cupiy/ilvoi elcrL. 

21. TauTa : for this; cogn. acc. — €x«v ecrri = e%ei. 

22. kiv8uv€U€iv Tfj v|/uxfj: to risk their lives; for the dat., see Synt. 60. 

23. cl . . . KaTao-Tp€\J/€ai : monitory prot. Synt. 163. 

25. uTropevta x € ^P a s avTaetpopevov : will endure to resist you; for the ptc., 
see Synt. 132. 

26. PacriXTiCtiv KaXXC<TTT)v: because founded by the Heracleidae, the oldest 
and most illustrious family in Greece; perhaps also a reflection of the pride 
in his country often observed in the speeches Hdt. puts in the mouth of 
Demaratus. 

28. TocovToi: only so many; i.e. so few. 

30. xpO' ar ® £tl: used as imv. 

183. 1. TrapTjKe : let pass. 

3. dvaiSeCr) t« ktX. : through (lit. by the use of') shamelessness and recklessness. 

6. tj>€pop€voi: with a rush. 

10. ttoXXoI psv av9pa>TTOi ktX. : though there were many persons , there were 
few men. 

13. aOavaTous : so called, because the number was constant, for as one 
man fell another took his place (Book VII. 83). 

14. cos Sr) ktX. : in the thought, forsooth, that these would easily conquer. For 
di/ in this sense, see 101, 23. 

15. ouSev TrXeov ecfiepovTO : they gained no greater success. 


Page 185, Line 5] 


NOTES 


309 


17. 4v (rmvoTropo): i.e. eu Ty 5i65y, 179, 13. 

20. aXXa tc aTroSeiKvvpevoi . . . Kal . . . <(>€v‘y6<rKOv : since they not only 
showed in other ways . . . but would flee; a shift in constr. 

21. okcos €vTpe\|/eiav: we should expect to find this expressed by a ptc. pre¬ 
liminary to (frebyeo-Kov ; i.e. ‘they would turn their backs and flee.’ 

22. 8q0€v : with ironic force, as usual. 

23. av . . . \nre<TTp€<]>ov: for &v with the impf. expressing frequently re¬ 
peated action, see Synt. 107. Note that vttovt plQu) is intr., but cf. p-craorpe- 
(pbpevoL. 

24. avHoi ctvai: to face. 

27. ISvvearo = idbvavro .— tt^s 4<to8ov : gen. with ireipdopevoi. Synt. 34. 

28. Kal KaTa Tt'Xea Kal -rravroicos : both by companies and in every fashion. 

30. 0t]€vp.€vov : i.e. from one of the surrounding heights. — avaSpapetv ktX. : 
perhaps imitated from Horn. II. XX. 62, Selvas 5’ kr. dpbvov aXro said of Hades 
terrified by an earthquake caused by Poseidon. 

184. 2. oXvywv 4 ovt« v : sc. t&v 'EXX^wv. 

7. tt]v aTpairov: cf. 178, 15. — aXXoiorepov . . . . . . 4vwpwv : different 

from what they had seen ; the impf. because of repeated past action. 

9. o ti x.pr)<r€Tai: how he should deal with. 

11. a>s SoKtcov ol'<r€<r0at =: ws olcr6p.€uos : in the belief that he would get. 

12. e<|>pacre T€ . . . Kal 8i€<j>0£ip€: by revealing ... he destroyed (para¬ 
taxis). 

14. T^pecre (fr. a.ploKb)') : sc. oi: he was pleased with. 

16. twv 4orTpaT-qY€€ ‘YSdpvqs : i.e. the Immortals. — oppeaTO = Ibpp.'pvTo. 

20. KeiTai: used as pass, of (in the sense of a perf.), but hardly 

different from i<rrl. 

22. irpwTT|v eovo-av ktX. : first of the Locrian cities on the side of the Malian; 

i.e. a border town. 

23. Kara McXapirvyou Xf0ov Kal Kara KepKWTrcov eSpas : at the stone of 
Melampygus and the seats of the Cercopes. Melampygus was a nickname of 
Heracles, and the stone called his was one on which he lay down to sleep. 
There two mischievous dwarfs called Cercopes stole his arms, in punishment 
for which he tied them head downward to a pole and carried them off on his 
shoulders. This scene is represented on one of the earliest of extant sculp¬ 
tures, a metope of the temple of Selinus in Sicily, now preserved in the 
museum at Palermo. 

24. tt) Kal to o-rcivoTaTov 4 <tti : cf. 178, 21. 

25. TavTT|v . . . Kal OVTWS «xou<rav: the second attributive a little more 
precise than the first; this . . . and such (as I have described it). 

28. t|«s t€ 8i4<j>aive Kal ol kytvovro : when dawn was beginning to show , they 
reached (parataxis). 

185. 2. irpoTepov poi ScSTjXwTai: i.e. 184, 6. 

4. t] Karw 4o-poXfi; i.e. the Pass proper. — xhto twv el'pqTat: condensed 
expression for xnrb Tobrwv virb r&v elprjrai. 

5. 40eXovTai: notice the accent. — viroSeldpcvoi AewviSfl : under promise to 

Leonidas. 


310 


NOTES 


[Page 185, Line 7 


7. <38e: pointing forward to T/v /xkv drj kt\. ; the intervening sentence is 
parenthetical. — dva,p<uvovT€s . . . IXavGavov : they made the ascent unob¬ 
served; for the suppl. ptc. with \avddvw, see Synt. 134. 

10. ava t€ eSpapov : cf. 167, 26. 

13. IXiropcvoi: thinking , as often. 

19. eirio-rdpcvoi <*>s ktX. : imagining that they had advanced against themselves 
in the beginning. For iTrLara/xai with a ws-clause even though meaning 
‘ think,’ see Synt. 137 b. 

20. 'irap«<TK€vd8aro : in Att. irape<TKeva<Tp.lvoi ^<rav. 

22. ol 84 : repetition of the subj. 

25. latSwv 4s t& Ipa : when he had inspected the victims. 

26. Itti 84 : and besides. 

27. ovtoi p4v : i.e. Megistias and the deserters. , 

28. Tperoi: in the third place ; pred. adj. — ol ripepoo-Koiroi: sc. la^^vav. 

186. 4. 8iQKpi04vT€s : in agreement with the two subjects ol /xlv, ol 54. 

5. Kaia iroXis : to their several cities; cf. 160, 7. 

8. ovik 4x,€iv cvirpe^tos : it was not fitting; the indir. statement of Leonidas’s 
opinion. 

9. Is ttjv rjXGov 4>x>\d£ovT€s dpxfjv : to which they had come in the first place 
to guard; or better to guard which they had come , etc. 

11. ofyovTo re . . . kcu limGovTO : i.e. ‘ they went off in obedience.’ 

13. dlKovT€s . . . Kal ov PouXopcvot: synonymous expressions emphasiz¬ 
ing the author’s belief in the disloyalty of the Thebans. 

14. Iv opfjpwv Xoya) Troievpevos : regarding them as hostages. 

15. ovk 6<j>ao-av : refused. 

19. rjXlov avarcCXavTos o"irov8as 4iroif|o-aTO : see note on 172, 7. 

20. d-yopTjs • • • irktiGcop-qv : in Att. ayopav it \ri6ov<rav ; i.e. about ten o’clock 
in the morning. 

22. rj Kardpao-ts ... 6 x“P°s : observe the chiasmus. 

27. to ’4pupa tov Tcixeos : the defence of the wall; i.e. ‘ the protecting wall.’ 

28. ava Tas irporlpas rjplpas : this phrase belongs properly to the preced¬ 
ing clause as well; ‘ since the wall was guarded during the previous days,’ 
etc. 

187. 1. o-vp.p,io-yovT€s : we should expect this to agree with the subj. of 
ipdxovTo in the preceding sentence, i.e. the Greeks; hence im-wTov iroWoi twv 
PapPapwv is disturbing; we may read it as if it were avrCbv avpLpuaybvrwv. 

2. €x ovt£ s p-ao-Ttyas : cf. 173, 7. 

6. rjv 84 Xo-yos ktX. : and there was no accoutit taken of the man who was 
falling. 

7. 4-rrio-Tdp.cvoi: a sudden change of subj. 

9. pwp.T|s oo-ov ctxov plyvcrrov : the greatest strength of which they were capable. 
pd)p.tjs is partit. gen. with 6Vov; p.lyiarov is redundant but serves to make the 
phrase more emphatic. — irapaxpet&p.cvot tc Kal aTlovTes : ‘with reckless dis¬ 
regard of life and blind fury.’ (Smith and Laird.) 

10. Totori ttXIoo-i : dat. of interest, hardly different from the possessive gen. 


Page 189, Line 9] 


NOTES 


311 


11. -qSrj irvy\avt KaT€T)*y6ra (fr. rar ay vv pi) : were already broken. — ol 8c: 
but they (i.e. ol irXeoves) : the logical contrast in the two clauses is between 
86para and £{0e<r t. 

12. 4v . . . irovu): cf. 159, 3. 

13. *y€vo|X€vos : for the meaning, cf. 159, 4. 

14. twv : rel. pron. limiting ra ovvbpaTa. 

15. d£(<i>v : sc. irvOladai (or perhaps /aviJ/wjs).— 4 , jrv06p.T]v : i.e. from a column 
set up in Sparta (Pausanias, III. 14, 1). 

19. 4>paTa*yovvT]s : the sixth wife of Darius mentioned by Hdt.; see 132, 
18; 160, 20. 

22. 4s o : cf. pbxP L below. Hdt. likes to vary his expression. 

24. tovto <rvv€(rrr|K€€ : this conflict continued. 

25. t\k€iv : Synt. 137 a. 

28. tov koXwvov : a mound just behind the Phocian wall. 

29. itXtiv 0T]pai&>v : who saved their lives by surrendering to the king, 
according to Hdt. But see note on 181, 2. 

30. X4«v : manifestly in reference to the name of the king. — 4-irl AccdviStj : 
in honor of L. — <r<|>€as : obj. of Kar^wav. 

31. Toto-i avT«v ktX. : those of them who still had daggers ; i.e. ‘if any had 
them.’ 

188. 4. Trcpio-raSov = tt epurr dvr es : doubtless chosen to avoid so great an 
accumulation of ptes. as would result. 

7. t6 Ittos : cf. 136, 24. 

8. iru0o|X€vov irpos T€v : rare constr. for irvdbpevbv rev (or irapa rev). — o>s 
eircdv ktX. : pres, general cond. unchanged in indir. disc. 

11. ctvai: sc. a verb of saying from Trvdbpevov ; i.e. 6 Tprjx^ios — tov 

8« . . . et-rrclv : taking up rbv elvetv, 1. 7. 

12. iravTa . . . dyada : only good news. 

14. viro o-Kifj: in the shade. 

20. 0a4>0€«ri . . . o-<f>i: with hriylypairTai. — avTov TavTtj: cf. 130, 29. 

24. p.vpido-iv . . . Tpit]KOo-Cais: 3,000,000; i.e. in round numbers. Hdt. 
estimates the total number as 2,641,610 (VII. 184-185). 

25. rTeXoirowdo-ov : a Doric form; so also rbropes (Ion. Tlaaepe s). The 
number 4000 is again somewhat greater than the estimate of Hdt. (Book VII, 
202), whose total is 3100. He tells us (186, 11) that all the Peloponnesians 
except three hundred Spartans returned home. 

28. dyy&Xciv : inf. for imv. 

189. 2. kX«ivoio : ep. for icXeivov. — McyicrTia : Doric gen. 

3. KT€ivav = e KTCLvav. — apeiyapcvoi = diafidvre s. 

4. (xavTios : taking up Mcy urria. 

5. ovk €tXtj : could not bring himself. 

6. : instead of e£o> with the gen.; we should expect the following 
substantive to agree in case with tiriypdp.p.a<rL ; the acc. is perhaps in antici¬ 
pation of ItriKoap.'qaavTes, a kind of cogn. acc. 

9. 6 emYpd\|/as : i.e. he had it set up at his own expense. He was the 
author of all three epigrams. See note on 150, 2. 


312 


NOTES 


[Page 190, Line 1 


190. 1. cnro twv elpriptevtov iroXCwv : i.e. in the few pages preceding this 
account, where the total number of ships furnished was said to be 366, of 
which Athens furnished 180 

2. -irpoGevTos EtipupidSew ktX. : when Eurybiades gave the opportunity of ex¬ 
pressing an opinion to any one who wished', i.e. ‘threw the matter open for 
discussion.’ 

3. okov SoKeot ktX. : in which of the places under their control it seemed most 
suitable to engage in a naval battle, okov SokIoi for koD Sorbet of the dir. quest. 

5. airciTO : plupf. pass, of air'n)p.i ; was lost, i.e. ‘ was out of the question.’ 

8. 4'iriXe-yovTes : constr. according to sense, as if oi ir\ei<rTot eyvuxrav had 
preceded. 

9. et viKTj0€too"i: fut. more vivid prot.; one of the few cases where Hdt. 
omits Slv. — 4v SaXapivi pev Iovtcs ktX. : correl. with irpos Sb rip ’ladp.tp /crX., 
the two alternatives forming the apod, to ei viKyOtoxn. 

10. iroXiopKT|<rovTcu : fut. mid. for fut. pass. — iva . where. 

11. €|outovtcu : fut. mid. for fut. pass. 

13. eXr)Xv0€€ : there arrived. 

16. Is IIcXo'irovvTjorov : the prep, because of the implied idea of motion. 

18. iveirpticre 84: repetition of iptirpr/o-as to bring it into close connection 
with the statement of its cause. 

19. 4pf|Si£ov : impf. indie, because a statement of the author himself. Synt. 
175 a. 

22. Iv Tpi<r! €T€poi(rt p-qo-i: they arrived about Sept. 10. 

23. KaXXiaSeto ap\ovTOS : in the archonship of Calliades; this, the regular 
method of indicating the year, is used by Hdt. only here. 

24. Tivas oXiyovs : only a few persons. 

25. Tapias : stewards or guardians of the temple treasures. 

26. 4>pa£dp€voi (0pd<r<rw) : i.e. on the west side ; the other sides were pro¬ 
tected by their steep slopes and the old Pelasgic wall. 

191. 1. do-0€v€Cr|s (3iou : poverty. 

2. avTol . . . 4£ei>pT|K€vai to pavTf|iov : that they alone had discovered the 
meaning of the oracle (see 176, 8 ff.). For avrot in the sense by oneself alone , 
cf. 127, 13. 

6. l£6|i€vot tin : taking a position upon. 

8. okcos • • • axj/eiav : a compressed statement for ‘ they fastened tow to 
their arrows and set fire to them, and whenever they did this ’ etc. 

9 . 4t6|€vov Is to <}>pdypa : and set it on fire, as is shown by rod (bpdyfiaros 
7 T/)o5e5w/c6ros below. 

13. apvvopcvoi 84 : after a neg. we usually find dXXd. 

15. ojcttc . . . 4v4\€<r0ai: the natural result is also the actual one. Synt. 
150. 

18. eSee yap ktX. : for the fatalism, cf. 106, 23; 123, 19; 144, 9. — ttjv 
*Attikt]v tt]v Iv TT] T)iT€ipw ’. as opposed to the islands off its coast, Salamis in 
particular. 

19. ’4pirpo<r0€ T-qs axpoiroXios: referring to the north side, not the entrance 
on the west. 


Page 193, Line 11] 


NOTES 


313 


21. out’ av -rjXTrure ktX. : no one would have expected that any man would 
ascend here ; /xr/ is used as if after a verb of fearing. kcitA raOra repeats the 
idea of the rel. rrj ; the rel. constr. is often abandoned in the second of two 
parallel clauses. For the past potential, see Synt. 105. 

22. to Ipov . . . ’AyXavpov : Aglaurus was said to have thrown herself 
from the Acropolis at this point. For the story, see Pausanias I. 18, 2. 

25. 4pp£irr€ov : impf. of description. Synt. 87. 

192. 3. twuTU) 8e : the particle connects two attributive expressions for the 
same person ; cf. 85, 9 ; 163, 15. 

6 . 4v€t€\X.€to : repeating enlXeve ; its use apparently suggests iylvero in the 
parallel clause, though this is logically coordinate with 186v. 

11. 0aXa<rcra : i.e. a salt spring. — evi = evecrri.— Xoyos (sc. icrrL) = Xbyercu. 

12. epto-avTas : agreeing with the two substantives and, as regularly, con¬ 
forming in gender to the masc. 

13. KctTeXape : it befell. 

15. ’A0r)va£a»v : partit. gen. with oi . . . KeXevb/xevoi. 

19. ol 8e kv SaXaptvi "EXXrjves ktX. : a return to the narrative interrupted 
at 190, 14, to tell of the advance of Xerxes and the capture of Athens. — «s 
€<rx€ to, ircpl ttjv ’AOrjvecov aKpoiroXiv : what had happened to the Acropolis of 
Athens ; the subst. phrase is the subj. of eVxe. At 190, 13 news was brought 
that Athens was being fired; now the report had come of the seizure of the 
Acropolis. 

20. 0opuj3ov : hubbub. 

22. to 7 rpoK€k|i€vov irpTiYpa: i.e. where it was best to engage with the Per¬ 
sian fleet. At 190, 6, it was stated that the majority were in favor of sailing 
to the Isthmus. It is not clear whether this is the same or a different 
meeting. 

23. touti viroXci'Trop.evoio'i: perhaps it was only the common soldiers that 
‘ tumbled into the ships ’; at any rate, probably the greater part of the generals 
remained in council. The picture of the disorderly flight reminds of that de¬ 
scribed by Homer, II. II. 149 ff. 

25. vvi£ t€ ey£v€TO kcu o’i . . . €<rc|3aivov : notice the parataxis; ol is here a 
demonstrative pronoun. 

27. Mvt]o-£<}>iXos : the man who was fond of reminding ; the name points to 
the conclusion that the story of his advice to Themistocles was invented to 
detract from the glory of the latter. 

28. o ti . . . ctr] pePouXeufievov : what had been under discussion. 

29. eft] StSoyfjievov : it had been decided. 

193. 2. otiSe irtpl |xlt)s ktX. : you will no longer have a single country for which 
to fight. 

4. KaT€X€ tv • • • “O" 7-6 K-*l °v 8iao-K€8acr0Tjvcu ttjv <TTpaTir|v : to prevent the 
army (fleet) from dispersing. For the negatives fq ou (both redundant), see 
Synt. 181. It is more common to omit cuVre in such expressions. 

7 . ircipw (for ireipaeo) : pres. imv. — Siax^ai: 1 aor. inf. — tA PepouXcu^va : 
here = tA 8e8oy/xbva. 

11. koivov ti irpTj-yp,a : a matter of common interest. 


314 


NOTES 


[Page 193, Line 15 


15. twvTOw iroi€ti|X€vos : making it his own , i.e. taking the credit of the sug¬ 
gestion.— kcu aXXa iroXXa : correl. with e/cemi re -rravra; xpoandds is added 
epexegetically. 

16. : by his urgency. 

19. twv d'vcKa : explanatory of rbv \byov. — iroXXos ijv . . .tv toicti Xo-yoio-i 

= eXeye 7roXXd. 

22. ol Trpot|avKTTdp.6voi: i.e. before the signal is given for the start. 

23. pairC£ovT<u : i.e. by the pa/35ovxoi (wand-bearers), who kept order in 
the ring. -—diroXvoptvos : by way of excuse or justification. 

24. o-Tt^ttvovvrai: see note on 150, 31. — totc ptv : in contrast to another 
occasion referred to 195, 2. 

28. ouk €<j>ept ol Kocpov : it did not become him. — ovStva : with Kbapov. 

29. Karriyopteiv : sc. rivbs. — aXXov Xoyov €H\€to : cf. 162, 3. tv croC: cf. 

the speech of Miltiades 156, 27. 

194. 2. <rvpPdXXwv : if you join battle or engage. 

4. PapvTtpas : as a matter of fact, the Persian ships were larger and pre¬ 
sumably heavier than the Greek ships. The emendation fipadvrepas slower , 
suggested by Stein is tempting. 

5. tovto St: and again , secondly; as if rovro ptv had preceded. 

8. KivSvvtvcrcis dirdcrt] ttj 'EXXdSi: you will endanger all Greece ; for the dat., 
see Synt. 60. 

9. 4]v St: correl. with npos pdv, 1. 2. — tv avrotci: therein , thereby. 

13. irpos r|p.€u)v : in our interest. 

14. irtpiylvtTai: survives , is saved (for us). The present makes the fact 
more certain than the future would. — ts t^v : not tv rfj, because vTrtKKeirai 
= inreKTtdeiTcu. — t)jjwv : dat. of agent. 

15. Kal |itv = Kal p.i]v. 

17. avTov Tt ptvwv . . . Kal irpos tw To-Gjaw : coordinate alternatives. 

18. o-<j>tas : i.e. the Persians. 

21. ttjs ’Attiktis : gen. after the comparative without H\. 

22. airlao-i: with future force. — Meyapoio-i Ktp8avfop.tv irtpitovo-i ktX. : 

we shall profit by the immunity of Megara, etc. For the form of expression, 
see Synt. 128 a. 

24. Xoyiov : referring to his own interpretation of the verse of the oracle 
176, 18. 

25. &>s to eiriirav : an expanded expression = iTdirav. — IGeXti: are wont; 
the subject is to be understood from ohchra povXevoptvoiai, i.e. ‘ reasonable 
plans.’ 

29. tw p.^ 4 o"ti iraTpls : a man who hadn't a country; pur) because the ex¬ 
pression is indefinite. Synt. 180. 

30. €iru|/T|4 > ^ £lv diroXi avSpL: to put the question for or at the instance of; or, 
possibly, to give a vote to (Stein) ; the dat. on the analogy of \f/rj(pov Sidbvai. — 
iroXiv . . . iraptxopevov ktX. : he bade him furnish a city and then (ovrcos) ex¬ 
press his opinions. 

195. 1. T|Xd»K€crav . . . KaTelxovTo: notice the tense of each verb. 

2. tot€ 8t|: cf, r6re ptv, 193, 24. 


Page 196, Line 17] 


NOTES 


315 


3. kcivov tc Kal tows KopivOlovs : Synt. 74. 

4. cwvtoio-i : dat. of the possessor with efy ; first in the clause for emphasis. 

5. Sitjkocicu : including twenty furnished to the Chalcidians, see note on 
190, 1. 

7. <rt]p.aCv(i)v : prior in time to the action of the main verb. Synt. 99 a. — 
tw Xoyw : connect with bilfiauve. 

8 . p-cvcas : monitory prot. Synt. 163. For the apodosis, understand some¬ 
thing like ‘ you will save Greece.’ 

10 . to ttcLv : the whole fate or issue. 

11. cl . . . iroir|crTjs : see note on el viKyOtoxn, 190, 9. 

12. ws c\o(icv : just as we are , without more ado. — Kop.icvp.c0a : fr. ko\xI{ 'w. 

13. Sipiv ttjv cyTraXl-ri: to distinguish it from the Paeonian Siris (in 
Macedonia) ; cf. 204, 10. — rjp.crepri : Siris was said to have been settled by 
Ionians from Colophon, with whom the Athenians might claim relationship. — 
co-ti ck -rraXaiov : the pres, is idiomatic. Synt. 86. 

14. avrrjv : rel. constr. abandoned, as regularly.— KTurGrjvai: nothing more 
is heard about this, but Thurii, about forty miles from Siris, was colonized by 
the Athenians in 444 b.c. and Hdt. himself joined the colony; see Introd. p 3. 

17. Sokcciv : abs. use of the inf.; sc. aveSiSdcrKero. — dppa>8fj<ras : denoting 
cause. Eurybiades apparently decided the matter without putting it to 
vote. 

20. cylvovTO : for the impf. of past probability, see Synt. 84 a. 

23. rj^pt! tc cy^vcTo Kal ktX. : see note on 192, 25. 

26. tovs AlaKiSas : the sons of 2Eacus were Peleus, Telamon, and Phocus. 
Telamon and Ajax, his son, had lived in Salamis, Phocus was buried in 2Egina, 
Peleus and Achilles lived in Thessaly. They were regarded as gods and 
protectors of their homes on earth. 

28. avToGcv : made more precise by Ik ZaXap.'ivos. 

29. tovs aXXovs AtaKlSas : it is not clear who these were. 

196. 2. to rpupia to AaKtoviKov : the disaster to the Laconians at Thermopylae, 
whither the fleet had gone upon the Ammons of Xerxes to view the bodies 
of the fallen Greeks. 

5. 4>aXf]po): at that time the chief harbor of Athens. — irapriyycXXc : sc. 
StpZrjs. — avTjyov . . . cirl tt]v XaXapuva : the exact position of the Persian 
fleet at this time is uncertain but presumably was outside the straits. 

9. irapco-Kcva^ovTO : sc. vav/xaxlyv iroiei<rdai. 

11. avTol p.cv : the correlative is rw v dt Papfiapw, 1. 14. 

12. pi^XXoicv: in implied ind. disc., representing pilWovo-i of the direct. 

13. iroXiopKT|<rovTai: fut. mid. for fut. pass.; the form unchanged in ind. 
disc. Synt. 177. 

15. ciropcvcTo : we should expect the form to be iropeteTcu or iropetioiTo, fol¬ 
lowing the constr. of one or the other of the two preceding verbs. The impf. 
ind. implies that this is the statement of the writer himself independent of the 
quotation. Synt. 175 a. 

16. <rt*yfj: in whispers, secretly. 

17. 0a>p.a iroicvjicvoi: cf. 74, 12 and note. 


316 


NOTES 


[Page 196, Line 19 


19. ol p4v: sc. \lyovres, as if iXeyov and not iUyero had preceded. These 
would be the Corinthians, Sicyonians, and Epidaurians. 

24. \a0wv €^px«Tai: instead of the more familiar HXadev i£eX6(!>v. — <rvve- 
Spiou : probably a meeting of the generals, because the Persian maneuvers 
had given rise to fresh debate. 

197. 2. 0€cnri€a iiroiTure: caused him to be made a citizen of Thespia. The 
mid. of the verb would be more usual in this sense. The population of Thespiae 
was so reduced by its losses during the Persian invasion that it enrolled new 
citizens after their troubles were over. The recommendation of Themistocles 
would doubtless be enough to secure the admission of any one. 

3. tXeye . . . t&8c : the message reported here differs from that given by 
^Eschylus in the Persce in several particulars, notably in the fact that in the 
latter there is nothing to indicate that it was despatched without the knowledge 
or approval of the other generals. Many details of Themistocles’s story were 
colored by his later career, when he became an exile through the charge of 
treason and took refuge at the Persian court. 

6. 4>pov«ov t& (3acri\€os : favor the king’s cause. 

9 . irap€x«t: you have the opportunity. 

10. 8ia8pdvTas : for the use of the ptc. and its tense, see Synt. 132, 99 b. 

16. ttjv vTjtriSa: i.e. Psyttaleia; see 25 below. 

18. p4<rcu vvktcs : midnight. — to air’ etrirepiis K€pas : the western wing ; in 
our imperfect knowledge of the position of the fleet, it is not possible to say 
whether this was the right or the left wing. — KUKXovpcvot: by way of encircling 
the Greeks. 

19. ol dp<J>l TT)V Kcov ktX. : i.e. the eastern wing. The location of Ceos is 
uncertain. Cynosoura is supposed to be a long point of Salamis stretching to 
the east toward Psyttaleia. 

21. Mouvix^is : a hill above the Piraeus. 

23. !£fj . . . 8oi€v: for the difference of mood, see Synt. 140 a. 

26. cog efjoicropivcov ktX. : on the ground that men and wreckage would 

be washed ashore. i£oi<rontv(ov is fut. jnid. instead of fut. pass., cf. i£ol<rorrai, 
190, 11. 

29. rovs |A€v . . . tovs 84: their own men . . . the Greeks. 

198. 2. ir€pi€KVKXevvTO : for the tense, see on eiropeteTo, 196, 15. 

4. Kci/ra X“P 7 1 V : s t atu 9 uo - — o-vvtcrr'qKOTwv : while they were at odds. 

7. vevopiKa : I have come to the conclusion. 

9. o-Tas e-irl to trweSpiov : presenting himself at the council ; outside it, mani¬ 
festly. 

10. 4x0p6v : Aristides the typically just man was constantly contrasted with 
Themistocles, who became the type of the shrewd trickster. — v-rro : by reason 

°f . . . 

11. Xfj0Tjv . . . Troicvpevos : forgetting , a common periphrasis. 

16. ire pi TOO oKOTtpos ktX. : on the question as to which of us, etc. 

17. I'o-ov «ttI ktX. : it is the same ( matters nothing') whether you say little or 
much. 

19. avToirrijs toi Xeyw yevopevos : I tell yotc on the evidence of my own eyes. 


Page 200, Line 14] 


NOTES 


317 


24. Td yap 4y« eScopqv 76V€<r0at: for the thing that I was wishing to happen. 

— avros avro-n-TTis : pleonastic ; sc. Tobrwv as antecedent of rd. 

26. ot€ : since. — ckovtcs ijOeXov : pleonastic. 

27. Trapao-TT|<ra(r0ai: to bring them into it. 

29. 8d£a> TrXaoras Xeyciv: I shall be thought to have invented zvhat I say. 

30. cos ov iroievvTcov ktX. : inasmuch as they believe (in their belief that ) the 
barbarians aren't doing this. 

199. 1. Iiredv o-T|p.f|VTis : after you have told them. 

11. OVK €tt€i0ovto Ta 4o-aY*yeX0€vTa : did not credit the news. 

15. Ivcypa^-qo-av . . . 4s tov rpCiroSa : this monument was taken to Con¬ 
stantinople in later times and is preserved there. The inscription can still be 
deciphered. 

17. Ta Xeyopcva rcov Tijvtcov : instead of bird tu>v Trjvicov, as if he had 
written oi \6yot. 

19. ot . . . iroiT|<rdp.€voi: standing without constr.; a gen. abs. would be 
more regular. 

20. 7rpoT|-y6p€U€ ev €x. OVTa : proposed the best measures. — 4k irdvrcov : above all. 

— ra 84 eirea ktX. : the whole speech was a contrasting of better motives with worse , 
as many as exist in the nature and condition of man. Contrasts in nature would 
be, for example, bravery and cowardice; contrasts in condition, freedom and 
slavery. 

23. KaTan-Xe'^as tt]v prjcriv: winding up his speech; a metaphor from 
weaving. 

24. pev . . . Kai: instead of re . . . kclI. 

25. KaTa : after, to fetch ; cf. iirl AXarov Kal robs &\\ovs AlarLSas, 195, 29. 

27. avayopevoicrt: the mid. is equiv. to the act. with vlas. — lircKearo (hrl- 
kcivto ) : equiv. to the mid. of i-rriTiOTjiu, but with the force of a perf. as usual. 

28. irpvpvqv dv€Kpovovro: backed water; a naval maneuver, described by a 
scholium on Thucydides I. 50 : irph/xvav avaKpoteadal Igtl t6 kclt’ oXiyov avax<*>- 
peiv p.7] crplxf/avra rb ttXoiov . . . tovto 8b ttolovo-lv Xva p. ^ 8b^w<xi <f>apepQs 
(pevyeiv : to back water is to recede a little without turning the boat. . . . And they 
do this that they may not seem to flee openly. 

29. ’Ap€ivir]s IlaXXavevs : sometimes said to be the brother of the poet 
iEschylus, but his deme was Eleusis. 

200. 7. 8iaK€X€vcrao-0ai: inf. after Xlyercu immediately following a clause 
with ojs. 

9. Saipovtoi: reminiscent of Homer. — p*'x.pi koctov : Lat. quo usque. 

11. KaTa : opposite. — iTeT&xaTO : in Att. tct ay pivot Ijtrav. 

12. 4(nr£pT|s : strictly ‘ northwest’; so below ‘ southeast ’ For 7rp6s with 
the gen and acc. in expressions indicating direction, see note on 99, 9. 

14. KaTa Tas ©epto-TOKXeos IvToXas : when the Athenian fleet was returning 
from Artemisium, Themistocles had caused inscriptions to be cut in the rocks 
near springs in the line of the Persian advance, bidding the Ionians in the 
army to desert to the Athenian cause or at least to ‘ play the coward ’ and not 
fight against those who had come to their own assistance and in so doing had 
caused the present invasion (VIII. 22). 


318 


NOTES 


[Page 200, Line 16 


16. cu fi€v : as if rb ttXt^os were al iroWaL 

18. <ri>v KocrjjLU) . . . KaTa Tafjiv : the first expression refers to the dis¬ 
cipline of the men, the second to their arrangement according to a definite 
plan. In the following clause rerayfilvuv corresponds to Kara rd£eiv, <xbv vbtp 
to <xbv Kbapup', i e. in chiastic order. 

20. €|A£X\e . . . <rwoi(T€cr0ai : was bound to happen. Synt. 96, la. otov 

ircp d.Tr€(3r) : as actually happened. y 

22. piaKptd d|i.eivov€s axiTol Itovrtov: far better than themselves. t] irpos 
EvPoit): epexegetical of the preceding; ‘better, that is, than at Euboea.’ 
— iras Tts : partit. appos. with the subj of kyhovro. 

23. 486k€€ tc : this adds a third motive for their bravery and would more 
naturally be expressed by a ptc. coordinate with the two that preceded. 

24. Iwvtov : obj. of detjcreadai. 

26. ’ApTep-io-ftiv : Artemisia, Queen of Halicarnassus and in command of 
the forces from that region. Before the battle she had, according to Hdt. 
(VIII. 68 f.), advised the king against an engagement; and, though he re¬ 
jected her advice, he was mightily pleased with it. Her prominence in the 
narrative of Hdt. is perhaps due to his desire to give glory to his native city. 

31. TTpos Twv iro\€|Jua>v p.dXio-Ta : nearest to the enemy. 

201. 1. eSof-e ol: by using the impersonal verb, Hdt. leaves rj . . . exovaa 
without construction. 

2. TO Kdl o"wf]V£iK€ ironio-do-xi : the doing of which actually profited her. 

3. <})€pov(ra : used like <pepbp.evo s; cf. 183, 6. — dvSptov t€ KaXvvSiuv Kal 
avxov ImirXeovros: possessive gen. coordinate with a gen. abs.; ‘manned by 
Calyndians with the king himself on board.’ 

5. cl jjuev kt\. : even though she had had a quarrel with him; a cond. imply¬ 
ing nothing as to its truth. Synt. 159. 

6. ov pevToi ktX. : yet I cannot say whether she did it with intention or 
whether the Calyndian ship happened to encounter her by chance; Kara rvxv v re ' 
peats the idea of crvveKbprjae (=cTi'%e). irapaTreaovaa : coincident in time 
with <rvveKbpT]<re. Synt. 99 b. 

10. Tpif|papx<>s : i.e. Aminias ; see 199, 29. 

13. avToio-i: i.e. the Greeks. — diro<rTp€\}/as : sc. rrjv via. 

14. touto pcv ktX. : in the first place it happened to be her fortune in such wise 
to escape , etc. toloxjtov is virtually equiv. to ourws. 

15. ct-vv€'Pt| wo-t€ : like avv'bveiKe with the inf. 

18. pa0€iv = ideTv, as often. — €|ipaXouo-av: coincident in time with fxadelv. 
Synt. 133. 

21. Kal rovs <[)dvai: and they said yes. 

22. €Tri<rTap.€vovs : knowing j but 'rjiruTTlaTO thought. 

23. o-wf|V€iK€ . . . -y£v6p,eva : cf. <ru^m/ce yevlcrOai above. 

25. to twv ktX. : the fact that none of those on the Calyndian ship survived to 
become her accuser. 

29. diro . . . £0av€: tmesis. 

30. airo Be : sc. iOave. 

31. twv aXXcov o"vp.p.d\wv : of the allies besides. 


Page 203, Line 29] 


NOTES 


319 


202 . 2. Toict al v«s 8i€<|>0dpT|crav : when their ships were destroyed , — 4v 
\eipuv vopiw : i.e. ‘ in hand to hand fighting.’ 

7. Is to irpocrGc kt\. : in trying to press forward in (lit. with ) their ships with 
the idea of displaying some valor on their own part also. 

9. Tr€pL€7riTTTov : were entangled. 

11. 8ie(3a\\ov tovs ’ Iojvas ktX. : falsely accused the Ionians (saying) that it 
was due to them that the ships had been destroyed , on the ground that they were 
deserters, ws irpodbriov is gen. abs. though it might have agreed with 'Iwws. 

13. o-vvTjv€iK€ <1 >o-t€ : as 127, 17. Synt. 121 a. 

15. p.ur0ov : a grim joke. 

16. 2ap.o0pT]KU] vtjvs : Samothrace was colonized by the Ionian Samos. 

19. dinjpaljav (dirapdacoj) kt\. : swept them off and boarded and took it. 

22. 4pya<rap.4vovs : coincident in time with el8e. 

25. oko>s yap nva l8oi: cf. ^Esch. Persce 466; edpav yap elge iravros ebayrj 
(TTparov vprjXov 8x0ov &yx<- ireXayias aX6s ; for he had a seat in good view of all 
the fleet , a high hill near the broad sea . 

29. irarpoOev : i.e. adding the name of his father. 

30. irpos 81 ti kt\. : and besides Ariaramnes contributed somewhat to the fate 
of the Phoenicians. 

203. 1. ot p.ev : i.e. those ordered to carry out the execution of the Phoeni¬ 
cians. 

3. 4v tw Trop0p,« : in the strait; i.e. between Psyttaleia and Attica. 

9. Iirl 84 : and next. 

12. tov Kal. . . irpoTepov Iir€p.vf|cr0riv : the exploit briefly alluded to here 
is described at length by iEschylus in the Persce. See p. 207. 

17. dir4pT]<r€ : causative, landed. — oi: and they; the rel. clause contains the 
main statement. 

Herodotus’s account of the Battle of Salamis leaves the reader with many 
unanswered questions, not only as to the topography of the region, the posi¬ 
tion and maneuvers of the two fleets, and the like, but especially as to how far 
his account is colored by prejudice against its hero, Themistocles, who, nine 
years after Salamis, was charged with high treason (see note on 197, 1). 
Modern historical criticism tends to acquit him of the charge of deception 
and chicanery at Salamis. The account of the battle given by Aeschylus in 
the Persce , a drama brought out in 472 b.C. (quoted pp. 205 ff.), is valuable as 
that of a man contemporary with the events described and possibly a partici¬ 
pant in them. 

21. ’48o£€ : with irpoirtpApai, seemed best; with the three following infs. 
seemed. 

23. dvcopir] . . . tov €T€os'iroXep.eetv : too late in the year to engage in war. 

26. avTos : by himself; see note on 191, 2. 

27. tov iropov rr\s 8iaPao-io$ : the bridge. — ttcvtc Kal Teo*o-€paKovTa Tjp.epTjo'i: 

it took him three months to march to Attica (190, 22). 

28. ovSIv p.4pos : probably an exaggeration. 

29. okov 84 Tropevop.€voi yivotaTO : and wherever they arrived on the march. 


320 


NOTES 


[Page 204, Line 2 


204. 2. ol Se: subj. repeated with 81 of apodosis. 

8. iva €K<xcttot€ ktX. : wherever they were in each instance on their march. 

11. ol Sc Ileporat: i.e. the main body. 

12. eireiyopevoi: in haste. 

15. Kerrey opevot : tarrying. 

16. ovSeva koo-jiov : without restraint; adv. acc. — €jj.iri|iir\a|X€voi: gorging 
themselves. 

17. ol 8« \ourol ktX : cf. Msch. Persce 508 ff. 

“ So many as survived and safety won 
Through Thrace with toil exceeding hardly passed, 

And, so escaped, are come — small remnant they ! 

Back to the home-land, so that Persia’s streets 
Moan, sorrowing for our country’s best-beloved. 

All this is true : yet much do I pass by 
Of ills that God on Persia’s land hath hurled.” 

Translation by Arthur S. Way. 


VOCABULARY 


The genitive of nouns is regularly indicated. 

The gender of all third declension nouns and of feminines of the second de¬ 
clension is regularly indicated. 

Adjectives of the first and second declension are given only in the masculine, 
as all alike have tj, ov, in the feminine and neuter. Other adjectives are given 
in all forms of the nominative singular. 

The principal parts of compound verbs are usually not given if the simple verb 
occurs. 

The principal parts of verbs that occur only once, or where the usage of 
Herodotus is not known, are not given. 

Verbs whose parts are formed regularly are usually given in the present and 
future indicative only (if the future as used by Herodotus is known) except that 
verbs that add <r in the future without other change are not given in the future. 

Other verbs are given in all the parts known, or as far as these parts may be 
useful to the student. 

When a form is enclosed in parentheses, as (aKtirTonai), that particular form 
does not exist, at least in Herodotus. 


A 

’A.p<u, -lo)v Abse, a town in Phocis 
a(3a.Tos, -ov impassable, inaccessible 
dPovXCq, -t]s lack of judgment, thought¬ 
lessness, recklessness 
d(3ov\cos adv. without counsel or de¬ 
liberation, inconsiderately 
’Af3poKO|iT]s, -to) Abrocomas, a son of 
Darius 

’'APvSos, -ov Abydus, a town on the 
Hellespont 

d-ydOoep-yos, -ov doing good, ot dyd- 
0oep*yo L a name given at Sparta to 
the five oldest knights, sent by the state 
on foreign missions 

ayados good, noble, serviceable; of 
soil, fertile; neuter, as subst ., good, 
blessing, benefit 

d'yaXp.a, -aros, to statue of a god or 
goddess, statue 

’ A*ya|A€p,vov£8T|s, -c« son of Agamemnon 


’ A*yap.€p.vc»v, -ovos Agamemnon, leader 

of the expedition against Troy 
ayav adv . very, very much 
’AyPaTava, -cov Ecbatana (1) Capital 
of the Median kingdom. ( 2 ) A town 
in Syria 

dyycXiTj, -t]s message, news 
d-yycWa), dyycX&i), tjyyaXa announce, 
bear a message 
ayyeXos, -ov messenger 
dyyTjiov, -ov vessel, coffer 
ayyos, -tos, to vessel, receptacle, casket 
dy€(po), dyepeo), ij-yeipa collect, gather, 
assemble 

dy€po-is, -10s, t) gathering, mustering 
"AyXavpos, -ov Aglaurus, daughter of 
Cecrops 

dyvwpocrvvT], -^s ignorance, folly, want 
of sense 

dyopd^tD, -acrw be in the agora, fre¬ 
quent the agora 
dyopcva) speak, say, counsel 


321 



322 


VOCABULARY 


ayopf|, -fjs assembly, market, market 
place 

aypri, -tjs chase, hunt, game 
aypios wild, uncultivated 
aypos, -ov field, country 
aypuirvu], -ris sleeplessness 
dyx^Tpo^S, -ov quick-changing, ay- 
X^o-Tpotjja PovXevetrGai to change 
( one's ) mind suddenly 
d-yxoTai-w adv. superl. of dyx 0 *’ near¬ 
est, next 

d"yx° T€ P°S comp, of ayxov nearer 
ayx 0 '' ad®* an dprep, with gen. near 
ayco, afjw, rjyayov, Tjypai, 'HX® 7 1 v lead, 
bring, take, consider (rare). t]o-v- 
Xiriv aytiv to keep quiet. In mid. 
take with, to, or upon oneself; ayc- 
<t0cu yvvcuKa to take a wife (for one¬ 
self ), bring home a wife (for one's 
son ); dye(T0ai Is X € ^P a S to undertake 
aywyevs, -los, o one that draws or 
drags, hauler 

dy<ov, -wvos, 6 contest, struggle, game 
ayuvi^opai, dywvuropat, t|ya)vwrdp.Tiv 

contend, fight 

aycovicrpa, -aros, to contest, conflict, 
brave deed 

dSapas, -avTos, 6 adamant, i.e. the 
hardest metal , probably steel 
aSefi], -t|s freedom from fear, indemnity 
’ASeipavTOs, -ov Adimantus, a Co¬ 
rinthian general 
dSeX<|>eTq, -ijs sister 

aSeXcjjcoKTOvos, -ov slayer of (one's) 
brother 

dSeXcjjeos, -ov brother 
d8eX<J>t8los, -ov brother’s son, nephew 
aSetos adv. without fear 
dSiKeco, -f|<ro) do wrong, act unjustly, 
injure 

a8iKr|pa, -aros, to wrong, injury 
dSiKiri, -t]s wrong-doing, injustice 
aSiKos, -ov unjust, wrong 
”ASpT]o-Tos, -ov Adrastus, a Lydian 
a Sv vac it], -tjs want of strength, inability 
dSvvctTOs, -ov Unable (of persons ); 
impossible (of things) 


aSvTov, -ov sanctuary 
deOXIw, -fjo"ci> contend 
ae0Xov, -ov contest, struggle, task 
ae0Xo<j)6pos, -ov bearing away the prize, 
prize-winning 
dciSo), deCcrw, qcica sing 
aeiKciT], -tjs injury, outrage 
deiKrjs, -Is unseemly, unfitting, strange 
acipw, rjpa, rjp0T]v raise, hoist 
dlxcuv, -ovca, -ov against (one's) will, 
unwilling, involuntary 
deXiTTOs, -ov unexpected. If; alXirrov 
unexpectedly 

a£i|Xos, -ov unenvied, unenviable 
af|p, T|lpos, 6 air, open air 
a0avaTOs, -ov immortal 
’A0rjvai, -la)v Athens 
’A0r]vaiT], -tjs Athena, patron goddess 
of Athens 

’A0t]vatos Athenian 
a0pot£(i>, -cio gather, collect; in mid. 
assemble 

a0poos in crowds, in a body, all to¬ 
gether 

d0vpCrj, -tjs want of spirit, faint-hearted¬ 
ness 

a0vpo$, -ov without spirit, faint-hearted 
’'A0«s acc. ”A0wv Athos, a mountainous 
peninsula , projecting from Chalcidice 
in Macedonia 

aia, -tjs epic form — yata earth 
Ala, -tjs YEa, early name of_ Colchis , the 
kingdom of sEetes 

Ata.KT|$, -tos Aiaces, father of Poly¬ 
crates, tyrant of Samos 
AlaKiSrjs, son or descendant of 
Aiacus 

Al'aKos, -ov ^Eacus, founder of the line 
of ALacidce 

Atas, -avTos Alias or Ajax, son of 
Telamon , a hero of the Trojan War 
Atyaios (sc. ttovtos) the Aigean Sea 
AtydXews, -€» Aigaleos, a mountain in 
Attica 

AtyiXia, -cov Aigilia, a place in Euboea 
Atytva, -tjs ALgina, an island in the 
Saronic gulf off the coast of Attica 





VOCABULARY 


323 


At-yivcuos of Aigina 
A.I'y^v'^ttjs, -€w an iEginetan 
dt-yumos, -ou vulture 
At-yu-irrios Egyptian 
Atyuinros, -ov, tj Egypt 
dtSeojidi, aor. dlS€<r0Tjv feel shame be¬ 
fore, respect, regard 
atSoia, -wv privy parts 
atSws, acc . dt8w, tj sense of shame, 
modesty 

aU( adv. always, forever 
dtGfjp, -^pos, 6 upper air, ether 
AtGioiriKos Ethiopian 
AtGiovJ/, -oiros, 6 an Ethiopian 
dlGpCvj, —Tjs fair weather 
atpa, -aTos, to blood 
alpao-if), -tjs wall, probably made of 
loose stones 

atv€a), dlvecrw, crfveca, dtv€0Tjv praise, 
approve 

dtvTj, —tjs praise, fame 
dt£, al*yos goat 
AtoXcus, -€os an Aiolian 
dtiroXiov, -ou herd of goats 
dipecris, -tos, tj taking, choice 
dlperos to be taken or chosen. dlpeTw- 
t€ pos preferable 

dlpeco, dtprjo'w, clXov, dpdfpTjKd, apai ■ 
pT|(jLdL, dtp€0T]v take, seize, capture; 
in mid. choose 

dio-Tow, -wo-w make unseen, destroy, 
annihilate 

dttrxpos shameful, ugly 
dtcrxpws adv. shamefully, disgrace¬ 
fully 

dlo-xvvri, -tjs shame, disgrace 
al<r\vvh), ato-xweu), fjVxwd, tjVxvv- 
0tjv disgrace, bring shame upon; in 
pass, be ashamed 
dtTCft), -tjctw ask, request, demand 
dtrijo-is, -ios, tj demand, request 
dlndopdi accuse, blame 
dtTiTj, -tjs charge, accusation, cause 
dl'rios accountable, guilty, to blame 
dtxp.Tj, -tjs spear point, spear, lance 
dtxp>ocf>6pos, -ov bearing a spear; as 
subst. spearman 


dtwv, -wvos, 6 life 

dKdv0c68rjs, -cs full of thorns, thorny 
dK€ojxdi heal, cure, repair 
dKrjpdTos, -ov unmixed, pure 
dKivdKTjs, -cw, 6 a short straight sword. 
a Persian word 

dKivrjTOs, -ov unmoved, unshaken 
&kX€tjs, -€s without fame, inglorious, 
unsung 

dKpu^w, -d<rw be at the height 
dKjAwv, -ovos, 6 anvil 
dKofj, -fjs hearsay; dKofj by hearsay 
<xkovti£w hurl a javelin, hurl 
dKovnov, -ou javelin, dart 
dKOVTio-Trjs, -ew, 6 javelin thrower 
dKOutTTeov verbal adj. of dxouw one 
must hear or be obedient to 

dKOUW, -OU<TO|Adl, TJKOUtTd, dKTJKOd 

hear, hearken to, obey; often serving 
as pass, of Xeyw (say of); e.g. k ax cos 
dKoueiv to be ill-spoken of 
dKpo(3oXi£o|idk skirmish, fence 
dKpo0tvtd, -wv choice part, first-fruits 
of booty 

axpov, -ou summit, peak 
dKpoTroXis, -ios, tj citadel 
axpos at the farthest end, outermost, 
topmost; dxpos irous end of the 
foot;. dKptj x 6 ^P end of the hand; 
of quality , highest, consummate 
dKpwTrjpiov, -ou topmost part of any¬ 
thing , summit 

dKTTj, -tjs promontory, coastland, strand 
dXye'w, -fjo-w suffer pain, grieve, smart 
dX-yos, -cos, to grief, pain 
’AX£rj, -tjs Alea, epithet of Athena from 
the city Alea in Arcadia 
’AXe£av8pos, -ou Alexander, a name 
of Paris , son of Priam 
dXef-w, dXcfjTjcrw, TjX€|d|njv ward off, 
defend; in mid. keep off from one¬ 
self, defend oneself 
dXTj0€ Ctj, -tjs truth 
a.XTj0€ws adv. truly 
dXr|0Tjs, -€S true, real 
dXfjs, -e's thronged, crowded, in a 
mass 




324 


VOCABULARY 


aXicvs, -eos, 6 fisherman; also dXicvs 
avr|p 

d'qXura, qXCo-eiiv collect,assemble; 

in pass., assemble ( intr.) 
dXCq, -“qs assembly 

'AXiKapvrprorcvs, -cos a Halicarnassian 
*AXiKapvr)(ror6s, -ov,* t] Halicarnassus, 
a city in southwestern Asia Minor 
dXis adv. enough 

aXio-Kopat, aXcocopai, qXtov, T^XaiKa 

used as pass, of alpew be taken, cap¬ 
tured; with ptc. be caught, detected 
’AXkcuos, -ov Alcaeus, son of Heracles 
dXKq, --ns might, strength 
’AXKipaxos, -ov Alcimachus, father of 
Euphorbus, a prominent citizen of 
Eretria 

aXtcipos valiant, mighty 
’AXicpciov, -cwvos Alcmeon, father of 
Megacles 

’AXk|A€covlSt)S, -cm son or descendant 
of Alcmeon ; in pi. the Alcmeonidae, 
a noble Athenian family 
dXXa conj. but, yet, at least 
dXX-rj adv. properly dat. fern, of dXXos 
elsewhere 

aXXqXMV, aXXqXouri, aXXr|XT|<ri, aXXr|- 
Xovs, aXX^Xas reciprocal pron. of 
one another, of each other, to one 
another, etc. 

dXXoyXwcrtros, -ov of different speech, 
using a strange tongue 
aXXoyvocM, aor. ptc. dXXoyvMcras take 
for another, fail to know 
aXXotos comp. aXXoioTepos different 
aXXos, -r\, -o {alius) other, another; 
wXXoi = ol aXXoi all the others; 
T d dXXa all the rest; aXXr| else¬ 
where; Tfj dXXrj (sc. yf\) everywhere 
else; aXXoi dXXrj some here, others 
there. Sometimes it is used as an 
appositive, e.g. ol aXXoi o-vppaxoi 
the others, allies, i.e. allies also 
aXXorc adv. at another time 
dXXo n(t]) anything else (than); a 
formula used in questions expecting an 
affirmative anszuer, like Lat. nonne 


aXXcos adv. otherwise; aXXcos 8c and 
besides 

aXpvpos salt, briny, brackish 
aXoy&o, -f|(r« pay no heed, disregard 
dXoyiT], -r]s unconcern, disregard 
’ AXttt|v 6 s, -ov (’AXirqvol, -«v) Alpenus 
(Alpeni) a city lying near the border 
of Locris and Malis 
aXo-os, -cos, to grove, sacred grove 
’AXvarrqs, -cm Alyattes, a Lydian 
king , father of Croesus 
"AXvs, -vos, 6 Halys, the greatest rfver 
of Asia Minor 

’AXXcos, -ov Alpheus, a Spartan , who 
won distinction for bravery at Ther¬ 
mopylae 

aXuxris, -tos, tj capture 
apa (i) adv. at the same time, to¬ 
gether; often with a ptc. e.g. apa 
Xcywv at the same time that he said; 
(2) prep, with dat. along with, to¬ 
gether with; apa t|oi at dawn 
dpadqs, -es without learning, ignorant, 
unlettered 

apaija, -qs wagon, carriage 
dpdfjiTos, -ov traversed by wagons; as 
subst. (sc. 080s) wagon-road 
dpapravM, 2 aor. -qpapTOV, perf. ripap- 
TqKa miss, fail to hit, err, be mis¬ 
taken 

apapTas, -a8os, tj fault, sin 
"Apao-ts, -10s Amasis, a king of 
Egypt 

dpaxos, -ov unconquerable, invincible 
apPoaw see avaPodw 
dpetj3opai, apcuj/opat, apcivj/apqv (al¬ 
ways without augm .) repay, requite, 
answer, pass over (a river) 

’ApcivCqs Aminias, an Athenian , dis¬ 
tinguished for valor at Salamis 
apcivuv, -ov comp, of dyaGos better, 
preferable, braver; neut. sing, apci- 
vov used as adv. 

apeXcto, -T)o-w have no care for, neglect 
dptjxav&o, -r|<ra) be in want of, at a 
loss for * 

apr|X av 0 S» “ ov impossible, impracticable 






VOCABULARY 


325 


Ap.p.u>v, -wvos Ammon, an Egyptian 
divinity who possessed a celebrated 
temple and oracle in the Libyan 
desert 

ap/TreXos, -ov, tj vine 
ap.vvu>, -v 4 a>, T]p.vva ward off, defend, 
aid; in mid. defend oneself against 
dLp.vcra~(o, ap.v£a> tear, rend 
d|i({>k prep, with dat. and acc. about, 
around, for the sake of 
’A|jL<|>idp€ws, -«« Amphiaraus, a prophet, 
worshipped after death as a hero. He 
possessed an oracle at Thebes. 
d|i<|HpX.T]<rTpov, -ov casting net 
’A|a4>i.ktvov€s, -«v Amphictyons, depu~. 
ties of the Amphictyonic League 
pledged to maintain the common in¬ 
terests of Greece 

dp.4>is epic word, apart, asunder 
d|x<j>ur( 3 a<rui, -t]S controversy, dispute 
d|x<j>op€vs, - 4 os, 6 a liquid measure of 
about nine gallons 

dpxjjorepos both of two. 4 it’ dp.<|>6T€pa 

both ways 

dp.up.os, -ov without blame, blameless 
dv a particle which cannot be trans¬ 
lated by itself; in Hdt. it has the fol¬ 
lowing uses: (i) with the subj. in 
the protases of fut. more vivid and 
pres, general conditions; ( 2 ) with 
the subj. to denote purpose ; (3) with 
the opt. giving a potential force; 
(4) with past tenses of the indie. 
{impf and aor.) giving a past poten¬ 
tial force; used regularly in the 
apod, of unreal conditions ; (5) with 
past tenses of the indie, giving itera¬ 
tive force. {For more detailed ex¬ 
planations, see Synt. 102ff. passim .) 
dvd adv. and prep, with acc. up, up 
through, throughout, in course of 
dva(3a0p.os, ov flight of steps, stair 
dva.pa.Cvu, -P^<rop.ai, -4Ptjv, -PeP^Ka go 
or come up, go up from the coast, 
mount, embark, turn out, pass to 
dvapd\Xop.at put off, postpone 
avd(3ao-is, - 10 s, t] ascent 


dvaf 3 i.( 3 d£a>, -d<ru, -epepaa-a make to 
go upon, cause to mount or go up 
dva.pXao’rdvu, 2 aor. -cpXaa-rov spring 
up 

dvaf3oaa> cry aloud, utter a loud cry 
dvayivuo'Ku, --yvua-u, -4-yvucra per¬ 
suade 

ava-yKa^u, -a<ru force, compel 
dva.-yKa.CTi, -■»]$ necessity, compulsion 
dva.-yKa.ios necessary 
dvd-yK-q, -tis necessity, compulsion, 
straits 

dva-yvuo-is, -10s, tj recognition 
ava-ypa<j>u write down, record, register; 

in mid. have written down or recorded 
’Ava-yvpao-is, -10s Anagyrasis, father 
of Eumenes, who won distinction at 
Sala mis 

dva-yu lead up, conduct; with vea put 
a ship to sea; with loprfjv celebrate; 
in mid. put out to sea 
dvaSiSao-Ku teach better; in pass, be 
better instructed, be persuaded, 
change one’s mind 

dva.tev-ywp .1 yoke again, break up and 
move to 

dvd0T|p.a, -aTOS, to dedicatory offering, 
statue 

dva0pwo-Ka) leap up 

dvaiScCri, -t]S shamelessness, impu¬ 
dence, effrontery 

dvaipew take up, answer, declare {of 
an oracle) : in mid. take up for 
oneself, take up for burial, undertake 
dvaun.p.oa>, -coo"<v spend, use up, con¬ 
sume 

dva.icrCp.a>|jLa, -aros, to that which is 
used up or spent; Td dvaurip.<op.a.Ta, 
Tfj a-Tpa,Tifj war expenses 
dvaKaXeo|xai call to oneself, summon 
dvdK€ip.ai used as pass, of dva-rt0Tip.i 
be laid up as a votive offering, be 
devoted or dedicated 
dva.KXa.Ca> weep aloud 
dvaKopCto) take or convey up 
dvaKptpdvwp.1 hang up; in pass. {pres. 
dvaKp4p.ap.ai) be hung up 





326 


VOCABULARY 


’AvctKpcwv, -ovtos Anacreon, a lyric 
poet 

dvaKpovop.cn with 'jrpvp.vqv put a ship 
astern by backing water 
dvaKTaopai get back, recover, win over 
avaKws adv. carefully; dvaKcis €X €tv 
(with gen.') look well to 
dvaKtoxcveo hold back; with via, keep 
riding at anchor 

dvaXap.( 3 dvw take up, recover, assume, 
incur 

dvaXeyco pick up; in mid. pick up for 
oneself 

avaXcoTos, -ov not to be taken, impreg¬ 
nable 

dvap.dpTT|TO$, -ov without fault 
dvapcvw wait, wait for 
dvap.ip.vr)0*KcD remind; in pass, (aor. 

av€|Avr|o-0iiv) remember, recall 
dvav€vo> nod upward, refuse 
ava£, -aKTOS, 6 lord, king 
’Ava^avSpCSTis, -€a> Anaxandridas, name 
of the father and great-great-grand¬ 
father of Leonidas 
avd^ios, -ov unworthy, undeserving 
dva|Ccos adv. unworthily 
dva£vp£8€s, -«v, at trousers 
dvairavop,ai rest, sleep, retire 
dvaim0co persuade, win over 
dvair€iTTap.€vos perf. pass. ptc. used as 
adj. open 

dva-n-Xeto sail upwards, sail out to sea 

dvairkcow = dvairXta) 
avairoS ££<«), aor. avcirdSicra correct, re¬ 
tract 

avairrtpow, -wa-w set on the wing, ex¬ 
cite 

dvaiTTvo’O’a), -irrufja), -€irrv|a unfold 
dvairTo) kindle, light 
dvairwOdvop-ai inquire into, learn by 
inquiry 

dvap£0|AT]Tos, -ov unnumbered, count¬ 
less 

avapo-ios, -ov unfitting, strange, mon- ( 

strous 

dvapreopaL used only in perf. pass. 
civdpTTjiicu be prepared, be bent upon 


dvdo-irao-xos, -ov dragged up; ava- 
cnraorTOUs rivas iroiT] 0 ’ai compel to 
emigrate 

avao-TaTos, -ov made to depart; of 
places ruined, laid waste 
dvao-T€vd£a>, -crr€vd£a> groan aloud 
dvacTaupoto, -«cr« impale, crucify 
dvao-x££a> rip up • 

dvacrw£c*> recover what is lost, rescue; 

more often in mid. in same sense 
dvaTtivto extend 
avarcXXo), aor. aveTtiXa rise 
dvaTC0qpi set up as a votive offering, 
devote, dedicate 

dva,Tp£irii> overturn, overthrow, ruin 
avaTp6(tt> aor. -c8pap,ov run up, leap 
up, shoot up 

dvatfxuvft) show forth, display; in pass. 

be shown forth, appear plainly 
dva<f>epb> carry up, bring back, report, 
refer, restore, recover; dv«v€iKao-0ai 
fetch up a deep breath; heave a 
sigh; av€V€ix0"nvcu recover oneself 
ava<|>vop.ai with 2 aor. act. -€c|>vv grow 
up or out, grow again 
avax«p€t» go or come back, withdraw, 
revert, pass to 

dv8dvw, dS^o-a), eaSov please 
aySpairoSitf), -i&o, T|v8pair68io-a en¬ 
slave; more ofte 7 i in mid. 
dvSpairoSov, -ov slave 
dvSpewv, -tovos, o men’s apartment or 
quarters 
avSpqios manly 

avSpias, -avTOS, o image of a man, statue 
’AvSpoPovXos, -ov Androbulus, a Del¬ 
phian 

dvSp6op.cu, -wo’op.ai, rjv8p«0-qv become 
a man 

"AvSpos, -ov, tj Andros, an island of 
the Cyclades 

dvSpoo-^i-yl, -yyos man-sphinx 
aveip.i (ire) go or come up, rise 
avep,os, -ov wind 
dv«v prep, with gen. without 
dv«vp£o-Kw, 2 aor. -€vpov discover, find 
out 




VOCABULARY 


327 


ave'xo) hold up or back ; intr. rise up, 
rise ; in mid. hold oneself up, bear; 
with infin. or ptc. suffer, endure 

av€\{/i6s, -ov cousin 

avTjKov<rT€w be unwilling to hear, dis¬ 
obey 

avf|Ka> have come up to, reach, belong 
av^p, avSpos, d (vir) man, as opposed 
to woman, as possessing the virile 
qualities ; jxaXXov avqp more (of a) 
man 

’Av0tj\ti, -t]s Anthela, a city near 
Thermopylce 

av0pa>irqtos belonging to man, human 
dv0pwTrivos = av0pwTrqios 
avOptoTTOs, -ov, 6, tj (homo) human 
being, man, woman 
dvido) grieve, annoy, distress 
dvwjp .1 send up, let go, free, release; 
intr. let up, cease 

dvio"Tt| pi causal in pres., impf., fut., 
i aor. act. and mid. set up, raise up, 
cause to stand; intr. in pass., 2 aor., 
perf. andplupf. act. stand up, rise 
dvio-x« rise 

dvo8os, -ov, -q way up, journey inland 
dvoT|Tos, -ov foolish, senseless, silly 
avotya), -oi£a), -oi£cl, -oix^tiv open 
avoX(3os, -ov luckless, wretched 
avojxai come to an end, be finished; 

c'tos dvo|i€vov waning year 
avopos, -ov lawless, unlawful 
’Avoircua, Anopsea, name of a 

mountain and pass above Ther¬ 
mopylce 

avop06« restore, rebuild 
dvopvo-a-w dig up 
avoo-ios, -ov unholy, profane 
avTCUipa> raise against; with x €t P a s 
war against 

avTafjios worth as much as; followed 
by the gen. 

dvTair6\\v|xi destroy in return; in 
mid. and pass, die in turn 
dvrdiTTO|xai lay hold of in turn 
dvTaw, -f|o-a), rjvT-qo-a meet with, re¬ 
ceive 


dvT€[i'ir£[xirpt][xi burn in return 
dvrc'xci) hold out; in mid. hold on to, 
cling to with gen. 

avTt prep, with gen. instead of, in 
return for 

dvn(3cuv« go against, resist, withstand 
dvTi(3odco cry in turn 
dvTi8£8(D[xi give in return 
dvTiKXain) weep in turn 
dvTi[X€[xcj)0|xat find fault in return 
dvTiixTjxO'Vdop.ai contrive against or 
in opposition 

dvTifjoos, -ov opposed to, adverse 
dvTioo|xai, -wo-opai oppose 
dvr£os opposite. avTiov, avTia adv. 
often used as prep, zuith gen. against, 
before, in the presence of 
dvrnr€|XTra) send in return or in reply 
dvTiirv\os, -ov with the gates opposite 
dvTio"TTj[xt causal in pres., impf., fut., 
1 aor. act. and mid. set against; 
intr. in pass., 2 aor., perf. and 
plupf. act. oppose 

dvrirao-oro) arrange against or opposite 
dvTiT€ivd> strive against, oppose 
dvriT£0T][XL set against, contrast, com¬ 
pare 

dvTiTviros, -ov repelled; tvitos avTi- 
tvitos blow against blow 
dvTvirovpyea), return a favor 

dvv<i>, -vo-to, ijvvo-a accomplish 
dvto adv. upward, above 
avco0€v adv. from above 
dvb>06b> push back, repulse 
dvw|xori adv. without oath, unsworn 
avtopt-q, -qs untimeliness, bad season 
avwTctTOS formed from superl. of dvw 
highest 

d£iaTrqyqTOS, -ov worth telling or de¬ 
scribing 

alioOeiiTos, -ov worth seeing 
d|toXoyos, -ov worthy of mention 
a|i6[xaxos, -ov a match in battle; with 
inf. sufficient (in number) 
a£ios of equal value, worthy, deserving, 
due, deserved; ttoXXov a|ios worth 
much 





328 


VOCABULARY 


d£i6a>, -wo-w think worthy, think right, 
think fit; also in mid. 
d|Ccos adv. worthily, in a way deserving 
of 

doiSos, -ov singer, minstrel 
airayyeXXw bring back word, report 

dira^yivew = aird'ytv 
dira-yopcvw forbid 

OLtrayu) lead back or away, carry off; in 
mid. take away for or with oneself 
diray«*yfj, -fjs payment 
dira&ttv 2 aor. of dirav8dva> 
airaeipco, aor. dirfjpa lift off, carry off; 
elliptically {sc. v«a, o-TpaT6v) sail 
away, depart 

dira0r|s, -k without experience, aira- 
0 tjs koikcov unharmed, 
diraipew take away, deprive; in mid. 

take away for oneself 
airais, airaiSos childless 
diraiT€a> demand back {of something 
rightfully belonging to one') 
airaXXa*yf|, -r\$ escape, departure 
dira\\d<r<ra>, -aXXa£a>, -rjXXa|a, -t)X- 
Xa-ypai, -TiXXdxSilv and -riWayriv 
set free, release; intr. get off free, 
escape; in mid. and pass, get rid 
of, give over, escape, be set free or 
removed from, depart 
dira|xp\vv(o blunt or dull the edge of 
dirapvvw keep off, ward off 
diravSdvw displease 
diravTtov adv. opposite 
dirdirrw fasten from or upon; dirap- 
pevovs {perf pass ) fastened on 
dirapdo-crco, -£u, -ripafja strike or 
knock off, sweep off 
airas, aircura, airav all, every 
dirarri, -tjs deceit, trick 
direSos, -ov level 

dimXtw, -fjo-w (i) threaten; ( 2 ) force 
back 

aimpi (ire) go away or back 
aimira / aor. — aimirov; so also in 
mid. direvnrurOai. 

aireiirov 2 aor. forbid, renounce, dis¬ 
own 


dir«£pi]TO$, -ov untried 
dircXavvft) drive from or back, repulse, 
remove, exclude; intr. ride off, de¬ 
part 

&TT€vavTio$, -ov opposite; neut. sing. 

often used as adv. 

dircpyw, -fjw keep away, prevent, hinder 
direpeo) fut. with no pres, in use dis¬ 
own, renounce, refuse 
dircpxop.ai go away, depart from, go 
back 

dir€'x« keep off; intr. be away or far 
from, be distant; in mid. keep off, 
refrain from 
diripyeopai tell, relate 
dirf|-YT]o-is, - 10 s, Tj telling, narrating 
airfjXig, -iKOs, 6, tj beyond youth, el¬ 
derly; comp. d'rrr]XiK€<rT€pos 
dirTipcXco), -rjo’co neglect, disregard 
dirrijJLwv, -ov safe, unharmed 
dirti]p.i send away, let go, give up, 
leave, neglect, hurl 

dmKv&>p.ai arrive at, come to, reach; 

impers. come to, be the turn of 
airi£is, - 10 s, t) going to, approach, 
arrival 

’Airis, - 10 s Apis, a sacred bull of Mem- 
phis, worshipped as a god 
dirurTeci), -T|<ri 0 disbelieve 
dirio"TT||xi causal in pres., impf, fut, 
and 1 aor. act. and mid. set at a 
distance, make to revolt; intr. in 
pass, and 2 aor., perf. andplupf. act. 
withdraw, shun, revolt 
dirio-rfr], -11s disbelief, incredulity 
dirio-TOS, -ov, disbelieved, incredible, 
distrustful, incredulous 
airX€Tos, -ov boundless, beyond meas¬ 
ure 

aiTXoia, -t|s impossibility of sailing, 
detention in port 

airo prep, with gen. from, away from; 
airo tovtov after this, in consequence 
of this; airo ‘yXioo-o-qs by word of 
mouth 

airoPaivw, -Pr|cro[j.ai, -ePrjv, -P^Ka 

go from, go on land, turn out; in 





VOCABULARY 


329 


fut. and j aor. act. (-prjCT-w, -€pii<ra) 

causal make to go from, put on 
shore 

airoPaWw lose, throw away 
airopipd^u) -dtrw put on shore 
diroyec^upow, -to<r« bank off, fence with 
dykes 

diroyovos, -ovborn or descended from; 
as subst. descendant 

diroypd^a) record, register; in mid. 

have a thing recorded 
airoScfKvvpi show, exhibit, make 
known, appoint; with a pred. adj. 
or subst. make, appoint; in mid. 
display oneself, make a display 
diroStijis, -io$, r\ setting forth, display, 
publication 

diro 8 r|p.€(i>, -f)cra> be away from home, 
be abroad, go abroad 
diro 8 i 8 pt|o-K<«), -Sp^aropai run away 
diroStSwfii give back, restore, give over, 
deliver 

d/iroSoKC? it seems good not 

diroOeco, -0evo-op.cn run away 
diro0vrjo-K«, -0aveopai, -^0avov die, be 
killed 

diTO0pa><rKCD leap from 
dTro0<opd£a> wonder much 
airoiKOs, -ov away from home; as 
subst. settler, colonist 
diroiKTi£op.ai complain 
diroCxop-ai be gone 

diroKaX-virTw, -\J/w uncover, disclose, re¬ 
veal 

d'lroKX.aito weep aloud, bewail, lament 
diroKXT^to shut out, shut up 
diroKoipaopcu properly sleep away from 
home, sleep a little 
diroKoirrco cut off 

diroKpTip.vos, -ov broken off, sheer, 
precipitous 

a-rroKpivo) separate, distinguish, select 
diroKpovo) beat off; in mid. beat off 
from oneself, repel 
diroKpvirr<o hide from, conceal 
airoKTeiveo kill 

diroKwXvw keep off, hinder, prevent 


diroXap.pdvb) take back, recover, cut 
off, intercept, arrest 

diroXap.irpvvu, -v&*> make bright; in 
pass, become famous 
airoXe'yto pick out, select 
diroXeurw leave behind, forsake, aban¬ 
don; intr. cease, fail, be wanting 
airoXis, -ios without a city 
dir6XXvp.i, -oXew, -wXeo-a, -oXwXeica, 
-oXwXa destroy, kill, lose; in mid. 
and 2 perf. die, perish 
’AiroXXcov, -tovos Apollo, one of the 
mightiest gods , possessing a famous 
oracle at Delphi 

diroXvw release, acquit, absolve; in 
mid. absolve or defend oneself 
dirop.dxop.cu fight against, decline 
dirovoo-T&o return home 
diro|vpe<*) shave clean 
diroiravw stop, make to cease; in mid. 

and pass, leave off, cease 
diroirei.pdop.cu make trial or proof of 
diroire'pirw send back or away; in 
mid. send away from oneself 
diroir£rop.cu, 2 aor. dir€irrdp.nv fly away 
diroiripirXrjp.1 fill out, satisfy 
diroirfirro) fall from, tall out 
airoirX^co sail away or back 
dir6irXr]KTO$, -ov struck dumb, sense¬ 
less, stupid 

diroirXoos, -ov sailing away 

diropeo), -rjco) be at a loss, perplexed; 

so also in mid. 
dirop0iiTOS, -ov unsacked 
diropiT|, -T|s perplexity, straits 
diroppairro), -pa\|/a> sew up 
diroppCirra) throw back or away, cast 
forth, hurl forth 

diroo-Kr|irTw, -o-KTp|/<o hurl from above; 
intr. fall suddenly {like a thunder¬ 
bolt) 

airoo-irevSw dissuade earnestly 
dirocrrao-is, -ios, r| revolt, defection 
diroo-TcXXto send away, despatch 
diroo-repe'o) deprive of 
airoo-ToXos, -ov messenger, ambassador, 
envoy 






330 


VOCABULARY 


d 7 ro(TTp€<|)co turn back; in mid. and 
pass, turn oneself back or away from, 
be turned away from 
dirocrtp^M keep safe; in pass, be kept 
safe, survive 
dTTOTd|iva> cut off 
diroxiXXco pluck, pull out 
airoTivvpai ( poet . for airoTivopai) ex¬ 
act a penalty for 
diroTopos, -ov sheer, precipitous 
dirorpeTTw avert, turn aside 
dTroc|>cuva> show forth, express, declare, 
reveal; in mid. show forth some¬ 
thing of one’s own, express oneself 
dTro4>€pa> carry off, bear away, bring 
back, report 
diro<|>€vyco escape 

diroc|>T]p.i declare plainly, speak out 
diro^Xavpi^co, -urco make light of 
d-iroxeipo (3iotos, -ov living by the work 
of one’s hands 

dirox.pdco suffice, be sufficient; in mid. 
and pass, avail oneself of, be con¬ 
tented with; also suffice ( like act .) 
’AirpLT|$, -€« Apries, a king of Egypt 

dirpoo-8oKT|Tos, -ov unexpected. 

dTrpoa-8pKT)Tov unexpectedly 
dirpoa-peiKTOs, -ov not capable of mixing 
with, holding no intercourse with, 
solitary 

dir-TCD, (fasten), kindle, set on fire 

usually in mid. ( perf. appcu) touch, 
lay hold of, cling to; of fire , catch 
d-iruGew drive away, repulse, avert 
dpa a postpositive particle implying 
close connection then, after all. 
\Apdf3ios Arabian 
apdopai (apcopcu), apqcropai pray 
’Apyeios Argive 

"Apyos, -cos, to Argos, a city in the 
Peloponnesus 
apyos inactive, idle 
apyv'peos of silver, silver 
apyvpos, -ov silver 

dpeo-Kco, apto-w, ^peora please, satisfy, 
be acceptable 

apeo-Tos acceptable, pleasing 


dp€TT], -fis excellence, virtue, courage 
’Aprpos of or belonging to Ares. 

’Aptpos irayos Areopagus 
’ ApT|s Ares, the god of war; poetic by 
metonymy war 
apGpov, -ov joint 

’ApiaPtyvrjs, -tco Ariabignes, son of 
Darius , who fell at Salamis 
’Apiapapv»is, -€<»> Ariaramnes (i) an 
ancestor of Darius ; ( 2 ) a Persian 
who fought at Salamis 
dpiGp^o), -T)<ro> number, count 
apiGpos, -ov number 
’Apio-Tayoptis, -e<» Aristagoras, instiga¬ 
tor of the Ionian revolt 
’Apio-reiSris, -£« Aristides, a distin¬ 
guished Athenian , often called ‘ The 
JusP 

dpio*T€ it|, -t]s bravery, prowess 
dpio-rcpos left, iir’ dpicrrcpd on the 
left 

dpio-revoo be best or bravest, prevail 
’ApuTToyctTcov, -ovos Aristogiton, one 
of the slayers of the tyrant Hip¬ 
parchus 

’ApiorToXatSris, -€i*> Aristolaides, an 
Athenian , father of Lycurgus , who 
headed the party * of the plain ’ 
’Apio-TOviKT], -Tjs Aristonice, a priestess 
of Apollo 

apto-Tos best, strongest, bravest, most 
excellent 

’Apio-To4>iXi8iis, -sw Aristophilides, a 

king of the Tarentines 

’Apio-Ttov, -wvos Ariston, a king of 
Sparta 

’Apicov, -lovos Arion, a famous min¬ 
strel, considered the inventor of the 
dithyramb 

’ApKa8tT|, —tjs Arcadia, a state in the 
Peloponnesus 

’ApKds, -a8os an Arcadian 
apK€co, -€o-a> suffice, be enough for 
appa, -aTos, to chariot 
'Appaxt8r|s, -«a> Harmatides, a Spartan , 
father of Dithyrambus 
’Appevios Armenian 




VOCABULARY 


331 


‘AppoSios, -ov Harmodius, one of the 
slayers of the tyrant Hipparchus 
dpp6£o>, appoo-w, -qppoo-a, appocrpcu 
fit together; of marriage , betroth; 
in mid. betroth to oneself, take as 
wife 

apva acc. sing, lamb ; nom. pi. apves 
apveios of a lamb or sheep 
apve'opcu, -fjo-opat deny, refuse 
apira-y^, -fjs seizure, plundering, rape 
' Apira-yos, -ov Harpagus, grand vizier 
of A sty ages, king of the Medes 
dpird£ctf, dpirao-w, ■qpirao-a, Tjpird<r0T]v 
seize, snatch, carry off 
appeoSeco, -fjo-to fear, dread 
appcoSfT], —t|s terror, dread 
’Apo-ap-qs, -eos Arsames, grandfather 
of Darius 

’Aprdpavos, -ov Artabanus, brother of 
Darius and uncle of Xerxes 
’ApTdvr|s, -eu> Artanes, father-in-law 
of Darius 

\ApTa£€'p|-qs, -ew Artaxerxes, son and 
successor of Xerxes 

’ApTa<j>€pvT|s, -eos Artaphernes (i) 
brother of Darius; ( 2 ) nephew of 
Darius 

dpTa<i), -fjo-co hang upon, fasten to; in 
pass, be hung upon, hang upon, be 
dependent upon 

’Apreppapiis, -cos Artembares, a prom¬ 
inent Persian 

’Aprepurup -i)s Artemisia, queen of 
Halicarnassus 

’ApTcpicriov, -ov Artemisium, a prom¬ 
ontory on the north coast of Euboea 

apTc'opai prepare 
apn adv. just, just now, recently 
apTiirovs, -tto8os sound of foot 
’ApToPa^dv-qs, -ew Artobazanes, son of 
Darius 

apTOKoiros, -ov, tj baker 
apros, -ov bread, loaf of bread 
’Aprvo-Twv'q, -tjs Artystone, daughter 
of Cyrus and wife of Darius 
dpTtia) arrange, prepare, make ready 
apxcu°s ancient 


apxf|, -fjs beginning, rule, empire, office, 
airo (efj) apxfjs from the beginning; 
KaT 1 apxds at the beginning; apxfjv 
at first; with neg. at all 
apxiepevs, -e'os chief priest 
dpxiTtKTcov, -ovos chief builder, di¬ 
rector of works, architect, engineer 
apx«, ap£w, rjp|a begin, rule, hold 
office; in mid. begin 
dpx«v, -ovTos, 6 {ptc. of apxw) ruler; 
ot apxovTes chief magistrates; at 
Athens archons; at Sparta ephors. 
acrdopcu, -fjcropai be disgusted or 
annoyed 

do-ripos, -ov unintelligible, obscure 
ao-0eveiq, --qs weakness, feebleness 
acr0€vf|s, -4s without strength, weak, 
feeble, soft 
’Ao-fq, -tjs Asia 
ao-ivqs, -4s safe, unharmed 
do-xe'w, -fjo-w fashion skillfully, dress 
out, adorn, deck, practise 
ao-Kos, -ov skin, bag made of skin 
acrpevos glad 

avird^opat welcome, greet, salute 
’A<nra0Lv-qs, -ew Aspathines, one of the 
seven conspirators against the false 
Smerdis. 

do-ircupw gasp, struggle convulsively 
ao-iracrros welcome, acceptable 
do-iris, -180s, f) shield; a body of men 
armed with shield, spearmen, hoplites 
cto-o-a Ion. for ariva, neut. pi. of oa-r is 
’Ao-o-vpios Assyrian 
ao-Tos, -ov citizen 

ao-Tpa-yaXos, -ov ball of the ankle joint 
do-Tpairf|, -fjs flash of lightning 
ao-Tv, -eos, to city 

’Ao-rvd-yqs, -eos Astyages, a king of the 
Medes , grandfather of Cyrus 
ao-Tvyelrutv, -ov near a city, neighbor¬ 
ing; as subst. neighbor to a city, 
neighbor 

do-<j>a\eiq, -tjs safety, assurance from 
danger 

ao-<j>a\4ws adv. safely, securely. d<r(j>a- 
\ecos t'x €lv k e safe or secure 




332 


VOCABULARY 


d<r<j>aXf|S, -€S safe, secure 
’Ao-cditos, -ov Asopus, a river near 
Thermopylce 

dTd(T0a\os reckless, wicked, pre¬ 
sumptuous 

art properly nent. pi. of oo-te ( = os or 
oo-tis) as, just as; mostly with ptc. 
showing causal force 
drcXctTi, -t]s exemption from taxes or 
other public burden 
drew be reckless, foolhardy 
a,TT], -t]s ruin, disaster 
dnpd£a> hold in low esteem, slight 
dripCr], -tjs dishonor, disgrace 
drt|iwpT]TOS, -ov unpunished 
"Arotro-a, -y\s At ossa, daughter of 
Cyrus and wife of Darius 
arpairos, -ov path 
’ATpe(8r]s, -€w son of Atreus 
drpEK^cos adv. exactly, accurately 
drp€KT|s, -€S exact, accurate 
dTpcpttw, -i€», T|Tp€|XKra keep quiet or 
still 

’Attikos Attic. ’Attikt) (*yrj) Attica 
"Atvs, -vos Atys, son of Croesus 
av adv. again, on the other hand, 
moreover 

avSa£opai, aor. T]v8a£dp.Tiv cry out, speak 
av8do>, -T|<r« utter a sound, speak 
avO^vT^s, -€« one who does anything 
with his own hand, an actual 
murderer 

avX^w, -t|o-« play on the flute 

av\^, -iis courtyard, court 

civXiyrf|S, -&o flute player 

avXwv, -wvos, o trench, canal 

avgdvo> make to grow, increase; in pass. 

grow, wax, increase 
av£ii> = avfjdvw 

avTiKa adv. immediately, at once, 
straightway 

avns adv. again, afterwards, hereafter 
avToOcv adv. from the very spot, from 
the country itself 
avTo0i adv. on the spot 
avroparos acting of itself, spontaneous, 
without external agency 


avropoXew, -•fprw desert 
avTopoXos, -ov going of oneself; as 
subst. deserter 

avTovopos, -ov having one’s own laws, 
independent, autonomous 
avTiirnis, -€» eyewitness 
avTOS, -f|, -6 self; in the oblique cases 
an unemphatic pers. pron. him, her, 
it, them; preceded by the art. same 
avTOv adv. (properly gen. of preceding) 
here, there 

avTOXEipCt], —t|s one’s own hand 
dvxfjv, -evos, o neck, narrow sea, strait, 
defile 

a<f>avr)S, -€S invisible 
a<})d<r<ra), aor. i]4>a<ra (as if from 
d4>aco) feel, feel for 

d(j>i], -Tis lighting, kindling, ircpl Xv\- 
va>v a<J>ds about lamp-lighting time 
d<j>0oyyos, -ov without speech, silent 
d<j>0ovos, -ov without envy, abundant, 
plentiful 

’AtjuSvaios of the deme Aphidna 
a<j>Xao-Tov, -ov curved stern of a ship; 

in pi. of a single ship 
'A<j>po8tTT|, -Tjs the goddess Aphrodite 
atjjvXaKTOs, -ov without guard, un¬ 
guarded 

atfxovos, -ov mute, speechless 
’Axaur], -qs Achaea, a district in south¬ 
ern Thessaly , also called Phthiotis 
’Axaipcvrjs, -cos Achaemenes, ancestor 
of the Persian kings 

’Axcup6vi8T]s, -€« son or descendant of 
Achaemenes 

dxapis, ax a P l , S en • ^xapiTOS unpleas¬ 
ant, disagreeable, thankless 
axdpio-TOs, -ov thankless, ungrateful 
ax0opai, aor. T|X0^0^V be burdened, 
distressed 

axpt prep, with gen. until; as conj. 

axpi or axpi ov until 
axj/€v8r|s, -6s without deceit, truthful 

B 

Ba|3vXwvios Babylonian 
(3d.0pov, -ov foundation, base 





VOCABULARY 


333 


Paivw for prin. parts see avaPaivto 
PaXavt)c^ayos, -ov acorn-eating 
PdXXto, PaXcco, 4PaXov, ipXfjOqv throw, 
cast, hurl, strike, hit; in mid. put or 
throw for oneself. 4s 0vp.ov PaX4<r0ai 
lay to heart. 4tt’ vp.4a>v avTtov PaX- 
Xofi€voi (throwing) by yourselves i.e. 
( acting ) on your own judgment 
PapPapos, -ov not Greek, foreign; as 
subst. barbarian, foreigner 
Papvs, -4a, -v heavy 
Papvo*vp.<j>opos, -ov of heavy fortune, 
unfortunate 

Pao-av^co, aor. Ipaa-avicra examine, 
cross-question 
Pao-tXaa, -tjs queen 
Pao-iXcvs, -4os king 
PaciXfvto be king 

Pao-iXr|Ct], —Tjs kingdom, reign, throne 
pao-iXqtov, -ov dwelling of the king, 
palace; so in pi. 

Pa<riXfjios of the king, kingly, royal 

Pao-iXucos = Pao-iXfjios 
P£kos, to bread. 

P4Xos, -cos, to anything thrown, mis¬ 
sile, dart, bolt 
piaios forcible, violent 
Piato force, constrain, treat with vio¬ 
lence; so in mid. 

PiPptoo-Kto, perf. p4Pp<oKa eat 
Pios, -ov life, livelihood, substance 
Pioto, aor. 4Pi(oo-a and 4p£a>v (ptc. Piovs) 
live, pass one’s life 

B£to>v, -tovos Biton (Bito), brother of 
Cleobis 

Puocrip.cs, -ov to be lived, fit to live 
pXdpos, -cos, to harm, injury 
pXdirTco, -\|/a> harm, injure 
pXad-Tos, -ov sprout, shoot 
PX4 , ira>, -\J/to look 

Poato, Ptoo-op.ai, k'Ptoo-a, p4Ptop.ai, ipw- 
o-0-qv shout, celebrate, noise abroad 
Pofj, -tjs shout, outcry 
PoT|0£to, -tjo-co aid, go to aid 
Pottos, -ov helping, auxiliary; as subst. 

helper, assistant; in pi. auxiliaries 
Bouotos Boeotian 


Popij, -fjs food 

popfjs, -4to, -fjv, 6 the north wind, north 
PocrKto support, maintain 
Boo-iropos, -ov Bosporus ( Ox-ford), the 
name of several straits; in Hdt. 
regularly the Thracian 
Bovpdo-Tis, -ios, t) Boubastis, a city on 
the Nile 

PovkoX£t], — qs ox stall, byre 
PovkoXiov, -ov herd of cattle 
PovkoXos, -ov herdsman 
PovXfvp.a, -aTOS, to plan, counsel 
PovXfvto take counsel, deliberate, plan, 
resolve; so also in mid. 
povXfj, -fjs plan, counsel 
PovXopai, -fjo-ojiai wish, prefer 
povs, Poos, 6, rj ox, cow 
Bovtw, -ovs Bouto, a city in Egypt , the 
seat of an oracle 

Bpa-yx^Sai, -iS4tov Branchidse, a place 
on the coast of Ionia celebrated for a 
temple and oracle of Apollo 

Ppa\vs, Ppa\4a, Ppa\v short, small, 
little 

Pp4(j>os, -£os, to new-born baby 
PpovT-rj, -fjs thunder, thunder-storm 
PiipXivos made of papyrus 
PvpXiov, -ov paper, letter 
PvPXos, -ov, fj properly bark of the 
papyrus, hence book 
P<op.£s, -£8os, tj step 
Ptopos, -ov altar 

r 

•yaXa, -aKTOS, to milk 
yap.ppos, -ov son-in-law, brother-in-law 
■yap.4«, £yqp.a marry, of the man 
■ydpos, -ov marriage 
■ydp postpositive causal particle for, 
introducing a reason for what pre¬ 
cedes; since, introducing a reason 
for what follows : namely, introduc¬ 
ing details promised in a preceding 
clause ; in questions , what, why. Kal 
•yap usually elliptical: and . . . for, 
and in fact; similarly aXXa yap but 
in fact 



334 


VOCABULARY 


•yatrrrip, -epos, t] belly 
yavXos, -ov round-built Phoenician 
merchant vessel 

ye enclitic particle giving prominence to 
the foregoing word, at least, at any rate 
yeXoios causing laughter, ridiculous 
y4Xws, -«tos, 6 laughter, matter for 
laughter, laughingstock 
yeve^|, -fjs race, tribe, generation 
yeverjXoyea), -rpra) trace ancestry, draw 
out a pedigree 
yevvatos high-born, noble 
yevvaccos adv. of preceding 
yevvaco, -fjo-o) give birth 
ye'vos, -eos, to race, descent, family 
yepas, -eos, to gift of honor, preroga¬ 
tive, privilege 

yepcov, -ovtos, 6 old man, elder 
ye'c|>vpa, -tjs bridge 
*y€(j)vp6(i), -cocrco bridge 
yij, yfjs, land, earth 
yqyeviis, -4s earth-born 
■yt]paios old, aged 
•yfjpas, -eos, to old age 
yrjpdo-Kco grow old 

yCvop.ai, yevr|o-op.ai, eyev6p,T]v, ye'yova 

be created or born, become, take 
place, happen, prove oneself, come 
to (of number). yeve<r0ai ev (ItrC) 
arrive at 

■yivtoo-Kw, yvcoo-op.at, eyvcov, eyvcoica rec¬ 
ognize, perceive, learn, know, judge, 
determine, decide 

■yXtocro-a, --qs tongue, speech, language 
yvcop.r], -i^s judgment, opinion, purpose 
yvo>pC£a>, aor. pass. eyvcopCo-0T]v make 
known ; in pass, become known 
yovevs, -e'os, 6 father, ancestor 
yovos, -ov child, offspring, stock 
yovv, yovvaTOS, t6 knee 
ropyco Gorgo, daughter of King Cleo- 
menes of Sparta 

TopSfas, -eco Gordias, a Phrygian , 
father of Midas 

ypap.p.a -otos, to letter of alphabet; 
in pi. piece of writing, letter, inscrip¬ 
tion 


ypap,|xaTurTf|s, -4<o scribe, clerk 
ypd<J>a>, ypd\J/w, eypavjm, lypa^v write, 
draw 

TuyaSas a name given to the votive 
offerings of Gyges at the Delphic 
oracle 

rdy-qs, -eco Gyges, a Lydian; (i) son 
of Dascylus , ancestor of Croesus; 
( 2 ) father of Myrsus 
yupva^w, -d<rw exercise, train; in mid. 

exercise (oneself) 
yupvos unclad 

yvpvoci), -worco lay bare, strip 
yvvaiicfjios of a woman; yvvaiKTp,T| 

women’s quarters, harem 
yvvfj, yvvaiKos, f) woman, wife 
r«PpvT]s, -eco Gobryas, a prominent 
Persian; one of the seven conspir¬ 
ators against the false Smerdis 
ycov (ye cov) at least, at any rate 
ycovCri, — tjs corner, angle 

A 

8aip.6vi.os heaven-sent, divine, miracu¬ 
lous; neut. as subst. divine provi¬ 
dence, fate; of human beings , strange, 
luckless, <0 8aip.ovioi poor wretches 
SaCpcov, -ovos, 6 divine power, divinity. 

KaTa Scupova by fate 
SaCvvp.1 give a banquet or feast; in 
mid. feast 

8aiTvp.cov, -6vos, 6 one who is enter¬ 
tained, guest 
Sdxpvov, -ov tear 
Saxpvco weep, shed tears 
SaKTvXos, -ov, 6 finger; as a measure 
of length , finger’s breadth, about seven- 
tenths of an inch 

Aap.acrC0vp.os, -ov Damasithymus king 
of the Calyndians 
SaTravdci), -■fjo-co spend 
Sairavr], -i}s money for spending, ex¬ 
pense, expenses 

Aapeios, -ov Darius, son of Hystaspes , 
king of Persia 

AacncvXeiov, -ov Dascylium, a place near 
the southern shore of the Propontis 




VOCABULARY 


335 


AcutkvXos, -ov Dascylus, father of the 
Lydian Gyges 

8a<rtio({>6pos, -ov paying tribute, tribu¬ 
tary 

Sa.T€ 0 }jicu, aor. ESao-ap/qv divide 
Aans, -ios Datis, a Mede, one of the 
two generals in command of the 
expedition sent by Darius against 
Greece 

8a\|fi\^s, -4s abundant, plentiful 
84 conj. but, and; to mark the apodosis 
then, yet 

8ei impers. verb followed by the inf 
and acc. of the person one must, one 
ought; neut. ptc. 84ov used in the acc. 
abs. when (though) he ought; as a 
subst. that which is needful or proper. 
4s 84ov at need, opportunely 
(SeCSco), eScura, ScSoixa (with pres, 
meaning') fear, be alarmed or anx¬ 
ious about 

8cikvu|jii, 84£eo, €8e£a, SeScyp-ai, 48€x0t]v 
point out, show, make known 
SaXtT], -T|s timidity, cowardice 
SEijia, -aTOS, to fear 
S€ip.aiv(o be afraid 
Seivo\o'y£ 0 |j.ai complain loudly 
Scivos to be dreaded, fearful, able, 
clever. Sciva irouiv, Seivov iroi£io-0ai 
take ill, complain of, be indignant at. 
8eiv6v ti £crx€ Tiva indignation seized 
one. As subst. to Seivov danger 
Seivoos adv. of preceding terribly, aw¬ 
fully, strongly, mightily 
Seiitvov, -ov dinner, the principal meal. 

diro ScCirvov after dinner 
8£ipr|, -tjs neck, throat 
8£Ka indecl. ten 
SfKtwVus, -es ten years old 
8€kcitos tenth 

8€Kop.at, S4gopiai receive, accept, enter¬ 
tain 

SeX<|hs, -ivos, o dolphin 
AeX<{>o(, -wv, at Delphi, seat of the 
famous oracle of Apollo 
AeX(J>os Delphian. 

S4p.co, aor. KSfifta build, construct 


S4vSp£ov, -ov tree 

Se£ios right, shrewd, clever, 4irl 8 e£i<x 
at the right 

S4opxu, 8£T)o-op,at, 48€T)0t| v be in need 
of, want, ask, beg 
84ov, -ovtos, to see S€t 
8fios, 84ovs, to fear 
84o-iroiva, -t]s mistress 
8€0 ”tt6tt|Sj -€«, acc. SEtnroTEa, voc. 84- 
o-rroTa master, lord 
8£VT€paios on the second day 
S£VT£p£ta, -cov, tq second prize in a 
contest , second place or rank 
SfVTEpos second in order or in rank. 
SfVTEpov, SfVTfpa adv. next, again, a 
second time, then 

84a), S-qcrco, perf. pass. S48e}uu bind, 
chain, imprison 

84co, 8£r|o-(o lack, miss; for impers. see 
Set; for mid. see 84op,ai 
Sfj a particle used to give greater ex¬ 
plicitness or emphasis to the preceding 
word now, in truth, truly; sometimes 
of what is well knoivn manifestly; 
sometimes ironically doubtless, of 
course, forsooth. It cannot always 
be translated by any single word, but 
its force may be rendered by emphasis 
of the preceding word. Kal 8^ icaC 
and in particular 

8t]0£v adv. really, in truth, forsooth 

( ironical) 

At) ioktjs, -coo Deioces, a tyrant of the 

Medes 

Stjiow, -(oo-oo lay waste, ravage 
8ti\a8r| (St^Xa 8^) quite clearly, plainly, 
manifestly 

SrjXTjcris, -ios, tj mischief, harm, hurt 
A^Xioi, -(ov Delians 
AfjXos, -ov, tj Delos, an island in the 
AEgean sea, the fabled birthplace of 
Apollo 

8t\Xos evident, clear, plain 

SrjXoo), -(oo-co make clear, disclose, show. 

St|Xoi, impers. it is clear 
A-npapTiTos, -ov Demaratus, a Spartan 
king exiled to Persia 




336 


VOCABULARY 


ATUJLTjTrip, At|jJiT]Tpos (ep. A^priTepOs) 

Demeter, goddess of agriculture 

At}p.okt|St]s, -cos Democedes, a phy¬ 
sician from Croton 

St]|jlos, -ov people, common people, 
commons, assembly of the people, 
democracy, township, deme 
8r]|i6<rios belonging to the people or 
state, public, common, to 8t|p.ocriov 
the state. 8ti|aoo-£t| publicly, at the 
public expense 

8tjp.6tt]s, -to) man of the people, 
commoner 

AT]p.6<J>iX.os, -ov Demophilus, com¬ 
mander of the Thespians at Ther- 
mopylce 

SrjTa adv. then, therefore 

Aia see Zcvs 

8ux prep, (i) with gen. through, 
throughout, during, by means of; 
( 2 ) with acc. by reason of, because 
of 

8ia(3cuvo> pass over, go across, cross 
SiapaWw throw across, carry over or 
across, pass over, set at variance, 
misrepresent, speak slanderously, 
deceive, impose upon 
Sidpcuris, - 10 s, t] crossing over, passage 
SiaPoX/f), —tjs false accusation, calumny, 
prejudice 

Siayivwo-Kw know one from another, 
distinguish 

SiaSciKvvfu show clearly or thoroughly 
8ia8i8pT)<rKco, -8pr|(ro|xai run away, es¬ 
cape 

8id8oxos, -ov succeeding, relieving, 
in succession or relays 
Aia8p6|XTjs, -€« Diadromes, a Thespian 
Siaipecris, - 10 s, t) division 
Siaipe'oo divide into parts, divide 
SCaira, - 11 s way of living, life, main¬ 
tenance. Stairav mmia-Gai pass 
one’s life, live. Siai/rav 6\€iv live 
8iaiTaop,ai, -ir|o-o|icu lead a course of 
life, live 

8iaK€\€vo|xcu. give orders this way and 
that, direct, exhort 


SiaKXe-rrTci) steal away, keep alive by 
stealth 

8iaKop,££« carry through or to the 
end 

SiaKpivci) separate one from another, 
distinguish, settle, decide. Sicucpivai 
ai'pctriv make a choice; in pass, be 
parted, separate 

8ia\a|xpdv(i> lay hold of separately or 
on every side, seize, arrest 
8ia\£yo|jiai converse with 
8ia\oi8opeop.ai rail furiously at, abuse 
on all sides 

SiaAvb) break up into parts, disperse, 
destroy, break off, dissolve, pay, dis¬ 
charge (a debt or promise') ; also in 
mid. 

8iap.£Tpeo> measure through or off; in 
mid. have measured out to one, 
hence receive as one’s share 
8iavavp.axe« fight a naval battle 
through to the end 
8iav£a> swim through or out 
Siavo£ 0 |icu, -^<rop.ai, pcrf. -v€v«p,ai in¬ 
tend, be disposed to 
8iavoia, -t]s thought, notion, intention, 
purpose 

8iair€iX.£a> threaten violently 
Siaimpa, -tjs trial, test 
8ia7r£ipdopiai make trial or proof of 
SiaTTfip-irw send in different directions 
Sta'jrfpaioci), -«<r<o carry across; in pass. 

be taken over, go across 
8ia-rrpf|o-<rw bring about, accomplish; 

so also in mid. 

Siapprjyvvfii break through 
Sicurfiw shake violently, throw into con¬ 
fusion 

8iaorK£8avvvp.i scatter, disperse; perf. 

pass. 8i£o-K£Sao-p.cu be dispersed 
Siaa-iraa) tear asunder 
Siacrimpo), -o-irfp&o, -ccmrcipa scatter, 
spread about, disperse 
8iao-<}>d£, -ayos, t) rent, cleft, rocky 
gorge 

SiaTao-crw appoint or dispose severally, 
appoint to several offices, arrange 




VOCABULARY 


337 


SiarcX&o bring to an end, accomplish; 
with ptc. continue 

SiarcTpaivo), -avew bore or break 
through 

Siclti 0 ti|j,i place separately, distribute, 
dispose; in mid. dispose of 
SiaTpij3o» spend {of time ) 

8 ia<j>cuv<o make to show through; seem¬ 
ingly intr. shine through, appear, 
dawn 

8 ia 4 >ep&) carry through; of time go 
through; 8 ia<j>e'pei impers. it makes 
a difference 

8 ia<j>€v-yto flee through, escape 
Sia<|>0€(pb) destroy, ruin, ravage, corrupt 
Sia 4 >oiTaci> go about continually here 
and there 

8 ia<|>opf|, -rjs difference, disagreement, 
quarrel 

Sia<{>vX.d<rca» guard carefully, observe 
closely 

8 iacj>vo|xai, -cropai, with 2 acr. act. 

-« 4 >vv grow between, intervene 
8 iax.e<») pour different ways, disperse, 
upset, confound, undo 
8 ia.xpdop.ab use up, use constantly or 
habitually, consume, destroy 
SiSdo-Kco, 8 i 8 d£a), ISiSafja, e8i8ax0rjv 
teach, instruct; of a poet bring out a 
piece 

8 i8axf)» -ijs instruction 
8C8up.i, 8co(ra), eScoica, 8e8wKa, SeSopai, 
48o0i]v give; in pres, and impf. be 
ready to give, offer. Souvai Siicas 
give satisfaction, be punished. \o- 
■yov Sovvai «ovT<p consider 
SieXavvco drive or ride through 
Sie£ebp,i go through, recount, rehearse 
8 i€£epx°H> a, > go through to the end, 
recount in full, relate 
Siep-yd^op.ai make an end of, kill, des¬ 
troy 

Siepxopai go through, pass through 
8 i€tt]s, -€s of or lasting two years 
Sit'np.ai seek for, seek 
8 ££a> be in doubt 
Sitjkoo-ioi two hundred 


Aitjv€kt]s Dieneces, a Spartan distin¬ 
guished for bravery and wit 
Ai0upapPos, -ou Dithyrambus, a Thes¬ 
pian who won distinction at Ther- 
mopylce 

Si0vpap.(3os, -ou dithyramb, a form of 
lyric verse 

8ii<rTT|p,i causal in pres., impf ., fut., 
i aor. act. and mid. set or place at 
intervals; intr. in pass., 2 aor., perf. 
andplupf. act. stand or be set at in¬ 
tervals 

8 iKa£co, aor. ISiKacra give judgment, 
decree 

Sixaios just, right, exact, precise 
SiKaioo-uvr], —t|s justice, righteousness 
SiKaiou, -wctcd think right or fit 
SiKaiws adv. rightly, justly 
SiKaa-Trjs, -ea> judge 
8ikt], --qs right, justice, judgment, atone¬ 
ment, satisfaction, penalty, atrekiv 
SiKas demand satisfaction, c'xsiv 81 - 
ktjv have satisfaction. Sovvai Sixas 
give satisfaction, make amends, pay 
penalty. Xaf&tv 8ikt]v be punished, 
(rvv 8£kt|, Kara Siktjv rightly 
Siktvov, -ou net 

8 i£os = Sicrcros twofold; in pi. two 
816 ( 81 1 o) therefore 
SioSos, -ou, tj way through, passage 
Aiopf|Si]s, -eos Diomed, one of the 
mightiest of the Achceans before Troy 
Sion conj. because that, for the reason 
that; indir. therefore, why; some¬ 
times = on that 
8 iirX.r|o-ios double, twice as much 
Siirkos twofold, double 
8 is adv. twice 
Sicrpupioi twenty thousand 
8 io-x£kiob tw r o thousand 
8 i<j>dcnos twofold; in pi. two 
8 £x“, adv. in two, apart, at variance 
SiwKo), drive, pursue, drive away, 
banish; as a law-term, prosecute 
Sitopv£, -uxos, tj trench, canal 
Sokco), 8 o£<o, c8o£a, 8€8oyp.ai think, 
seem, seem good, be resolved 



338 


VOCABULARY 


Sokijxos famous, distinguished 
SoXepos deceitful, treacherous 
86Xos, -ov guile, trick, treachery 
Sojios, -ov house, room, chamber 
8ov€w, --qo-w shake, agitate; in pass. 
be in a turmoil 

8o|a, —tjs reputation, fame, glory 

Sopanov, -ov spear 

SopiaXwTOs, -ov captive of the spear, 
taken in war 

AopCcncos, -ov, tj Doriscus, a town in 
Thrace 

8opv, 86paTOs, to spear 
8opv<|>6pos, -ov spear-bearing; as subst. 
spearman, especially one of the body¬ 
guard of a king 
8ocris, - 10 s, tj gift 
SovXtjios of a slave 

SovXoTrpsirrfjs, -4s befitting a slave, servile 
8ovXos, -ov slave 
8ovXoo-vvtj, -tjs slavery 
SovXow, -wo-co make a slave of, en¬ 
slave; in pass, be a slave 
8 paxp>f|> -fjs drachma, an Attic coin 
worth about a franc 
Spciravov, -ov scythe 
8ptjit4ttjs, -€« runaway 
8pqcrp.6s, -ov running away, flight 
Spopos, -ov running, race, race course. 

8p6|xw on a run 
8pvs, -oos, tj tree, oak-tree 
8vvap.at, -•#j<rojiai, 48vvdo-0Tjv be able, 
can 

Svvajxis, - 10 s, tj strength, power, force, 
ability. Kara 8 vvap. 1 v to the best 
of one’s ability 

8wacrT€V(o be powerful or influential 
SvvaTos able, powerful; of things , 
possible 

8 waT«s adv. ably, powerfully. SwaTws 
€\€tv = SwaTOV €?vai 
Svo, -MV two 

8vop.ai, - 0 -op.ai, with 2 aor. act. €8vv 
enter, sink, -rrpo Svvtos tjXiov before 
sunset 

Svo-tvTepCij, -tjs dysentery 
8vco epic for 8vo 


8 vw8eKa twelve 

SvcoSeKdirTixvs, -v twelve cubits long 
AooSwvr], -tjs Dodona, in Epirus , seat 
of the oracle of Zeus , the most ancient 
in Greece 

8 «p.a, -aros, to house or part of a 
house; hence pi. 8wp.aTa house 
Sa>p6f|, -tjs gift 

8(op4op.ai, -Tjo’op.ai present a thing to, 
present one with; in pass, be pre¬ 
sented 

Aupicvs, -4os ( 1 ) a Dorian; ( 2 ) Dori- 
eus, brother of Leonidas 

AwpiKos Doric 
Sa>pov, -ov gift 
8«t£vtj, -tjs gift 

E 

ea8e see dvSava) 

cap, eapos, to spring. ap.a tw capi 

in early spring 

eao-iv epic form for etcr£v ; see ctp,£ 
law (impf. €wv), -dtra> allow, permit; 
ovk 4 a v to forbid, hinder, prevent; 
give over, leave, let it alone; I4v<u 
«ao-ov omit to go, don’t go 
€(38op.TjKovTa indecl. seventy 
€(3Sop.os seventh 

4 -yyCvop.ai take place in, happen among; 

of time , intervene, pass 
4yyXv<}>&>, -v\|/w carve in, cut in 
4 *y'ypd<j>co engrave, inscribe 
4 yyvs adv. near, with gen. 

4 - YKaTaX€£ , jra> leave behind 
4‘YKpaTrjs, -4s having possession of, in 
control of, master of 
4yKTC£a>, aor. 4v€KTicra build in, found 
eyKvos, -ov pregnant 
4-yKvpca), aor. 4v€Kvpqcra and 4v4Kvpo*a 
(as if from Kvpa>) fall in with, find, 
meet 

4yx a ^ tv ° ft> P ut a bridle in the mouth 
of; pass. ptc. 4’yK€XO'Xiv«p.4voi with 
bits in their mouths 
4*yx €,< P^ tov > -ov dagger 
4’YX €l P^t ft) > aor • 4v6X€£pio-a put into one’s 
hand 





VOCABULARY 


339 


I'YXpip.irrw, -\J/o> bring near to 

4p.4o, 4p.ev, 4p.oi, Ip.4 also enclitic 
forms |i€v, p. 01 , p.e; pers. pron. of the 
first pers. sing. I, me. eyw-yc I at 
least, I for my part 
€Spap.ov, see Tpl)(a> 

'I8pg, —gs seat, throne 
cSwXiov, -ov seat; in pi. rowing- 
benches 

IdeXoKaKe'b), -gcrco play the coward 
40€XovTqs, -lev volunteer 
404X(o, lOeXqcrw, g04Xgo-a be willing, 
wish; with inf. be going to (like 
p.4XXco); ovik l04Xo> refuse 
€0vos, -cos, to nation, race, people 
et if, whether, if (rtj is true), since; 
after words denoting wonder, delight, 
etc. — otw that, ct p.fj unless, except, 
ct 8c p.g otherwise 
clScfgv, ctSevav, ct8Ico, see ol8a 
ct8op.cn. be like, liken oneself 
etSos, _ £os, to form, beautiful form, 
beauty, appearance 
c£Sb>Xov, -ov likeness, image 
ebcd^co, -do-w liken, compare, con¬ 
jecture, infer, guess. <*>s cUdo-cu as 
one may guess, to make a guess 
c£koo-i indecl. twenty 
c£k« yield, give way 
cIkwv, -6 vos, fj likeness, image 
clXi-yp.os, -ov winding, convolution 
ctp.a, -aros, t 6 mantle, raiment 
ctp.t (esse) ets, iarri, clp.lv, Io-tc, cto-£ 
(all enclit. except cts); subj. cg>, qs, 
g, ccoo-i; opt. c£gv etc.; imv. tV0i, 
co-to) etc.; inf. clvcu; ptc. Iwv, loOcra, 
lov; impf. gv, gcrav; fut. e<ra-op.ai, 
to-Tai; iterative impf. cVkc, cVkov 
be, exist, be possible (in last two 
meanings 3 sing, written corn; so 
also after certain particles), to lov 
reality, truth ; tw Iovti in truth 
etpu (ire) ct, eto-i, £p,ev, £tc,* I'acri; 
subj. I'o) etc.; opt. toipi etc.; imv. 
l'0i etc.; inf. tcvai; ptc. t»v, tovcra, 
tov; impf. gia, gic, giarav go, come 
itvaTos ninth 


€iv€Ka prep, with gen., usually after its 
case on account of, with regard to, 
as far as 

civckcv = preceding 
ct-ira 1 aor. said, spoke 
elirov aor. said, spoke 
ci'pqp.cu see Ipw 
ctpgvg, -g$ peace 

etpop.cu, 2 aor. ctpop.gv ask, inquire, 
question 

cipcoraw, -fjo-w ask, inquire, question 
cts, pua, cv one 
el<ra see l'to> 

€l'T€ usually doubled c£tc . . . c£tc 
whether ... or, either ... or 
Ik (before a vowel 4£) prep, with gen. 
from, out of, in consequence of, ac¬ 
cording to, after, by 
Ikols adv. far, afar. cKaorTepo) farther 
ckcuttos each, each one, every 
€k<xo-tot€ adv. each time, on each occa¬ 
sion 

€KaT£pos each of two 
ckcitov indecl. one hundred 
cko/toct-tos hundredth 
Ik(3cuv(i> come or go out, disembark, 
come to pass, turn out 
4 K( 3 dXX<o throw out, drive out, expel; 
in mid. put ashore 

iKyivopiai born of, be gone away, have 
passed; impers. it is allowed, is 
granted 

cK-yovos, -ov child, descendant 
IkSIkop-cu take or receive from, succeed 
to, come next 
ckSc£is, -10s, g succession 
lK8gp.4<«), -goro) be out of town, be 
abroad 

iKSiSdo-KO) teach thoroughly 
iKSiScopu give out, give up, let (of a 
house), empty (of a river) 

IkSvvo) and Ik8vo> take off, strip off; 

in mid. strip oneself of, put off 
ckSvctis, -10s, g exit, way out 
IkcI adv. there, in that place 
Ikcivos dem. pron. that, that person, 
he, she, it 



340 


VOCABULARY 


€K0€o-ts, -ios, T 1 putting forth or away, < 
exposure 
4xxauo burn out 

4xxaX4co call forth; in mid. call out to 
oneself 

€KKa\t)TrTa>, —tj/co uncover 
exxeipai be placed forth, be exposed 
(as pass, of 4xtC0t|[ai) 

€kkX€ttt<i) steal away 
4 kkXt]io> shut out, hinder 
eKKOjiitw take out, save from 
€kX€itto> forsake, desert, abandon 
£kXei\|as> -ios, 'H eclipse 
ckXvw loose, release, set free 
4xp.av0av&> learn thoroughly 
EKimpdopai make trial of, test 
€K'ir£[j.'n , w send out or away, dismiss 
4 xttt|8q.o), leap out 

EKTrCpirXTpu fill out, fulfill 
EKiriirTo) fall out, be thrown out 
4 x7tX4g> sail away 

4KTrXr|cr<ra> astonish, drive out of one’s 
senses. 4x < TTE'irXfb(0 ai > 4xTrXcryTjvai to 
be astounded, be driven from one’s 
senses 

4xirXctfa> = 4x , irX«i> 

4xiro8wv adv. out of the way, away 
4K‘iroi4» make completely, complete 
4k‘jtoX£|a6w, -w<r <a excite to war; in pass. 
be set at war or feud with, become an 
enemy to 

4xpf|*yvvp.i break off, snap off; in pass. 

be shattered, break, break forth 
4 kt6X4o) fulfill, accomplish 
4 ktC0t]|u put or place forth, expose 
4 ktos adv. outside; as prep, with gen. 

outside of, except 
ektos sixth 

"ExTwp, -opos Hector, son of Priam 
4x<)>aCva> show forth, reveal, set forth, 
declare 

4x<t>^p«> bring or carry forth, carry off, 
carry ashore, report; in mad and 
pass, come to land 
4x<j>€w-ya) escape from, escape 
4x<j>oiTd« go out commonly or regu¬ 
larly 


4xx€w pour out; in pass, flow out, stream 
out (of persons') 

4xxpdw suffice; 4xxpa impers. it suf¬ 
fices, contents 

4xx^pc<*> go or come out, slip out 
4x«v, -ovtra, -ov willing, voluntary. 
4x«v eTvcu as far as depends upon 
one's will 

4Xcut), -tjs olive-tree 
’EXaiwv, -ovvtos Elseon, more com¬ 
monly Elseus, a town in the Thracian 
Chersonese 

eXao-is, -ios, T] driving, journey, expe¬ 
dition 

4Xacro-<ov, -ov comp, of fuxpos less, in¬ 
ferior; in pi. fewer. eXacro-ov adv. less 
4Xavvo), 4Xda>, tjXao-a, 4XrjXct|iat, r|Xd- 
<r0T|v drive, ride, march, proceed, 
draw (of a line of wall ) 

4Xa<}>p6s light, easy. 4v 4Xa<|>p<? ttoiei- 
cr0ai to hold lightly 

k\6.\i<rros superl. of 4Xd<rorwv least; 
in pi. fewest 

4Xe'yx w question, cross-examine, confute 
c EX4vt], -t]s Helen, wife of Menelaus 
4X€v0epitp —t|s freedom, liberty 
4X€v0£pos free 

4X6v0€po<o, -<oo-« set free, free, release 
, ’EXevo-is, -tvos Eleusis, a town in 
t Attica 

’EXcujjavTivTi, -Tjs Elephantine, a city 
. in Egypt 
4X0€iv see cpxopai 
4Xivvto rest, cease from 
(4Xxva>), ci'Xxvo-a, ctXxvo-0r)v draw, drag 
. tXxco, impf. ctXxov draw, drag, draw 
down the balance , so weigh 
4XXdp.'irop.ai, -xj/opat distinguish one¬ 
self 

, 'EXXas, -aSos, tj Hellas, Greece 

eXXeo-xos, -ov talked of in the X4crxai 
', "EXXt^v, -^vos, 6 Greek; as adj. = *EX- 
i Xtjvixos 

'EXXtjvixos Hellenic, Greek, to 'EX- 
Xtjvixov = ol "EXXtives 
- *EXXr|vios = 'EXXt]vix6s. to 'EXXf|viov 
Hellenium or temple of the Hellenes 





VOCABULARY 


341 


'EXXtjvis, -i 8 os fern. adj. Greek 
'EWrjcnrovrios of the Hellespont, Hel- 
lespontine 

'EXXfjo-irovTos, -ov the Hellespont 
4XX6*yip,os notable, of high repute 
KXos, -cos, to marsh 

eXiri^w, aor. T]XTrio"a hope, expect, think 
cX-irCs, -£ 8 os, t) hope, expectation 
fiXiropcu think, suppose, be confident 
e|iPa£vco step in or upon, embark; 
4v€(3r|o-a causative make to step in 
or upon 

4p(3dXX(i) throw in or on; intr. invade, 
ram (of a ship ) 

4 ( 1 . 4 , 4|a4o, 4p«v, 4|xoi see 4-yw 
4jx€wvtov, -fjs reflex, pron. of myself 
«|xp€vat epic for clvai; see etfu 
4|ios my, mine, of me 
cpiraXiv adv. the opposite way; with 
gen. contrary to 
€|nr€ 8 ov adv. firm 

4|X'iri(xirX'r]fu fill full; in mid. and pass. 

sate oneself, eat one’s fill 
4(nripTrpT]p.t, -irpf|<ra), -€TrpT(<ra, -fiirpfj- 
<r 0 T]v kindle, set on fire 
4 p.'iri 7 rrco fall upon 
fi'p.irXfos quite full 
4p.'iro8uv adv. in the way 
4|nropiov,-ov trading-place, mart 
6 (jLirpT(<ris, -ios, Tj burning 
€|iirpoo- 0 € adv. before, in front; with 
gen. in front of, before 
4p.<f>avf|S, -4s visible, manifest. 4k tov 
4p4>av4os openly 

4v prep, with dat. in, among, on, at, in 
the presence of, within the reach or 
power of, with, by; as adv. among 
4v(ryTjs, -4s accurst, under a curse 
4v<vya> lead on, induce, persuade 
4vaXXafj adv. alternately 
4vavrioo|Jiai, -wcropai oppose, with¬ 
stand, set oneself against 
4vo,vtios opposed, opposite; 4fj tvav- 
t(t]s in front, opposite; 4vavTiov as 
prep, with gen. opposite, facing 
cvSckci indecl. eleven 
4v84ko.tos eleventh 


4v84Kop.ai accept, believe 
4v84o) bind in, entangle in 
4vS4(o, -8€f|<rci) be wanting or lacking 
4vS£S<o|ik grant, allow, permit 
4v8ov adv. within, in the house 
4v8tiv« and 4v8vw put on, clothe in; in 
mid. and 2 aor. act. 4v48uv put on, 
enter 

eveip.i be in. cvt = mori 
4v€vt|KovTa indecl. ninety 
cv€p0e adv. from beneath, beneath, be¬ 
low; as prep, with gen. beneath, be¬ 
low, inferior to, subject to 
4v4x« hold fast within, cherish; in pass. 

be held fast, caught or entangled in 
4vt]Pt]tt]piov, -ov place of amusement 
tvQaadv. (i) dem. there, then; ( 2 ) rel. 
where 

4v0a8€ adv. here, hither, thither 
4v0avTa Ion. for 4vTav0a adv. there, 
then 

cv 0 cv adv. ( 1 ) dem. from there, thence; 
( 2 ) rel. from where, whence. 4v0€v 
. . . €v 0 tv on one side ... on the 
other with the gen. 

4v0evT€v Ion. for 4vt€v0€v adv. from 
there, thereupon 

4v0vji.tjt6s laid to heart. 4v0d|jlt]tov 
iroi€io-0ai to lay to heart 
4v0vp.ios, -ov taken to heart. 4v0v|uov 
■y€v4o-0ai to become a source of anxi¬ 
ety or regret 
k'vt see €V£i(u 
4viauTos, -ov year 
4vi8pvopai. build for oneself 
€vioi some 
4vnr7r£va) ride in 

4v£o-ttj|u causal in pres., impf ., fut ., 
1 aor. act. and mid. place in; intr. 
in pass., 2 aor., perf. and plupf. act. 
be set in, stand in, enter upon, be 
appointed 

4vvo4oo think, reflect on, consider 
4voik4o> live in, inhabit 
4voik££ci> settle in; in pass, be settled in, 
take up one’s abode in 
4vopda> see, remark, observe somethingxn 




342 


VOCABULARY 


4vrdp,v<o cut in, engrave upon 
4 VTttVV W — 4vT€lVO) 

tvTcivw stretch or strain tight. evTerd- 
o-0at be held taut 

4vT€XXop.ai, iveretXdprjv, €VT€xa\|iai 

enjoin, command, order 
IvtoXtj, -fjs command, order 
Kvtojjios, -ov cut in pieces; t& evropa 
victims 

evros adv. inside, within; with gen. 
on this side of. Ivtos Icovtov in con¬ 
trol of himself, in his senses 
€VTp€ira> turn about, turn 
tvTvy xdvu happen upon, find 
Ivvirviov, -ov dream 
4£ see 4k 
indecl. six 

Igo.'Y'yeXXb) proclaim, make known, re¬ 
port; in mid. cause to be proclaimed 
4|d-yti) lead out or forth 
4£cup€o*is, -ios, r| taking away, removal 
4|aip€Tos to be taken out or removed 
4£aip€Tos taken out, chosen out, choice 
4£aip4w take out, remove, make away 
with, take completely, capture; in 
mid. set free, deliver 
4£aKurx£Xioi six thousand 
4|aK6<rioi six hundred 
4|ap.apTdvw err, do wrong, commit a 
fault, offend 

4£d|A€Tpos, -ov of six measures or feet. 
4v 4|ap4Tpa) tovu) in hexameter meas¬ 
ure 

4£avd-yop.at put out to sea, set sail 
4|avaKpovopai retreat out of a place by 
backing water 

4£avax«p€<» retreat, withdraw 
4£avSpairo8C£«, -iew enslave; so also 
in mid. 

4|avCo’TTjp.i causal in pres., imp/., fut., 

1 aor. act. and mid. make to stand 
from, remove from; intr. in pass., 

2 aor., perf. and plupf. act. stand 
up from, depart from or emigrate 

4|airaTda), -r|or« deceive 
4|auivr|s adv. suddenly 
4|api0fJL4a> count, number 


4f-apv4ofj.cu deny utterly 
efjapvos, -ov denying, refusing, efjapvov 
elvai to deny 

efjapxvw equip, make ready 
4^-yap (o, -eyepeu, -qyapa, --qyepd-qv 
rouse, waken; in pass, wake up 
€^€ip.i go or come out 
4£€ivai see €£€o-ti 
4{j€ipva> draw out 

4£eXavv« drive out, banish, march out, 
beat out ( of metals') 

4^€p.iToX€ft) sell off; perf.pass. 4|£p.'iroXq- 
pat be sold 

4£€irurTapcu know thoroughly 
l^p-yd^op-cii accomplish, do or make 
completely, destroy; perf. and aor. 
used in pass, sense 

4£€pY« shut out, prevent, force, compel 
4£4pxop.cu come or go out 
€|€o-ti it is permitted or possible 
4^€Td£tt examine 

4|€vp£o-is, -tos, t) searching out, search 
e^Evprjpxi, -aTOS, to discovery, invention 
4|€vpCcTKa) find out, discover 
4|'q-y£°p.(u go first, lead, dictate, pre¬ 
scribe, tell at length, relate in full, 
set forth, explain, narrate 
4|t|Xvo-ls, -«>s, t) way out, outlet 
4{-Ti|A€p6<D tame or reclaim completely 
4£idop,ai cure thoroughly 
4|«ip.i send out 
4^iXdcrKO|Aai propitiate 
4£io-oa> make equal 

4£icrTT|fj.i causal in pres., impf, fut., 
i aor. act. and mid. put out of place; 
intr. in p>ass., 2 aor., perf. and plupf. 
ad., stand aside from, withdraw from 
4£ittiXos, -ov fading, evanescent. 4£t- 
tt]Xov yeveo-Qai to become extinct, 
forgotten 

€£o8os, -ov, fj way out, going out, de¬ 
parture 

4£<hkoSo|a4« build completely 
4|opKoa> put under oath, make one 
swear, administer an oath to one 
4(joorTpaKi£a> banish by ostracism; perf 
pass. -wcrTpdKicrp.at 







VOCABULARY 


343 


4£vPpi£io, aor. -v( 3 pura treat with in¬ 
solence or violence 

adv. outside, without, out; with 
gen. outside of, except 
€^w 0 ev adv. from without, outside 
€£w<tti]s, -€» one which drives out. 

I^wo’tcu av€|ioi violent winds 
Iovtws adv. really, truly 
copy a see €p8a> 

eirayyeXXopai proclaim, let proclama¬ 
tion be made, promise 
eirdyepo-is, -tos, t] gathering, mustering 
CTrayivew = cirayco 
e-rraycD lead to or against, bring to 
CTraeCpo) arouse, incite; inpass.be elated 
ciraio-Tos, -ov detected 
C'rraicrx.vvopai be ashamed of or at 
CTraiTidopiai charge, accuse 
ciraKovo) listen to, hear, give ear to 
€TravaPdX\op.at put off 
ciravaT^XXo) rise 

l' 7 ravCa"TT]fj.i causal in pres., imperf, 
fut., i aor. act. and mid. make to 
rise against; intr. in pass., 2 aor., 
perf. and plupf. act. rise up against, 
rise in revolt against 
CTrapdopcu lay a curse upon, imprecate 
CTrdpyvpos, -ov plated with silver 
crrapKcw help, assist 

cirauXts, - 10 s, farm building, cot, hut 
"ETT-cujjos, -ov Epaphus, Hellenic name 
of Egyptian god Apis 
lircav (lirct + av) whenever, followed 
by subj. 

circycfpa) awaken, rouse 

circt conj. when, whenever, after, since. 

cird Taxio-Ta as soon as 
lircfyopai hurry, hasten 
cttciStj conj. when, since, after 
€irci|n (esse) be upon or near 
CTreipi (ire) come upon, approach, at¬ 
tack, invade 
eirciirov bade 

circipopai ask again or besides, inquire 
of 

cimpcoTaw question, ask, ask about, 
consult 


circiTa adv. then, afterwards 
cttcCtc conj. when, since, since the time 
when 

crreXavvo) drive or ride against, march 
against 

lirc^cipi (ire) go over, go through in 
detail, go out against, proceed 
against 

€'ir€f-€pxo|A(u go out against 
cirelfis adv. in order, successively 
eircTro) engage in ; in mid. follow upon, 
accompany, attend, pursue 
cir^px.opat come upon, come or go 
against, come forward, traverse 
€TTC(T€ipi come on after, come on be¬ 
sides 

err€(r€pxop.ai come to, come after 
€TT€o-Tpa|xp.€vos perf. mid. ptc. of €iri- 
trrp€<}>« earnest, vehement 
€tt€T€ios yearly, annual 
i-ire'xa) hold or direct towards, hold back, 
check, have power over ; also intr. 
stay, stop, cease, wait, pause, extend 
over, reach over 

4tt£ prep. ( 1 ) with gen. upon, in, 
toward, in the direction of, in the 
time of, after (zuith KCKX^crGcu), by 
(with refl. pron.)\ ( 2 ) withdat. upon, 
on or over, in honor of, in addition 
to, in the power of, in regard to, for 
the purpose of, on condition of; 
( 3 ) with acc. to a place upon, to, 
toward, against, for (of purpose), for 
(with expression of time). As adv. 
upon, besides, next 

’EiridXTTjs, -€<o Ephialtes, a Malian, 
who, by betraying to Xerxes the exist¬ 
ence of a mountain pass, caused the 
destruction of the Spartans at 1'her- 
mopylce 

ImPatvo) set foot upon, go upon, mount, 
go on board ship 

eTriPdXXa) put or place upon, impose 
liriParevw set foot upon, occupy, usurp, 
appropriate 

€iriPdTT]s, -ecu one who embarks; regu¬ 
larly of a fighting man on board ship 



344 


VOCABULARY 


4‘rrif3oda>, -j3w<ro|JL(n, -€Pa>ard[iT]v shout 
to, call upon 
CTriJ3oT]0c« come to aid 
€iripov\€va> plot against, form designs 
upon 

4m|3ovXf|, -fjs plot 
lir^aios, -ov on the ground 
€iri*ya|iCTi, -t]S intermarriage 

be born after, come after, 
come upon, fall upon, befall, come 
on {of time) 

4 ‘Tr(‘ypap.|xa, -aro$, to inscription 
4 iri-ypa<j>w write upon; in pass, be in¬ 
scribed upon or over 
4 iti8£Ckvv|ai point out, show, exhibit; 
so also in mid. 

4iri64Kop,ai admit besides or in addition 
4iri8t8o>jn give besides or in addition 
ciriStt'nK'CU seek for, demand besides 
4m8uoK« follow after, pursue 
4TriSpo|JLf|, -rjs inroad, attack, sally. 

4£ 4iri8popiTis by inroad 
4<Tri€iKT|S, -4$ capable, able, moderate 
4TTictKws adv. moderately, tolerably, 
fairly 

4 < rri4vvvp.i put on besides or over; perf 
pass. 4-irCto-p.ai 
4-iri^tu) boil over 
4iri£T|T4c»> seek after, wish for 
4irCTiju send against, send upon, let in 
lirieaXdo-o-ios, -ov dwelling or lying on 
the coast 

4irC6r|p.a, to something put on, lid, 
cover 

I'TriOupLeco, -r|ora) set one's heart upon, 
long for, desire earnestly 
4tti0v|at|tt|S, -4<o one who longs for or 
desires, lover 

4iriKa\4a> call upon, invoke, bring ac¬ 
cusation against, impute; in mid. 
call on as a helper; in pass, be 
called by a surname, nicknamed 
4‘iriKaTaK\vc«> overflow besides, sub¬ 
merge 

4iriKaTao-<}>di> slay upon or over 
4iriKaTav|/«v8op.ai to tell falsehoods 
besides 


4irtK€i(iat be placed or lie in or on, be 
laid on, be imposed, press on, attack 
4TriKr|pvK£vop.at proclaim publicly, send 
a message by a herald 
4itik(8vt)|u spread over 
4iriK(pvi](xi mix in addition 
4ttCk\iio-i$, -io$, tj additional name, 
surname; 4itCkXt]0'iv adv. by name, 
nominally 

4itik\t]tos, -ov called upon, specially 
summoned 

4'iriKV€opiai reach, attain to, hit the 
mark 

4tti.koo-|i€m honor, celebrate 
4iriKOupos, -ov ally 
4‘iriKpaTeo) be in control of, rule over 
4iriKvp4a> fall in with, meet with, ob¬ 
tain 

4iri\ap.pdva> seize, attack; in mid. lay 
hold of, get, obtain 
eirCXapiTTos, -ov caught, detected 
4'iriXdp'irc*), —shine after, shine forth 
4iriXcaCv<«), -tXeTjva smooth or gloss over, 
make plausible 

4iriX4yu> say in addition; in mid. 
choose, pick out, select, think over, 
consider, read; foil, by p.rj fear, be 
apprehensive 
4'iriXtC'irw fail, be wanting 
4-mXT|0O|A<u, -Xr|<ro|A(u, -€Xa0op.riv, 
-X4XT]0a forget, disregard 
4'irCXoiiros, -ov left remaining; of time 
to come, future 

4'irip.ci|i , n, —tj$ intercourse, dealings 
4iri|i4X£ia, -r]s care bestowed on one , 
attention. lirip.fiXfiav iroi€i<r0<n to 
pay attention to 

4irifi£X^s, -4$ cared for, object of care 
47rip.4Xop.ak give heed, attend 
4'iri|i£)J.(|>o|i a i find fault, blame, com¬ 
plain 

4 iri|ii|ivT| 0 'K 0 |jLai make mention of, 
mention 

4 iri(i.Co-yojj.at have dealings with 
Imvfiiov, -ov state harbor 
4 triv£|iop.ai of cattle feed over the 
boundaries; of fire spread over 






VOCABULARY 


345 


€iriv€<|>€\o$, -ov cloudy, overcast 
eirivocb) think on, contrive, have in 
mind, intend; also in pass, intend 
tirC-irav adv. upon the whole, in general 
em.irlp.'irfi) send after, send upon or to 
«riir£rop,cu, -irTT|<ro|Aai fly to or towards 
KiriirXa, -«v, Ta furnishings, movable 
property 

4 ‘irC'irXeos quite full of 
timrXfw or €'irnrX«a> sail upon or over 
Itti-itoXtIs adv. atop; with gen. on top 
of, above 

€irurT]|iov, -ov device, ensign or flag on 
a ship 

eiri<rT]|JLOs, -ov having a mark or in¬ 
scription 

€irioriT^op.ai, -levpai furnish oneself 
with food or provisions 
lirio-KCVTj, -fjs repair, restoration 
I'lrurKfj'rrTu, —xj/a> enjoin upon 
cirurudco, -d<ra> draw to or towards one 
lirMnrevSa) urge on, further, promote 
^irCo-Tanai feel sure, believe, think, 
know 

lirioTTeXXo) send to, despatch, enjoin, 
command 

€Tri<rT-q(j.i causal in pres., impf , fut., 
i aor. act. and mid. set or place 
over; intr. in pass., 2 aor., perf. and 
plupf. act. be set over, stand over, 
be in command or authority, stand 
by or near 

l-rrio-Tios, -ov at one’s fireside or hearth; 
as epithet of Zeus, god of the hearth 
or of hospitality 
€7ri<rTp€4>€c«>s adv. earnestly 
CTrurTpc^xD turn about, turn toward; in 
mid. pay attention to, regard, eire- 
o-Tpap,piva = lirKTTpt^ws 
eiriTappodos, -ov master, lord 
€ 7 riTdo-<ro) put upon as a duty, impose, 
enjoin 

€iriT€X€a> fulfill, accomplish, complete 
I'lriTeX'fjs, -4s complete, accomplished 
€it(t€£, -€kos, tj about to bring forth 
CTriT€\vdopai, -^o-opai contrive for a 
purpose, devise, invent 


eiriTriStos suitable, useful, serviceable, 
convenient, ra liriTrjSea necessaries, 
provisions 

€irCTi]8€s adv. advisedly, on purpose 
I'lriT'qSevw practise 

eiriTiqSews adv. suitably, conveniently 
4iriTi0T|p,i put to or upon, apply, impose, 
despatch ( a letter ); in mid. set one¬ 
self to something, attack, lay com¬ 
mands upon 

eiriTp^iro) turn over to, entrust, give 
way, yield 

€irirp€(}>ft) support, maintain; in pass. 

grow up after or as a successor 
eiriTp^xo) run upon, run after, be eager 
for 

eirirpoircva) be guardian or regent for 
eiriTpoiros, -ov in charge of; as subst. 

steward, viceroy, guardian 
€TriTvyxA vw happen upon, meet 
em^cuvcD show forth, display; in pass. 

show oneself, appear 
€iruf>avTjs, -4s manifest, evident, con¬ 
spicuous, remarkable 
ciruj^pa) bring upon or against, inveigh 
against, impute; in pass, rush upon, 
attack 

4‘iri(t>'np-^ 0 F Lai utter ominous words 
4m<j>0ovos, -ov liable to envy or jealousy, 
odious, unpopular * 

4mc|>oiTd« keep coming to, visit fre¬ 
quently 

l7ri(f>pdto|xai think of, contrive 
4‘iruj)pd(r<rw, -£a> block up, fortify 
eirix^P^o* -^o-a) make an attempt 
upon, attempt, attack 
tirix.eip'rio’is, - 10 s, tj attempt upon, 
attack 

errfx.pvo^os, -ov plated with gold 
Imxwpios of the country, native; ol 
eirix«pi>oi people of the country, 
natives 

€tti.\|/t|(J> put to the vote, put the 
question 

liropat, impf. €lirop.T]v, 2 aor. ecrirojniv 

follow, accompany 

eTToiroifr], -tjs epic poetry, epic poem 



346 


VOCABULARY 


liroiroios, -ov epic poet 
ciropdo) look upon, watch over, behold, 
inspect, view, observe, see 
I-Tropplto lie moored against, blockade 
tiros, -eos, to word, saying, verse 
liroTpvvco urge on 
l-irTtt indecl. seven 
lirTaKaCSeKa indecl. seventeen 
eirraKotrioi seven hundred 
e-irTa-rnixus, -u seven cubits long 
lirtowpiri, -t]s additional name, nick¬ 
name 

lu-co vvpos, -ov named after 
cpapai, aor. T|pd<r0T]v be in love with 
IpydJ^opai, -acropat, lp-ya<rdpr]v, ep-ya- 
crpai, 4p-ydcr0T]v do something to an¬ 
other , do, work, perform, earn by 
working; perf and aor. used in pass, 
sense 

Ip-yao-up -t]s working 
cpyov, -ov deed, action, achievement, 
work, matter, thing; toi epya tilled 
lands 

Ip-yw, ep£co, etpfja confine, restrain, pre¬ 
vent 

cpSco, 6p|«, elpfja, €op*ya do work, do, 
do something to 
Ipetiriov, -ov ruin, wreck 
Ipei-irco throw down, cast down 
’Ep€Tpia, -t|s Eretria, one of the chief 
towns of Euboea 
’EptTpievs, -cos an Eretrian 
’EpeTpiKos Eretrian 
Ipevvato seek or search for, search 
’EpexOcvs, - 60 s Erechtheus, son of 
Poseidon and Athena , brought to life 
in the lap of earth 

Iplco, fut. of a rare form €i!pco from 
which come also etptpca, ctp^pcu, 
lppr|0T]v, clpfpropcH {fut. mid. for 
fut. pass.) say, speak, tell, order 
cprjpos deserted, solitary, destitute of, 
void of 

IpTjpoto, -tocrw strip bare, bereave 
6p(?W, aor. T]pura vie with, strive, rival 
£ppT|V€vs, - 60 s, 6 interpreter 
"Eppos, -ov Hermus, a river in Lydia 


'Epp6cj>avTos, -ov Hermophantus, a 

Milesian 

cpcrTjv, -6vos, 6 male 

4pv0pos red. ’EpvOprj 0d\acr<ra the 

Red Sea, a name given to the Indian 
Ocean 

tpvpa, -aTos, to defence 

Ipvto, aor. ttpvcra draw, drag 

tpxopai, IXevtropai, rj\0ov, 4X^Xv0a 

come, go; with fut. ptc. used like an 
auxiliary verb be going to 

eptos, -<otos, 6 love, desire 
4s prep, with acc. to, into, upon, up to 
(of time), until, for, with a view to, 
in regard to, toward; with nunierals 
about; in many adv. expressions Is 
ttjv vo‘T€paiT)v on the next day; Is 
paKp’fjv for long; Is to Se'ov at need; 
Is to irpoo^co forward 
Itrdyto lead in or into; in mid. bring 
in, import, admit 

4(raKovTi£o> throw a javelin at so?neone 
IcraKovw give ear to, listen, obey 
lo’diuKvIopai come to, arrive at, reach 
lo-paivw go into, enter, embark 
4or(3dXXco throw into, put on board, in¬ 
vade; in mid. put on board one’s 
ship 

4o"f3i(3d£u>, -dcrto, make to go into, put 
into or upon 

4cr(3oXr|, -fjs pass, invasion 
4<r8vva> and IcrSvopat with 2 aor. act. 
IcISvv enter 

co'cipL go or come into, enter 
lo-eXxva) draw or drag in or into 
Icrlpxopas. go or come into, come to, 
enter, return, occur to 
Itrexto stretch into, open into 
4<rr|‘yT|Tf|s, —4to, 6 mover, author, pro¬ 
poser 

€o-0Tlpcu perf. pass, of 4tr0eto be clothed 
4(r0^|S, -fjTos, t] clothing 
4<r0Xos epic word — d-ya0os good, 
brave, etc. 

«ro8os, -ov, t) way in, entrance 
Itropdto look in, inspect 
ItrirlpTrco send to or into 




VOCABULARY 


347 


£<rir£pTj, —tjs west, evening 
lonriirrco rush or burst in, fall into or 
upon, attack 

£<ro-€(r0ai see etpC 

ecr(r6o(xai, aor. £<r<rto0Tjv be weaker, be 
defeated 

€<tt€ conj. as long as, while, until 
ccttccos 2 perf. ptc. of I'o-ttjju 
€O"tC0tjjai put in or into, put on board 
ecr<})€p w carry to or into, bring in, pro¬ 
pose; in mid. import, introduce 
c<r<|>opea> frequent, of eo-c^P" carry or 
bear to a place continually 
€<rxcvro$ farthest, uttermost; to e<rxa- 
tov the utmost, extremity 
«rco adv. within, inside 
ccrco0€v adv. from within, within, inside 
£TaipT)ios of or belonging to comrades; 

as epithet of Zeus , god of fellowship 
cTaipos, -ov comrade, friend, com¬ 
panion . 

£Tcpoi<S(i) make different, change; in 
pass, be changed, altered 
€T£pos, -ov one of two, other. S-TEpos 
. . . €T€pos one . . . other 
€T€p<o0u adv. in another place 
£Ti adv. still, besides; with neg. longer 
£Toip.d|w, -ao-cD make ready, prepare 
Kroipos ready, prepared 
€tos, -£os, to year 
€v adv. well, fortunately, happily 
€u, ol sing, of the pers. pron. of the third 
pers. (of to) him, her 
cvafjs, -is fair-blowing, favorable 
EvaXKiSrjs, -€o> Eualcidas, a general of 
the Eretrians 

cvPdo-TaKTos, -ov easy to move 
EvPoitj, -tjs Euboea 

£vSaip.ov^o>, -fjo-w be fortunate, happy, 
prosperous 

€v8<u|aov£tj, -tjs good-fortune, happiness, 
prosperity 

€v8a£p.«v, -ov fortunate, happy, pros¬ 
perous 
€vS« sleep 

£v8oKipt€a), -fjo"w be of good repute, 
honored, famous, distinguished 


ruEiSfjs, -cs beautiful,. handsome 
€V£Trf|S, -es well-spoken, acceptable 
fiVEpyEOHij, -tjs kindness, benefit 
(ietTTw, -ovs, Tj well-being, tranquillity, 
prosperity 

€VTj0€iTj, -tjs simplicity, silliness, folly 
€VTj0fjs, -c's simple-minded, silly, foolish 
€t>0Tjv€a», -fjo-w flourish, prosper; so also 
in pass. 

Evjaevtjs Eumenes, an Athenian who 
won distinction at Salamis 

evvtj, -tjs couch, bed 
€VV0€0-T€p0S see €VVOOS 
£vvop£op.ai, aor. £vvop,f|0Tjv have good 
laws, be orderly 

evvojjwtj, -tjs well-ordered state, good 
order 

€vvoos, -ov well-disposed, kindly, 
friendly; irreg. comp. €vvo£o-T€pos 
€vvoux.os, -ov eunuch, chamberlain 
£v^£lvos, -ov kind to strangers, hospit¬ 
able. ttovtos Ev^ivos or Ev^fivos 
the Euxine or Black Sea 
€VTra0£o), -fjcrw enjoy oneself, make 
merry 

EwrciTEpEia, -tjs daughter of a noble 
father 

€vir€T€<os adv. of the foil. 
fitnrfTTjs, -es without trouble, easy 
EvirpEirfcos adv. of the foil. 

€VTrp£irf|S, -cs well-looking, fit, becom¬ 
ing, glorious, specious, distinguished 
fvirpTjICTj, -tjs welfare, success 
Evpiiros, -ov Euripus, the strait that 
separates Eubcea from the mainland 

EVpiCTKCO, €VpTJO-Ct>, €VpOV, EVpTJKCl, EVpTJJACU, 

€vp€0Tjv find, discover; in mid. get 
for oneself, obtain 
€vpos, —cos, to width 
EvpvPiaSTjs, -€» Eurybiades, a Spartan 
in command of the allied Greek fleet 
EvpvSTjpos, -ov Eurydemus, father of 
Ephialtesy the traitor 
Evpvpaxos, -ov Eurymachus, a Theban 
€vpvoira ep. for EvpvoTrrjs far-seeing 
evpvs, -ea, -v wide, broad 
fvpvxwpi' 1 !) -tjs open space 




348 


VOCABULARY 


Evpwirq, -qs (i) the continent of 
Europe; ( 2 ) Europa, daughter of a 
Phoenician king 

£vcr£f&w, -fjcrw be pious or reverent, act 
reverently 

evo-tP^s, -4s pious, reverent 
€vt« rel. adv. when 
€vtvkos, -ov ready, ready for eating 
tvTvyJo), -fjo-w be well-off, successful, 
fortunate 

€vtvx.^«S adv. of the foil. 

£vrvxqs, - 4 s well-off, fortunate, success¬ 
ful 

€vtvx£tj, -qs good-fortune, prosperity, 
success 

Ev 4 >oppos, -ov Euphorbus, an Eretrian , 
who betrayed his city to the Persians 
Ev 4 >opCcov, -wvos Euphorion, father of 
the tragic poet JEschylus and of Cyne- 
girus , who fell at Marathon 
ev4>p6vt], —qs kindly time, a euphemism 
for night 

£vxq, -qs prayer, vow 
cvx°p(u, tv^opiat, £v£ap/qv pray 
£vwvvp.os, -ov of good name or omen, 
fortunate; euphemistic for dpicrrcpos 
left 

cvb>x&o, -^cro) entertain lavishly; in 
pass, feast 
’E<f>€o-ios Ephesian 

’'E<j>€<ros, -ov, q Ephesus, the chief Io¬ 
nian city of the coast of Asia Minor 
«X®P T 1> _T 1 S hatred, enmity 
4 ^0pos hostile, at enmity; as subst. one’s 
enemy 

€X« {impf. €tx°v), o-xf]<rw, aor. £<rxov 
have, hold, inhabit, have to wife; 
hold or keep in a certain direction , 
hence guide, steer; check, stop; have 
mentally , hence know, understand; 
with ptc. as auxiliary have; also 
intr. tend towards, extend, aim at; 
with adv. be, with inf. be able; in 
mid. cling to, be close, come next 
to, border upon, pertain to, refrain 
from 

c\j/£(i> and €\J/« boil 


€o) 0 a perf. with meaning of pres, be 
accustomed 
£<i>v impf. of Ido 
£wv, 4ovo-a, iov ptc. of dpi 
Jews conj. while, until 
ItoVTOv, -qs, -ov reflex, pron. of third 
pers. of himself, herself, itself; some¬ 
times used for first and second persons 

Z 

£a 0 €os very holy 
£dir\ovTOS, -ov very rich 
£dw live, be living or alive 
J^v-yXq, -qs strap or loop of the yoke 
££v < yvvpa, £€v|w join together, bridge 
os, -£os, to yoke, pair, couple, 
chariot (drawn by pair) 

£€v£is, - 10 s, q joining, bridging 
Zevs, Aios or Zqvos Zeus, king of the 
gods 

£€w, £«rw boil, boil or bubble up 
£qp.iow, -wo) punish, fine 
tqr^w, -rjo-w seek, seek for 
£qTqo-is, - 10 s, tj search 
£oq, -tjs life, living; hence property, 
substance, income, way of living 
£w-yp€w, -rjo-w take alive, take captive 
£wvq, -tjs girdle 

£wov, -ov living animal, figure (of 
animal or man ) 

£wos alive, living 
£ww live 

H 

q conj. or. q . . . q either ... or, 
whether ... or; after a comp, than 
q in truth, verily 

q*y€p,ov£q, -qs chief command, leader¬ 
ship, hegemony 

q-yejj-wv, -ovos, o leader, guide, com¬ 
mander 

q-y^opiai, -f|o-op.cu, -qo-dp.qv, qyqficu 

lead the way, be the leader of, guide; 
also suppose, believe, think 
‘Hyqo’iKXfiqs, -4os Hegesicles, a king 
of Sparta 

q8€a, qS££ see ol8a 




VOCABULARY 


349 


t]8t] adv. now, already, hitherto, forth¬ 
with 

ijSopcu, aor. pass. Tpr0-qv be pleased, 
enjoy, be delighted 

TjSoWj, -fjs pleasure, enjoyment, delight 
tjSus, -fo, -v sweet, pleasant, agreeable 
’H8«v6s Edonian 
r|4pos, r|^pt see arjp 

’HctIwv, -£wvos Eetion , father of Cypse- 
lus 

^ia, ijie, -qurav see dpi (ire') 
rjiwv, -iovos, t) shore, beach 
T^KicTa adv. least 

•ijKtt, have come, have reached, ar¬ 
rive; €v “qiceiv be well off, flourishing 
rjX0ov see fc'pxopai 
t|X£0ios silly, foolish 
tj\ik£t], -tjs age, time of life, youth 
t[Xi£, -ikos of the same age. ijXiKCs 
comrades, fellows 

rjXios, -ou sun. "HXios Helius, the 
sun god 

4]Xa>Ka, ijXwv see aXCo-Kopai 
-rjpap, -aTOS, to day 
repels, -€wv, -iv, -t'as pers. pron. of the 
first pers. pi. we, us 
Tipept], - t ]$ day. cir’ 'np € P T l v for a day; 

81* f|p€pT|s the whole day long 
TjpcpoSpoprjs, -ou courier 
■fjpcpoXoYeotf count by days 
ijpepos tame, cultivated 
tjpcpoo-Koiros, -ou day-watcher 
Tjpepoo), -w(tw tame, subdue 
Tjp^rcpos our 
ijptovos, -ou, t] mule 
T)piirX€0pov, -ou a half-plethrum, i.e. 
fifty feet 

Tjpio-us, -«a, -U half 

T|piTdXavTov, -ou half-talent 

•fjv = et + av if followed by the subj. 

rjv, rjtrav see elp£ 

-fjvtiKCt see <f>ep<i> 

ijircipos, -ou, rj continent, mainland 
ri'ircipwTTis, -e« of the mainland, ol 
r|Tr€ipwTai inhabitants of the main¬ 
land 

■ijmos gentle, mild 


rpruos adv. of rjirios 
"Hpaiov temple of Hera, Herseum 
'HpaKXerjs, -eos Heracles, son of Zeus , 
the most famous Greek hero 
‘HpaKXciS^s, -€« son or descendant of 
Heracles, oi ‘H. the Heraclidse 
'HpaicXciov, -ou Heracleum or temple 
of Heracles 

"Hprp -r\s Hera, queen of the gods, 
wife of Zeus 

'HpoSoros, -ou Herodotus 
ifo-o-ov, rjcro-a) adv. less, worse. ouSev 
Tjortrov nevertheless 
ijo-o-wv, -ov less, worse 
Tja-ux.C'n, —r|s quiet, stillness, rest, ease. 
rjo-uxCtiv ex €tv or <W €lv to keep quiet. 
kcit’ tjo-ux£tiv at ease, in peace, un¬ 
disturbed 

t)crux i0 $> -ov quiet, silent, gentle 
rjo-uxos, -ov = foregoing 
t^toi either in truth. ijroi . . . rj either 
... or 

‘H4>aCo-T£iov, -ou Hephsesteum or tem¬ 
ple of Hephaestus 

"H^cuo-tos, -ou Hephaestus or Ptah, a 
great god in Egyptian mythology 

Tjcos, Tjous, rjoi, T|d», T] dawn, east 

0 

0aXapios pertaining to the OaXapos or 
lowest part of the ship. 0aXap£ii 
(sc. oirf| hole) hole in the ship’s 
side through which the oar of the 
OaXapiTiis (rower on the lowest bench) 
worked 

0aXapos, -ou (i) inner room, chamber, 
bedroom, store room; (2) lowest part 
of the ship, hold 

0dXa<r<ra, -tjs sea, sea water, salt well 
0aXd(ro-ios of or from the sea, belong¬ 
ing to the sea, skilled in the sea, 
nautical; as subst. seamen 
OaXacnroKpaTtw rule the sea 
0apf3e<i>, -fjo-w be amazed, astonished 
0dvaro$, -ou death; in pi. kinds of 
deaths, deaths 
©avaTooi), -wcra) put to death 




350 


VOCABULARY 


ediTTtt, 0 a\|/w, e 0 av|/a, 6 T€ 0 dp.pLTjv, 4 ra- 
<J>t|v and € 0 d(j> 0 Tjv bury 
0 ap<r€<», -r|o-o), 40 apo-Tjo-a, T€ 0 apcrr|Ka 

be of good courage, feel confidence 
0apo*os, "tos, to boldness, audacity, 
courage 

Ocdojxcu, -f|arop.ai see, behold, view 
with wonder 

0€t|\o.tos, -ov driven or sent by a god 
0«ios of or from the gods, divine, to 
0€iov the Divinity, Deity 
04X« shortened form of 404X« 
©€p,io*tok\4t)s, -kX4os, -kX4l, -kXcci, 
©cjjuo-tokXcss Themistocles, an Athe¬ 
nian general , hero of the Battle of 
Salamis 

0€o(3Xaf3fjs, -4s stricken of God, infat¬ 
uated 

©eoSwpos, -ov Theodorus of Samos, a 
famous gem-cutter and goldsmith 

0€O£iSt|s, -4s godlike 
Oeoirpoiriov, -ov prophecy, oracle 
06 O' 7 rp 6 'iros, -ov seer, prophet 
0£OS, -OV, 6, fj god, goddess 
0£o<t£Pt|s, -4s god-fearing, reverent, 

pious 

©eo<|>dvia, -(cov, Ta festival of the 
Theophany, celebrated at Delphi 
0to({>iXr|s, -4s god-beloved, favored by 
Heaven 

0epdiraiva, -ijs maid-servant, handmaid 
Ocpairevw serve, court, flatter; with 
Tjji4pijv observe, keep as a feast 
0«pairrjiij, -tjs service, attendance; in 
collective sense body of attendants, 
retinue 

Ocpdirwv, -ovtos, 6 man-servant, attend¬ 
ant 

0 «p|ios hot, warm 

©epp.o'irvXai, -4<wv Thermopylae, a pass 
so-named because of hot springs near 
it 

04pos, -cos, to summer 
04<rjuov, -ov law, custom 
04a -, ima, -tjs Thespia, usually Thespiae, 
a town in Boeotia 
©eo"iri£vs, -4os a Thespian 


0€(nrCt«, 404<rmo-a declare by oracle, 
prophesy 

0€o-o-aXh], -tjs Thessaly 
04«, 0evo-op.ai run 
0€cop4«, -fjo-a> view as spectator 
0€«puj, -Tjs sight, sight-seeing 
©fj(3ai, -4<ov Thebes (i) the chief city 
in Boeotia; ( 2 ) the capital of Upper 
Egypt 

0 tj( 3 cuos of Thebes, Theban 
0 tjktj, -T|s chest, money chest, grave, 
tomb 

0-rjXvs, 0f)X€a, 0ijXv of female sex, female 
0T|p€VTif|s, -4to, 6 hunter 
0fjptj, —tjs hunt, chase 
0TjpCov, -ov wild animal, beast 
0 tjpico8tjs, -ts full of wild beasts, in¬ 
fested by wild beasts 
0rj(ravpi£(i) store or treasure up 
0rjo-avpos, -ov treasure house, treasury 
of a temple 

0 vtjotkci) used only in the perf t40vtjkci, 
T€0vavai, T€0vc«s be dead; in other 
tenses diro0vTj<rKa> is regular 
0VTJTOS liable to death, mortal, ol 
0vt|toi mortals 
0oivtj, -tjs feast 

0oX€pos muddy, foul, thick, troubled 
©opvai;, -aKOs, tj Thornax, a mountain 

northeast of Sparta 

0opvf34«, -fjo-a> make an uproar, throw 
into confusion; in pass, be disturbed, 
thrown into confusion 
0opv(3os, -ov commotion, confusion, 
uproar 

©patrvPovXos, -ov Thrasybulus, tyrant 
of Miletus 

©pao-vXcws (-Xaos) Thrasylaos, father 
of StesilaUs, a general who fell at 
Marathon 
©pTjtKTj, -tjs Thrace 
0pt£, Tpix 6 ?* "h a hair ; al hair 

0povos, -ov chair, seat, throne 
0v*ydTTjp, -Tpos, tj daughter 
0vp,idb>, -tjo-m burn (of incense') 
0vjnijp,a, -on-os, to incense; in pi. 
burnt offerings of fragrant stuffs 







VOCABULARY 


351 


Gvpdopai, -too-opai, 40 vp« 0 r]v be angry 
Gvpos, ov spirit, strength, courage, 
heart, anger, desire 

Gvprp —Tjs (i) door {of a room), at rov 
pacriXeos Gvpai the king’s court. 
(2) plank 
0 u<tit|, -r\s sacrifice 
Gvcripos, -ov fit for sacrifice 
0v« sacrifice, slay, celebrate (with 
sacrifice ) 

0<ok€(i> sit 

0Jj pa, -aros, to marvel, wonder, 
astonishment 

0copd£co, aor. 40 < 6 pao-a wonder, wonder 
at, admire 

Gwpao-ios wonderful 
0o>pa<rTos marvellous, admirable 
0 wvis Thonis, guard of the Canopic 
mouth of the Nile 

I 

taopai, -iqoropai heal, cure 
’las, -a8os fem. adj. Ionian 
t8rj, —tjs timber-tree, timber 
tSios one’s own, private, personal, 
separate. tSirj in private, separately, 
individually 

ISuottjs, -60) one in private station, 
private citizen, common man; also 
as adj. 18uott|9 dvf|p 
VSpev see otSa 

ISpvopai (mid.) establish, set up for 
oneself, found; in perf. and aor. 
pass. 18pupai, ISpuG^v be seated, be 
set, lie encamped, be situated 

I8p«s, -wtos, 6 sweat 
tevai see £ tpi 

i£», €tcra (€urapT|v) make to sit, place, 
set up; i£opai sit, sit down, take up 
a position 

Ifj, - r\s voice, sound 

trjpa, -aros, t 6 remedy 

it] pi, 'qa-o), i]Ka, tiptv, etc., cipai, €i' 0 tjv 

send, throw, utter; in mid. send 
oneself, hasten, rush 
tr]TpiKf|, -fjs art of the physician, medi¬ 
cine, surgery 


l-qrpos, -ov physician 

t 0 €o)s immediately, straightway 

110 1 see ctpi 

t 0 vvo) make straight. IGvvccrGai GavaTw 

be punished with death 
I 0 vs, -ea, -v straight, true. I 0 vs as 
adv. straightway, immediately. I 0 v 
adv. with gen. straight at, towards 
t 0 vo), -voro), H 0 v<ra go straight, press on, 
be eager, strive 

Ik€T€V(o approach as a suppliant, be¬ 
seech 

Ikcttj pirj, —tjs suppliant branch, olive 
branch 

Ik€tt|s, -eco suppliant 
Upas, -a 8 os, t] moisture 
Uv 4 opai, I'fjopai, iKopTjv, lypai come, 
come upon. UvecTai it becomes, be¬ 
fits 

IXao-Kopai, aor. lXao-apr|v appease, 
propitiate, conciliate 
TXias, -a 8 os, t) the Iliad 
•'IXiov, -ov (regular form after Homer) 
’TXios, -ov, r) (regular form in 
Homer) Ilium, Ilios, Troy 
Ipanov, -ov cloak; in pi. clothing, 
clothes 

Ipeipopai long for, yearn after, desire 
ipcpos, -ov longing, desire 
iva rel. adv. where; conj. that, in 
order that 

"Ivaxos, -ov Inachus, king of Argos, 
father of Io 
TvSos, ov an Indian 
’IvTa(j)p€VTis, -60s Intaphernes, one of 
the seven conspirators against the 
false Smerdis 
‘lovios Ionian 

l-mra-yoryos, -ov horse-carrying. irXoia 
linra-yioyd cavalry transports 
lim-cvs, - 4 os, 6 horseman, rider; in pi. 
cavalry; in Sparta applied to a body 
of 300 picked men who formed a body¬ 
guard of the king 

T-mri-qs, -€(o Hippias, son of Pisistratus 
'Iir-iroKpaTTis, -60s Hippocrates, father 
of Pisistratus 





352 


VOCABULARY 


iiriros, -ov, 6 horse, iiriros, tj cavalry 

liriroo-iivT], —tjs cavalry 

lirrroTTjs, -«« horseman 

tp€t»s, -cos priest 

tp'ql, -tjkos, 6 hawk 

Ipos holy, sacred. Lpov temple, holy 
place. Ipd offerings, sacrifices, vic¬ 
tims 

to r 0i (i) imv. of otSa; ( 2 ) imv. of clp.C 
lo-0p.os, -oi) isthmus. 6 ’Io-0|aos the 
Isthmus of Corinth 

"Io'is, -10s Isis, one of the chief Egyptian 
divinities , zvife of Osiris 
’Icrp.f|vios Ismenian, of Ismenus, an 
epithet of Apollo, so-called because 
the river Ismenus ran beneath the 
temple 

lo-ovop.up -^s equality of rights 
t<roTra\-f|s, - 4 s well-matched 
iVos equal, the same 

1'o-TTJfJ.l, O’T'^O'W, €<rTT]0-a, CO-TT]V, £<rTT]Ka 

(j pi. c(TTtto r i, co-Tcaa-i) causal in 
pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act. and 
mid. make to stand, set, place, ap¬ 
point, establish; intr. in pass., 2 aor., 
perf.,plupf. act. stand, take a stand, 
stop, be set, be placed; in phrase 
lo-Tap.€vov |j.t|v6s begin 
'Ia-TiaiT], -t]s Histkea, a town on the 
north coast of Euboea 
'Io-Ticuos, -ov Histiaeus, tyrant of Mile¬ 
tus 

lo-Tidco, -fj<rco entertain, feast; in pass. 
be a guest, be entertained 

Icttiov, -ov sail 

IcTTopco) inquire, learn by inquiry, ques¬ 
tion; in pass, be questioned 
lo-TopiT], -t|s inquiry, knowledge gained 
by inquiry, research 
to-xvpos strong, hard, strenuous, severe 
t<rxvp«s adv. of foregoing; to-xvpwre- 
pws comp, very severely 
to-x« form of e'x^ used only in pres. 

and impf. have, hold, check, detain 
’IraXi-q, -tjs Italy 

’IxOvotfxryoi, -o)v Ichthyophagi ( Fish- 
eaters) an Egyptian tribe 


-*°S> -vi, fish 

’Iw, ’levs, ’Iovv Io, daughter of King 
Inachus of Argos 
"Icov, -ovos an Ionian 
Uov see 

’IcuviT], -tjs Ionia, the country of the 
Ionians 

’Iwvikos Ionic, Ionian 

K 

Ka0aipa>, Ka0apc<i>, €Ka0qpa, CKa0dp0t]v 

purify, cleanse 
Ka0apos clean, pure, sound 
Ka0dpo*ios purifying; as epithet of Zeus, 
god of purification; to Ka0dp<riov 
purification 

KaOapcris, - 10 s, rj cleansing, purifica¬ 
tion 

Ka0T]|xai sit, sit idle or inactive 
KaC adv. and conj. and; emphasizing 
single words also, even, actually. 
Kal . . . KaC not only . . . but also. 
Kal Stj KaC and in particular 
Kaivoco use for the first time 
KaiTrcp although with a ptc. showing 
concessive idea 

KaCpios in the right place; KaipCij 
TrXiyyfi a fatal stroke; at the right 
time, timely, seasonable 
Kaipos proper time, critical time, crisis. 
4s Kaipov, KaTa Kaipov opportunely, 
conveniently 

Kaua, Kavcra), eKavca, IkovOtjv and 
CKa^v burn; in pass, be lighted, 
burn 

KaKoSaip.ovfT], -tjs misfortune, unhap¬ 
piness 

KaKovop.os, -ov ill-governed 
kokos bad, evil, harmful, to KaKov 
harm, evil, ill 

KaKOTijs, -TITOS, tj baseness, wickedness, 
evil condition, misery, distress 
KaKoOp-yos, -ov working evil, harmful, 
mischievous, wicked 
KaKow, -cocrw afflict, distress 
kokws adv. badly, miserably 
KaXapiivos of reed 




VOCABULARY 


353 


KaXapos reed, cane 

KaXeo), KaX.6w, ItcaXecra, K€KXt]Ka, k^kXt]- 
pai, «kXt|0t]v call, summon, invite, 
call by name, name, invoke 
KaXXidSTjs, -€« Calliades, an Athenian 
archon 

KaXX(fJLa\os Callimachus, polemarch at 
the Battle of Marathon 
KaXXi4>wv, -«vtos Calliphon , father of 
Democ'edes of Croton 
xaXos beautiful, fair, good, fine, noble, 
auspicious. Comp. xaXXCuy, superl. 
KdXXurTOs 

KaXvvStes, '<wv Calyndians, dwellers 
in Calynda, a small island off the 
coast of Caria 
KaXvv8ix6s Calyndian 
tcaXcos adv. well, finely, nobly 
xaXws, o rope, reefing rope 
KanPv<rrjs, -€« Cambyses (i) father 
of Cyrus; ( 2 ) son of Cyrus and 
his successor 
Ka|XT]Xos, -ov camel 
Kdpvci), Kap.6o>, cxapov suffer, be ill 
KavSavXTjs, Candaules, a tyrant 
of Sardis 

xdvcov, -ov basket, especially bread¬ 
basket 

Kavo>|3iK6s Canopic, of Canopus 
KairiraSoKcu, -ecov Cappadocians 
KairiraSoKiT], -tjs Cappadocia, a dis¬ 
trict of Asia Minor 
Kdpcs, -wv Carians 
Kaprjvov, -ou head; so also in pi. 
Kapveia, -<ov, Ta the Carneia, a Spar¬ 
tan festival 

Kapwos fruit of the earth, harvest 
xdpTa adv. very, very much, exceedingly. 

to xapTa in good earnest 
xapTtpos strong, great, mighty, irpos 
to xapTcpov by force 
xapTcpcos adv. of foregoing 
Kapv<rTioi, -cov Carystians 
Kapvo-Tos, -ou, tj Carystus, a town on 
the south coast of Eubcea 
KatrcravSdvTp -r\s Cassandane, wife of 
Cyrus and mother of Cambyses 


KdTa prep, (i) with gen. down from ; 
( 2 ) zuith acc. down, on, over, through¬ 
out, opposite, at, near, for or after? 
in search of, according to, concerning, 
by favor of, during, about; as dis¬ 
tributive by, eg. KaTa, iroXis city by 
city; Kara 5-v one by one; in adv. 
phrases ko,t’ t)o-vxit]v iu quiet or 
peace; KaTa irpotjmo-iv on the pre¬ 
text, ostensibly; KaTa Taxos swiftly, 
etc. 

KaTa (for kot’ a), KaTa irtp according 
as, just as 

KaTa{3aiva> go or come down, descend, 
dismount, come ashore; zuith ptc. 
end in 

KaTapdXXb) throw down, scatter (of 
seed ); overthrow 

KaTaf3a(ris, - 10 s, t) going down, de¬ 
scent 

KaTaPiPa£a>, -d<rw make go down 
KaTa-ycXdw laugh at, ridicule, deride, 
mock 

KaTa*yi£co, -ic'u consecrate, dedicate, 
offer 

KaTayivwo-Kw form an opinion against 
KaTayvvp .1 break in pieces, shatter, 
shiver; in pass, andperf. act. KaT- 
eiyya be broken, break 
KaTayu lead down, bring to port, re¬ 
store (of an exile) 

KaTaSairavao), -f)<rco consume entirely 
KaTaSer|s, -t's wanting or failing in, 
lacking of 

KaTaScco, -fjo-w bind fast, put in bonds, 
convict 

KaTaSeio, -cf|<r» lack, want, need 
KaTaS^Xos, -ov evident, manifest. 
KaTaStjXov ttoiciv make known, dis¬ 
cover 

KaTa8iKa£<o give judgment against, 
condemn 

KaTa8oK€w suspect 

KaTaSovXow reduce to slavery, enslave 
KttTa8p€TT<«> strip off, pluck off 
KaTaSvco make to sink, sink 
KaTaGpwo-Kw, 2 aor. -€0opov leap down 



354 


VOCABULARY 


KaTaiSeoficu stand in awe of, feel 
reverence before 

Karaipew take down, put down, seize, 
destroy, reduce, depose 
KaTaKcua) burn down, burn completely 

KaraKaXuirTO) cover up 
KaTd.Keip.ai lie, recline 
kcitcik\t|C(*), aor. pass. -ckXtjictOtjv close, 
shut up 

K<vraKXivw make recline; in pass, lie, 
recline 

KaTaKOip.d(o put to sleep; in pass. 
sleep 

KaraKoirTw cut up, cut in pieces, slay 
KaTaKovu lend ear to, listen to, obey 
KaxaKpep.dvvvp.1 hang down; KaTaKpe- 
piapai. hang down ( intr.), be sus¬ 
pended 

KaTaxpCva) give sentence against, con¬ 
demn 

KaTttKpvTTTCi) cover over, conceal 

KaraKvXivSo), aor. pass. KaT€KvXur0-qv 

roll down 

KaTaXap^dva) catch, overtake, find, 
reach, hold down, repress, check, 
compel; impers. happen to, befall 
KaTaXe-yo) (i) pick out, select, enlist; 

( 2 ) recount, narrate, tell, reckon up 
KaraXeCiro) leave behind, forsake, aban¬ 
don 

KOTaXXcicrcra) reconcile; in mid. or 
pass, be reconciled. KaTaXXatro-e- 
a-0ai rt]v «X®P 1 1 V Tlv ^ to make up 
one’s quarrel with some one 
KaTaXvo) dissolve, loose, unloose, break 
up, end 

KaTap.€0v<TKo>, -€p.e0v(ra make drunk 
KaTap.€vo> stay behind, stay 
KaTaveo) heap or pile up 
KaTavTtov adv. right opposite 
KaTairaTta) trample down or under 
foot 

KaxairatHTis, -10s, t) putting down, 
deposing 

KaTairava) put an end to, stop, check, 
depose 

KaTaTriirTa> fall down 


KaTa 7 rXcKa>, -£u> entwine, finish twining, 
and so bring to an end 
KaTairXea) sail down, sail to land, put in 
KarairXc&a) = KaTa-irXea) 

Karairovroa), -w<ra> throw into the sea, 
drown 

KaTa'rrpoifjop.ai fut. with no pres, in use 
escape, get off unpunished 
KaTapp.6£o> fit to, join 
KaTappfjyvvp.1 break down, rend; in 
pass., csp. 2 aor. KaxeppdyTjv burst 
forth, break {of storm) 

KaTappo>8ea>, -f)cra> fear, dread 
KaTacr|3€vvi>p.i put out, quench. KaTa- 
trpeo-Ofjvai be quenched, go out 
KaTao-Kevd£a> get ready, arrange, put in 
order, make, build; in mid. make 
ready for oneself, pack up 
KaTao-Korros, -ov spy, scout, inspector 
KaTao’Kto'irTa) make jokes upon, jeer at 
KaTatrirtvSo) pour a drink offering or 
libation 

KaTacrirou8d£op.ai, -eo'irovSacrp.ai be 

very earnest or serious 
KaTao-Tacris, -ios, t) state, condition, 
settled order, method, system 
KaTao-Teyos, -ov covered in, roofed 
over 

Karao-Tpe(j>a> overturn, upset; in mid. 

make subject to oneself, subdue 
KaxacrTpo<}>f), -fjs overthrow, reduction, 
subjugation 

Kaxao*Tpa»vvup,i, -CTpcotra), -ecrTpaxra, 
-&TTpa>|Aai, -eo-Tpw0qv spread out, lay 
low; in pass, be laid low, destroyed 
Kaxaxi0Tip.i put down; in mid. put 
away for oneself, lay by, lay up 
KaTaxpe'xw run down 
KaTaTpa>|iaTi£a> cover with wounds, 
bear down by wounds 
Kaxa<j>a(va> make known, reveal; in 
pass, become visible, be clear, ap¬ 
pear 

KaTa<j>avf]s, -es quite evident, manifest 
KaTac}>€V"ya> flee for refuge 
KaTa4>ov€va> slay, slaughter 
Kaxa4>op6o> bear or carry down 




VOCABULARY 


355 


KaTa4>pov€w, - ^<ra> regard lightly, de¬ 
spise, fix one's thoughts upon, aim at; 
also (followed by inf ) think con¬ 
temptuously that 

KaTaxpaonai make away with, destroy, 
kill 

Karaxpvo-oo), -w<ra> gild 
KaTaxwvvvpi, -\(acru), -e'xaxra over¬ 
whelm, bury. 

KaT€iKa,£co guess, surmise 
KaT£i\«'w force into a narrow space, 
coop up 

K<XT€ip.i go or come down, come back, 
return ( especially from exile') 
KdTepeiKopcu rend one’s garments 
KaT€p*yd£op.ai effect, accomplish, make 
an end of, kill, overpower, prevail 
upon; perf and aor. used in pass, 
sense 

KaT€p-y&> press hard, reduce to straits 
K&T€p€(o fut. speak against, denounce 
Karepxopai go or come down, return 
{especially from exile) 

KaTccrGico eat up, devour 
KaT£vxopai pray earnestly 
k<xt€x w hold down, restrain, detain, 
afflict, hold fast, occupy, fill; intr. 
{sc. cwutov) hold back, restrain one¬ 
self, stop, cease; with or without tt]v 
vta put in; in pass, be detained, 
tarry 

KaTiyyeoficu act as guide, lead the way, 
take the initiative, establish, institute 
KaTiyyopeco, -fjirw accuse, denounce 
KaTrj-yopos, -ov accuser 
kcit^koos, -ov obedient, subject 
KaTrjKco reach to, belong to, be fit or 
proper, to, KdTT|KOVTa the circum¬ 
stances 

KaTTlX.o'yea), -tj<t to make of small ac¬ 
count 

KaTTipai sit, sit quiet or idle, be settled 
ko,t££co, kaTeitra {ptc. Kari<ras) set, 
place, seat; intr. sit, be seated, sit 
as judge 

K&TiT|p.i send down, let down; in mid. 
set oneself in motion, be directed 


KaTio-TTipi causal in pres., impf., fut., 

1 aor. act. and mid. bring into a 
state, make, establish; intr. in pass., 

2 aor., perf. and plupf. come into a 
state, be established, be made, be 
brought, exist 

KaTurxw = KaTe'xw 

kutoSos, -ov, tj going down, descent, 
return (of ait exile) 

KaroiK€<a settle in, colonize; in perf. 

have been settled in, dwell 
KdToiKii^b) settle, establish 

KdroiKTi^opdi, -i<rd|AT]v bewail oneself, 
utter lamentations 

KdToiKTipo) have mercy or compassion 
upon, pity 

KdTOvopdi disparage, depreciate 
KdTopdb) look at, observe, look down 
upon, see, perceive 

KdT0XT|, -t)s detention 
Ka-rvircpOe adv. from above, above. 
KdT. *y€v€<r0di get the upper hand of, 
become superior to, prevail 
Kd-rvircpTcpos superior to 
KdTV'irvdcu and -oopui be asleep 
KttTw adv. downward, below, beneath 
KdTWTdTd) adv. superl. of koltcd at the 
lowest part 

KdvKdo-d, -o>v, Td Caucasa, a port on 

the island of Chios 

Kdvo-Tpios, -ov Cayster, a river in 

Lydia 

K€Lp.ai lie, have been placed, stand, 
be situated 

K£ipr|Xiov, -ov treasure 
K61VOS = €K€lVOS 
Ktivcos adv. in that way 

K€ipa), Kcpeco, £K€ipd, KCKdppdl, €KQpr|V 

cut short, shear; of land, ravage 
KcKpovj/, -ottos Cecrops, said to have 
been the first king of Attica 

K€'X.€vcr|xd, -aros, r6 order, command 
KeXevw, -o-o), fKeXevo-Grjv urge, bid, 
order, command 

KcvTpov, -ov sharp point, goad, instru¬ 
ment of torture 

Kcos, -ov, t) Ceos (see note on igy, 20 ) 



356 


VOCABULARY 


K€pat£&>, -la-o), €K€paCcra plunder, sink 
or disable a ship 

K€pas, -€0$, to wing (of an army) 
Kcpauvoo), -coo-o) strike with a thunder¬ 
bolt 

KcpSalvo), KcpSavto) and K£p8f|orop.ai, 
CK^pStiva derive profit, gain 
KcpSos, -eos, to gain, profit, advantage 
KtpKtrtires Cercopes, two dwarfs con¬ 
nected with Heracles in legend 
kev0|xwv, -wvos, 6 hiding place, hollow 
K£(|>aXr|, -t]s head 

ktj (-irT)) enclit. particle, in some way, 
somehow 

kt) (irfj) interrog. particle, in what way? 
how? 

Kr)Sop.ai be troubled, concerned or 
anxious for 
K-qios of Ceos 

Ki|p, -p6s, rj Goddess of Death or 
Doom. Kfipcs avenging deities bring¬ 
ing death 

Kripu|, -vkos, 6 herald, messenger 
>df3Sr|\os false, spurious 
Ki0cupwv, -a>vo$ Cithseron, a mountain 
range separating Attica from Boeotia 
KiGap-q, -tjs cithara, lute 
Ki0apo)8os, -ov one who plays and sings 
to the cithara, harper, minstrel 
ki0wv (Att. x iT “ v )> -«vos, o chiton, 
tunic 

KlXi£, -ikos a Cilician 
Kipfitpioi, -(ov Cimmerians 
Klpwv, -covos Cimou, father of Miltiades 
kivBvvevw incur danger, run risk; with 
dat. run a risk with, endanger 
kivSvvos, -ov danger, risk 
kiv&o, -fjo-o) set in motion, move, stir, 
disturb; in pass, be set in motion, 
move, stir, be shaken 
Klo-o-ios Cissian 
kiwv, -ovos, 6 column, pillar 
KXa£op.£val, -4«v Clazomense,#« Ionian 
city in Asia Minor 
KXa^opivios of Clazomense 
K\aCo>, KXavorcv, tKXavcra weep, lament, 
wail 


KXa.v0p.6s, -ov weeping, wailing 
kXeivos famous, renowned, illustrious 
KXeoPis, -ios Cleobis, brother of Biton 
KXfopippoTOS, -ov Cleombrotus, a Spar¬ 
tan, father of Pausanias and brother 
of Leonidas 

KX€op.£vT]s, -«os Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta 

KXfirrqs, -«» thief 

KX£irTc«), steal 

kXijIo> shut, close, bar 

kXIvt], -tjs couch 

kXw\|/, -witos, 6 thief 

KvlSos, -ov, rj Cnidus, a city in Caria 

kvI^co chafe, annoy, irritate, trouble 

Kvv^T|p.a, -aTOS, to whining, whimpering 

Kvwa-o-ios of Cnossus 

ko0€v (ttoOev) interrog. adv. whence? 

from where? 
koiXos hollow 

KOip.a.0), -il]o-a) put to sleep; in mid. 

and pass, sleep, go to bed 
koivos common, public, of public 
interest, to koivov the state, public 
treasury; koivt] in common 
koios (irotos) of what sort? what? 
koitt], —tjs act of going to bed, bed 
koitos, -ov bed. koitov iroi€io-0ai to 
go to bed, sleep 
koXeos, -ov sheath, scabbard 
koXoo-o-os, -ov gigantic statue, colossus 
koXovo) cut short, cut off, lop off 
koXttos, -ov gulf 

KoXxls, -ISos fem. adj. Colchian 
KoXxos Colchian 
koXwvos, -ov hill 
KopiT], — t|s hair; also in pi. 
ko(u£<d, -i€o>, €Kop.io*a, £KopiCo-0T]v take, 
convey, bring; in mid. carry home 
or away, recover, betake oneself 
Koirpos, -ov dung, manure 
koitto), ko\(/co, £Kot|/a, Ikoittiv beat, 
strike, smite, stamp; in mid. beat or 
strike oneself, beat one’s breast 
Kop-qo-os, -ov Koresus, a hill near 
Ephesus ; also the name of a part of 
the city of Ephesus 



VOCABULARY 


357 


Kopivdios Corinthian 
KopivOos, -ou, tj Corinth, a city on the 
Isthmus of Corinth 
xopupPos, -ou end, top 
Kopuvij, -t]s club 
Kopvv-q4>6poi, -a»v club-bearers 
Kopv<{>aios, -ou chief man, leader 
t< 0 (rp.e&), order, arrange, govern, 

deck, adorn 

Kocrpos, -ou order, government, adorn¬ 
ment, decoration, dress, honor, credit 
koo-os (irotros) how much? how many? 

of distance , how far ? 
kot€ (ttotc) interrog. particle, when? 
kotc (iroTt) enclit. particle , at some 
time, once, ever, t£s (t£) kot€ who 
(what) in the world? 

KOTcpa (-Trorcpa) adv. introducing an 
interrogative sentence consisting of 
two alternatives , of which the second 
is introduced by rj; in a dir. quest. 
Korcpa is untranslatable; in an in- 
dir. question Korcpa . . . rj whether 
... or 

kov (irou) interrog. particle where ? 
kou (irou) enclit. particle somewhere, 
anywhere, possibly, perhaps 
kov(|>os light, easy 

Kov<j>(os, superl. KOu<|>6TaTa adv. of fore¬ 
going 

KpaTaipivos, -ov hard-shelled 
Kparcpos Ep.form of xapTcpos 
KpaT€<o, -rjcrw be strong, rule, be 
master, conquer, prevail over 
Kparos, -eo$, to power, might, rule 
KpaTuvw strengthen, confirm 
xpau-yavopai cry aloud, scream 
Kpe'as, -€€05, to flesh, meat; often in pi. 
Kpcpavvupi, -acrw hang, suspend; pres. 

pass. Kp^papai be hung, hang 
KpcovpyqSov adv. in pieces 
Kpe'o-o-wv, -ov comp, of d*ya0os stronger, 
mightier 

Kp'qo-cjjuyeTOv, -ou place of refuge 
KprjTes, -<ov Cretans 
Kpr|TT), -t]s Crete, a large island south¬ 
east of Greece 


KpTjTTjp, -rjpos, 6 mixing bowl 

KpCvtt, -&■>, €Kpiva, K^Kpipat, €Kp£0riv 

decide, judge; in mid. and pass. 
come to an issue, dispute, contend 
KpvraXXa, -«v, to, Critalla, a place in 
Cappadocia 

Kpoto-os, -ou Croesus, King of Lydia 

xpoicoSciAos crocodile; in pi. Kpoxo- 
SeiXot Crocodilii, a city in Egypt 
Kpopp.ua, -«v, t& onions 
xpoo-o-ai, -€tov courses or steps 
KpoT<ov, -wvos Croton, a city in Magna 
Grcecia 

KpoTt»viT|TTis, -€« a Crotoniate or in¬ 
habitant of Croton 
KpuirTos secret, hidden 
KpuirTo), -t|/a>, €Kpu\|/a, eKpu^O-qv hide, 
conceal, bury 

KTaopai, -Tjo-opxu, €KTT]pai get, pro¬ 
cure, acquire; in perf. possess 

KT€ £v(i>, KT€V€'«, €KT€I.Va kill 

kt€vi£g> comb; in mid. comb one’s 
own hair 

KTijpa, -aTOS, to possession 
ktt]vos, -cos, to only in pi. flocks and 
herds 

kt££«, -£ora> found, colonize 
xuapos bean, lot 

Kua^apijs, -€« Cyaxares, a Mede , father 
of A sty ages 

KuPepvrjTTjs, -€<*> steersman, pilot 
KuPrjPr], —t|s Cybebe, a Phrygian god¬ 
dess identified with Cybele 
ku8os, -cos, to glory 
Ku8o>v£t], -^s Cydonia, a city of Crete 
KuxXdSes, -«v, al (sc. vtjo-oi) the 
Cyclades, a group of islands in the 
JEgean Sea 

KuxXoopai encircle, surround 
kukXos, -ou circle, orb of the sun or 
moon 

KUKXoT€prjs, -& circular, round 
Kuv£y€ipos, -ou Cynegirus, brother of 
Mschylus killed at Marathon 
kuv€tj, -Tjs helmet 
Kuvc-qs, -€w Cyneas, an Eretrian 
Kuviyy&riov, -ou pack of hounds 



358 


VOCABULARY 


Kvvoo-apycs, -«os, to Cynosarges, a 

gymnasium outside of Athens 
Kvvocrovpa, -tjs Cynosura, a promon¬ 
tory of Salamis 

Kvvco, -ovs, tj Cyno ( she-dog ), foster- 
mother of Cyrus 

Kvorpios Cyprian, tol Kv-irpia (tirea) 

the Cyprian lays, an epic poem deal¬ 
ing with the Trojan legend 
Ktnrpos, -ov, tj Cyprus, a large island 
in the Mediterranean south of Cilicia 
Kinm*, -\}/w bend forward, stoop down 
KvpPacriTj, -tjs Persian hat, tiara 
Kvp€&), -^o-w, CKvpTjo-a and €Kvpcra find, 
light upon, meet with, obtain, attain 
to, be master of, receive 
Kvpios fixed, appointed 
Kvpos, -ov Cyrus, the Great , founder of 
the Persian ei?ipire 

Kvpos, -eos, to supreme power, authority 
Kvpoco, -wo-w confirm, ratify, determine, 
decide 

Ktnj/eXos, -ov Cypselus, a tyrant of 
Corinth 

kvcov, kvvos, 6, tj dog, hound 

ko)(ttw) enclit. particle yet 

Kcotjs, -ecu Coes, a general of Mytilene 

kwXov, -ov leg, side of building 

kcoXvco hinder, check, forbid 

Kwp.ij, -tjs village 

ko>tt€vs, —cos always in pi. Kco-ims oar- 
spars, pieces of wood fit for making 
oars 

ku>s (irws) interrog. particle how? in 
what way? 

kcos (it cos) enclit. particle in some way, 
in any way, somehow. aXXcos kcos in 
some other way. ov kcos in no way 
kco<|>6s mute, dumb 

A 

Xdppos furious, violent 
XaPvptvGos, -ov labyrinth 
Xayos, -ov hare 

\ay\av(a, Xd£ojxcu, KXaxov, \i\oy\a 

obtain by lot or fate, obtain as one’s 
portion 


XdOpxj adv. secretly, by stealth; with 
gen. without the knowledge of 
AaKaiva, -tjs fern, of AcLkcov Laconian 
AaKcSacjxovios Lacedemonian, Spartan 
AaKeScUpcov, -ovos Lacedaemon, Sparta, 
the principal city of Laconia 
AaKptvTjs Lacrines, a distinguished 
Spartan 

AcLkcov, -ovos a Laconian 
AaKcoviKos Laconian, tj AaKcoviKfj 
(sc. yfj) Laconia 

Xajxf3dvco, Xap.if'op.cu, eXaPov, 4Xap<j)0fjv 

take, seize, apprehend, understand, 
undertake; in mid. take hold of, lay 
hands upon 

XajJLTrds, -a8os, tj torch, torch race 
Xajiirpos brillant, splendid 
XapirpoTTjs, -tjtos, tj brilliancy, splen¬ 
dor 

XavGdvco, Xfjcrco, cXaGov, XcXtjGci escape 
notice; in mid. and pass, forget 
Xapvafj, -aKos, tj box, chest, coffer 
Aavpciov, -ov Laurium, a mountain 
in southern Attica famous for its 
mines 

Xc'Pt|s, -tjtos, o kettle, caldron 
Xeyco, X4(jco, cXc^a, X4Xeyp.cn, cXex^v 
say, speak, mention, mean, say of a 
person 

XerjXaT^co, -fjo-co plunder, despoil 
Xeip.|xa, -aTos, to part left, remnant. 

to, Xeip.p.aTa remains 
Xei|xcov, -wvos, 6 meadow 
Xecos level, smooth 

XeiTrco, XeixJ/co, cXiirov, X4Xoiira, XeXecpi- 
p.ai, IXeLcjjGtjv leave, leave behind; in 
pass, be left behind, be inferior to 
AeovTidSrjs, -€» Leontiades, a general 
of the Thebans at Thermopylae 
AeVPios Lesbian 
XcvkoXivov, -ov white flax 
Xevkos white, pale 
Xevpos smooth, level 
AcwPcottjs, -ew Leobotes, a nephew of 
Lycurgus , the Spartan 
Xewv, -ovtos, 6 lion 
At'cov, -ovtos Leon, a king of Sparta 





VOCABULARY 


359 


A€<ov£8tis, -ew Leonidas, a Spartan 
king , hero of Thertnopylce 
Aewirpeir-qs, -eos Leoprepes, father of 
Simonides of Ceos 
Xews, -to (Horn. Xaos, -ov) people 
Xf|*yto, -£<o leave off, cease, come to an 
end 

Xr|0T], -t]s forgetfulness. XrjBiiv iroiet- 
<r0at to forget 
Xr|trj, -r\s booty 
XiPavwTos, -ov frankincense 
Ai(3vt|, -t]s Libya, a district in the 
north part of Africa 
AiPvkos of -Libya, Libyan 
X£0ivos of stone 

Xt0os, -ov, 6 stone; t) precious stone 
Xi0OTOp.(ai, -4tov quarries 
XCfjpVT], -t|s lake 
Xcp.o$, -ov hunger, famine 
Xnrapc'to, -f)<rto persist, keep on (with 
dat.), persist in entreaty, importune, 
entreat 

X£cro-op,cu beg, pray, beseech 
XiTrj, -rjs prayer, entreaty 
ACx'HS Liches, a Spartan dyaOoEpyos 
(see 73,31 f) 

Xoyds, -aSos, 6, tj adj. picked, chosen; 

as subst. ot Xo"yd8es picked men 
Xo-yi^op.ai., 4Xo‘yurdp.T]v reckon, calcu¬ 
late, reason, consider 
Xo-yip.os worth mention, notable, famous 
Xo-yiov, -ov oracle 

Xoyios versed in tales, learned in 
legend or history; as subst. chronicler 
Xoyos, -ov word, saying, story, nar¬ 
rative, speech, discourse, subject, mat¬ 
ter, proposition, reason, account, 
repute, reckoning, tJ> Xoytp avowedly. 
iroXXw Xoyto at great length. 

XoyX'n* -1 l s s P ear head; in pi. spear 
Xoipos, -ov pestilence, plague, any 
infectious disease 

Xonros remaining, ol XoiiroC the rest 
(of). Ta Xoiira the rest, to Xonrov, 
tov Xonrov the future 
Aoxpts, -£8os fem. adj. Locrian 
Aot:po£, -«v Locrians 


Aofjwjs Loxias, an epithet of Apollo of 
uncertain meaning 
XovTpov, -ov bath, bathing place 
Xovco wash, bathe; in mid. bathe ( one- 

self) 

Xo<|>os, -ov hill 

Xow inf. Xovo-0cu impf. eXovto = Xovto 
Av-ySapis - 10 s Lygdamis, a Naxian 
Av8os Lydian 
Avkios Lycian 

AvKOvpyos (AvKoop-yos),-ov Lycurgus, 
( 1 ) a Spartan law-giver ’ ( 2 ) leader 
of a faction in Athens 
Xvp.cuvop.ai treat with indignity, out¬ 
rage, maltreat 
Xvp.T], -t|s insult, outrage 
Avo-a“yopT]s, -ecu Lysagoras, father of 
Histiceus, tyrant of Miletus 
Avcripiaxos, -ov Lysimachus, an Athe¬ 
nian , father of Aristides 
Xvxyos, -ov lamp 
Xvto loose, release, break 
Xtoitov, -ov comp. ( fr. Xato desire) of 
dya06s better, more desirable 

M 

Ma-yv^o-i-q, --qs Magnesia, a city of 
Caria 

p.ayos, -ov Magian, belonging to the 
Magian tribe, magus or wise man 
pia-yo<|)6via, -tov, ra slaughter of the 

Magians; name given to a Persian 
festival 

MaSvTOs, -ov, t] Madytus, a city in 
Thracian Chersonese 
McuavSpios, -ov Mseandrius, son of 
Mceandrius , a Samian 
MaCavSpos, -ov Meander, a river in 
Asia Minor , between Lydia and 
Caria 

pa£vop.cu, p,avE'op.cu, Ep,dvr]v rage, be 
furious, be mad 

paKapi^cv deem happy, congratulate 
paKapio-ros to be deemed happy, envi¬ 
able 

MaKESovirj, -r |5 Macedonia, a country 
north of Greece 




360 


VOCABULARY 


[iaKpos long, far. p-cucpw by far. cs 
p.aKpr|v for long, long 

p.aXa adv. strengthening the word with 
which it stands; very, very much, 
exceedingly, in truth, certainly 
p.aX.€pos fierce, devouring 
p,d\io-Ta adv. superl. of p.aXa most, 
above all, especially; with numerals , 
about. to, paXio-Ta for the most part 
jjtaWov adv. comp, of p.aXa more, 
rather 

Mav8dvt|, -tfs Mandane, daughter of 
Astyages and mother of Cyrus 
p.av0dvci>, p.a0T|o-op.ai, €p.a0ov, p.ep.d0T)Ka 
learn, understand, perceive, notice 
p.av£-q, - tjs madness, frenzy 
p.avT€vop.cu prophesy, forbode, surmise, 
consult an oracle, seek divination 
p.avTr|iov, -ov oracle, oracular response 
MavTivecs, -^<»v Mantineans 
piavTis, -ios, 6 seer, prophet 
Mapa0c6v, -«vos Marathon, a village of 
Attica , famous for the battle between 
Athenians and Persians 
MapSovios, -ov Mardonius, son of 
Gobryas and cousin of Xerxes 
MapSos Mardian, name of a Persian 
nomadic tribe 

p.apTvpe<o, -fprto bear witness to, con¬ 
firm, testify 

papTvpiov, -ov testimony, proof 
papTvpopiai call to witness, invoke 
Mdpwv Maron, a Spartan who won dis¬ 
tinction at Thermopylce 
McurcrayeTCU, -ewv Massagetse, a Scy¬ 
thian tribe living beyond the Caspian 
Sea 

(icurTiyeo), -t|(rw and paa-Tiyoco, -wcru) 

whip, scourge 

paorTi|, -iyos, t) whip, scourge 
p,atrros, -ov breast 
pidTcuos vain, empty, idle, foolish 
p.dTT)v adv. in vain, idly, fruitlessly 
McmtivoC, -cov inhabitants of Matiene, 
a district in Media , Matienians 
jiaxcupa, -tfs short sword, dagger 
p.dx.Ti, -tjs battle, conflict 


fj.dxop.cu, p,ax«rop,cu, ep.ax^o’dp.iiv fight, 

with ( against ) 

p.€ see cyw 

Mcydpatos, -ov Megabazus, a Persian 
general 

McyapdTifs, -€a> Megabates, a Persian 
general 

MeydPv£os,- ov Megabyxus, a Persian , 
one of the seven conspirators against 
the false Smerdis 

peyaOos, -cos, to greatness, size 
fttyaipo) grudge 

McyaKkeifs, -cos Megacles, son of 
Alcmeon, leader of a faction in 
Athens 

p.c-yaX.O'Trpt'imtf, -tjs magnificence 
fwydXcos adv. greatly, mightily, ex¬ 
ceedingly 

Mcyapa, -<ov, Ta Megara, capital of 

Megaris 

Mcyapccs, -ca>v citizens of Megara, 
Megarians 

fieyapov, -ov sacred chamber of a 
temple, sanctuary, sometimes temple 
itself 

ptcyas, p-cyaX-rf, p^ya great, mighty, 
important; of sound loud. p.cya 
as adv. greatly, loudly, far, very 
McyurTiTfs, - ecu (-a) Megistias, a Spar¬ 
tan seer who fell at Thermopylce 
fisyio-xos, superl. of ficyas greatest, etc. 
p.e'5wv, -ov comp, of ficyas greater, too 
great 

p«0€s 2 aor. imv. of p.€Tii]p.i 
MeXdp.irvyos, -ov Melampygus, a nick¬ 
name of Heracles 

McXdv0ios, -ov Melanthius, an Athe¬ 
nian general sent to aid the lonians 
piXas, picXaiva, p.cXav black, dark 
pitXcSaCvft) care for, attend upon 
ficXcSwvos, -ov one who takes care of, 
guardian, steward 

piXci, pcXffcrci it concerns, it is a care 
pc'Xcos wretched, unhappy, miserable 
picXcTdb), -i^o-w practice 
p,eXXcu with fut. or pres. inf. be about 
I to, be destined to, intend, be likely 




VOCABULARY 


361 


to. to p^XXov, tol p^XXovTd the 

future 

^\os, -cos, to limb, koto peXeo 
limb by limb, i.e. limb from limb 
M^njjis, -ios Memphis, an important 
city of Egypt 

MejAcfuTris, -€« of Memphis 
pe'p<{)opoi, pe'p\j/opdi, €[j.€[x<|)0t| v blame, 
find fault with, reproach 

p.e'v postpositive particle commonly used 
to prepare for and point to a correl. 
clause introduced by Se'. pe'v . . . 8s 
on the one hand ... on the other, 
while . . . yet; often p^v should not 
be translated. Sometimes pev = pr)v 
verily, truly 

McveXccos, -a Menelaus, King of Sparta 
peVroi adv. however, yet, nevertheless; 

sometimes correl. with pt'v 
pe'vw, -£«, epetva stay, remain, waff, 
wait for 

Me ppvdSdi Mermnadse, a Lydian fam¬ 
ily to which Croesus belonged 
pe'pos, -60s, to part, share, portion, turn 
p.6o*a|if3p(T], -Tjs midday, noon, south 
p.6o-oyaia, -t^s inland parts, interior 
pe'cros middle, middle of (in pred. posi¬ 
tion :), middling, average, to peVov 
middle or intervening space, center 
(of an army), difference. Is to pe- 
<rov into the open, openly, in public. 
peVcu vvkt6s midnight 
Meo-<r^vioi, -cov Messenians, citizens of 
Messenia 

[lira prep, (i) with gen. with; ( 2 ) with 
acc. after, next to ; as adv. next, after¬ 
wards 

peTapdWco change, alter (trans. and 
intr.) vSoto peTo|3dXX6iv drink dif¬ 
ferent water 

p6Td|3ovXevopoi change one’s plan or 
mind 

peTa-yivcocrKO) change one’s mind, repent 
peTdyvooo-is, - 10 s, rj change of mind or 
purpose 

peTaSiwKTOS, -ov pursued 
p6T&8uoK(i> follow after, pursue 


p 6 Ta 8 oK€o> change one’s opinion, usu¬ 
ally impers. with dat. of person 
peTCUTios, -ov in part the cause, partly 
responsible, accessory to 
p€T<xixpiov, -ov space between two 
armies 

p 6 Ta,Kiv &0 remove from one place to 
another, shift 

p6ToXXdcraa>, -oXXd£« change, alter 
ptTaWov, -ov mine, quarry 
peTdpe'Xei impers. it repents one, one 
repents or regrets with dat. of person 
p6Tdfjv adv. between, meanwhile; as 
prep, with gen. between 
peTdir^piropdi send for, summon 
peTdiroie'opdi lay claim to 
peTdCTTpe'ijxo turn about; in pass, turn 
oneself about 

p6TdTi0T|pi change, transpose; in mid. 

change one’s opinion, retract 
p6TdVTis adv. thereupon, afterwards 
p6Tdcj>op6w carry over, transfer 
peTdxeipC£opdi, -exeipwrdpqv handle 
p€T6ipi (esse) be among. p£rto-T£ tivi 
one has a share of 

p6T6ipi (ire) go after or in quest of, 
seek, fetch 

p6T£^6T£poi some, certain 
p6T€ir€iTd adv. hereafter, thereafter 
p6T^x w share in 

pcTe'wpos, -ov raised from the ground, 
on high, upper 

pcTtqpi let go, give up, release, allow, 
neglect, disregard 

p€TiorTT|pi causal in pres , impf ., fut ., 
1 aor. act. and mid. change, remove; 
intr. in pass., 2 aor., perf, andplupf. 
act retire, depart, revolt, change 
p€Toppi£opai sail from one place to an¬ 
other, put out from 
pcTpe'o), -rjo-co measure 
perpios within measure, moderate 
peTpicos adv. moderately 
peVpov, -ov measure, dimension 
percoirov, -ov forehead, face of a build¬ 
ing 

pev see eyto 



362 


VOCABULARY 


p.e'xpi P re 'P' with gen. up to, until, as far 
as. pex.pi ov conj . until 
pf| neg. particle of will and thought 
not; as conj. lest 
p,r| 8 apd adv. in no wise, never 
prjSapws = pTjSapd 
pt) 8 € adv. and conj. not even, and not, 
not either 

Mi^Seir], -tjs Medea, daughter of King 
TEeies of Colchis 

pr^Scis, pTiStpda, prjSev no one, nobody, 
none, nothing, is to p^Sev into 
nothingness 

pr| 8 ££a>, -itrco side with the Medes, be 
pro-Mede, medize 
Mt]8ikos Median 
Mi] 8 os, -ov a Mede 
Mr]0vp.vcuos of Methymna 
p,rjK€Ti adv. no longer 
p/qKos, -eos, to length 
pirjXcos of sheep. pi^Xea Kpia mutton 
Mt]Xi€vs a Malian 

MtjXis, -£ 8 os, t] Malis, a division of 
Greece including the pass of Ther¬ 
mo py Ice 

pfjv, -os, 6 month 
p.T|vuw inform, reveal 
p-rjpos, -ov thigh 

pf]T€ and not; usually pt]T€ . . . pf|T 6 
neither . . . nor; sometimes pf|Tt 

. . . tc not . . . but 
p,T|TT]p, jiTjTpos, tj mother 
P^tis, - 180 s, rj wisdom, craft, plan 
p,T]Xa-vdop.ai, -"fjcropai contrive, devise, 
procure for oneself 

f JLT lX av r)> -fjs machine, engine, device, 
contrivance, way 

pi a see c is 

M£ 8 ^s, -€« Midas, king of Phrygia 
MiXfjo-ios Milesian, tj MiXtjo-it) (sc. 

X«pi]) the Milesian territory 
MiXTid 8 r]s, —€<o Miltiades, an Athenian 
general', hero of the Battle of Mara¬ 
thon 

pipvfjo-Kio, (jLvr|a-<o, epvTjora remind; 
ptpvT|p.ai remember; ip.vf)o-0T]v re¬ 
member, mention 


piv, unemphatic pers. pron. of j pers. 

acc. sing, him, her, it 
Miv, -vos Menes, the first king of 
Egypt 

Mivcos, -w Minos, King of Crete 
p£o"y«, p€i£«, €p€i£a, epixOilv mix; in 
pass, have intercourse with 
fuare'co, -rjo-tt hate 
pio-0os, -ov pay, reward 
pur06a>, -wo-oo let out for hire; in mid. 

have let to one, hire 
p.io-0«Tos hireling, mercenary 
pitros, -cos, to hatred 
MiTpiSaT-qs, -€w Mithridates, a herds¬ 
man of A sty ages 

MiTpoPaTT|s, -«os Mithrobates, a Per¬ 
sian 

pvea, -r|s mina, a measure of weight, ^ 
of a talent 

pvfjpa, -aTos, to memorial, monument 
pvf|pT|, -r]s remembrance, memory, 
mention, pvfjprjv €\«iv or -rroi€io- 0 ai 
make mention 

p.vTipov€vw remember, call to mind, 
think of 

p.vTjpi 60 -uvov, -ou memorial, remem¬ 
brance 

MvT]cri<j>iXos, ■ ov Mnesiphilus, an Athe¬ 
nian, said to be an adviser of The- 
mistocles at the Battle of Salamis 

poyis adv. hardly, scarcely, gradually 
p.oi see tyd) 

poipa, -Tjs lot, destiny, portion, doom; 

that which is due one, respect, esteem 
Moipis, -ios Mceris, a lake in Egypt 
MoXirayopris, -€« Molpagoras, father 
of Aristagoras of Miletus 
p.6Xu|38os, -ov, lead 
popos, -ov = pioipa, -t]s 
M ovvixtil, -ilS Munychia, a harbor of 
Athens 

pouvo0€v adv. alone, singly 
p.ouvoXt0os, -ov made out of a single 

stone 

piovvos alone, only 

ptovvoopai, -wo-opai be left alone 

poxXevw heave, prise up 



VOCABULARY 


363 


MvK€ptvos, -ov Mycerinus, a king of 
Egypt 

Mvktjvcuoi Myceneans 
[iv ktjs, -€w cap at the end of the scab¬ 
bard of a sword 

MvvSios Myndian, of Myndus, an 
island off the coast of Caria 

pvpids, -a8os, T) number of ten thou¬ 
sand, myriad 

[j.vp£os numberless, countless, measure¬ 
less. [ivpioi ( note accent ) ten thou¬ 
sand 

MvpKivos, -ov, tj Myrcinus, a town in 
Thrace 

MvpcKXos, -ov Myrsilus, Greek name 
for Candaules 

|Avp<r£vT|, -tjs myrtle branch 
Mvpo-os, -ov Myrsus, a Lydian 
Mvo-ios Mysian 
Mvcoi, -«v Mysians 
MvtiXtjvcuos Mytilenean 

N 

Nafjios of Naxos, Naxian 
Na£os, -ov Naxos, an island in the 
ALgean Sea 

vavfj'yiov, -ov piece of wreck; in pi. 
wreckage 

vavKXijpos, -ov shipmaster, skipper 
NavKpans, -ios, tj Naucratis, a city in 
Egypt 

vavjxax^w, -^<rw fight by sea, engage 
in a naval battle 
vavpaxit], -Tjs naval battle 
vav , rr^'yf|<rip.os, -ov useful in ship¬ 
building 

vavriKos naval. to vavriKov fleet, 
navy 

v<xvtiX£tj, -tjs voyage 
vavT£Wop.at sail, go by sea 
v4o,tos lowest 

vctjXvs, -v8os, 6, tj new-comer 
v€tjv£tjs, -€«) young man 
vcikos, -eos, to strife, quarrel 
NelXos, -ov the Nile, the great river of 
Egypt 

vtKpos, -ov dead body, corpse 


v4kvs, -vos = vcKpos 
vep.€o-is, -ios, t) vengeance 
ve'p.<i>, -€«, cveijxa (i) distribute, dis¬ 
pense, assign; in both act. and mid. 
hold, possess, inhabit, manage; ( 2 ) 
pasture or graze flocks; in mid., of 
flocks , feed, graze; metaphorically , 
of fire, consume, devour; of disease , 
spread 

vcoyafios, -ov newly wed 
vgoyvos new-born 

NcokXc'tjs, -eos Neocles, father of 
The?nistocles 

vcoktkttos, -ov newly-founded 
ve'opai come or go 
ve'os new, young. 4k vc'tjs anew 
veorrjs, -tjtos, t] youth, youthful spirit, 
impetuosity 
ve'cjjos, -eos, to cloud 
ve'w, v€vo-op,ai swim 
veto, vijcrco heap up, pile 
veoxrTi adv. recently 
vtjSvs, -vos, tj stomach, belly 
vrjvepirj, tjs calm 
vijds, -ov temple 
v-rjirios foolish, silly 
vtjo-Cs, -180s, tj little island, islet 
vtjo-iwttjs, -eo> islander 
vf]<ros, -ov, tj island 
vtjvs, veos, tj ship 

viKao), -fjo-co conquer, vanquish, pre¬ 
vail. evtea it prevailed, was decided 
Nurcua, -tjs Nisaea, a, city of Megaris 
NtTWKpis Nitocris, the name of a queen 
of Egypt and a queen of Babylonia 
voe'w, -qo'w, e'vwcra, ve'vcoKa, veva)p.ai, 
4vw0tjv think, intend; so also in 
mid. 

voTjpa, -aros, to thought 
vopdpxTjs, -eco nomarch, chief of an 
Egyptian province 

vopds, -d8os, 6, tj roaming, ol vopdSes 
wandering tribes, nomads 
vo[Levs, -e'os, 6 herdsman 
vop>fj, -fjs pasture, pasturage 
vo|a££o>, vo|xi4(», 4v6|iura hold as a 

custom, use customarily, practise, use, 



364 


VOCABULARY 


be accustomed, consider, believe in, 
believe, think. t& vojw£6|i€va cus¬ 
toms, usages, customary rites 
v6p.ip.os customary, lawful. t& vo|XL|xa 
usages, customs 

v6purp.a, -aTos, to current coin, money 
vop.os, -ov (i) custom, law; (2) musi¬ 
cal mode, strain 
vop.os, -ov district, province 
voos, -ov mind, purpose, sense, o-vv 
vow wisely; kv vow €)(6iv intend 
voo"tw, -f|<rw be ill, diseased 
voo-T€w, -t|o-w return home 
votos, -ov south wind, south 
vov06T€w, -fjo*w admonish, advise 
vovcos, -ov, tj sickness, disease, dis¬ 
order 

vvv adv. now, just now. vvv 8^ but as 
it is 

vvv enclitic particle then, therefore 

vvfj, vvktos, tj night 

vwtov, -ov back. Kara vwtov behind 

H 

£6ivl£w entertain strangers, receive as a 
guest 

^civitj, -tjs hospitality, friendship, friendly 
relation 

|«Cvios belonging to a guest or friend, 
pertaining to hospitality. t& fjelvia 
friendly gifts 

£€ivoktovcw, -fjo-w kill a guest or 
stranger 

£€ivos, -ov guest, host, guest-friend, 
stranger, foreigner. £etvos, -tj, -ov 
strange, foreign 

-«w Xerxes, son of Darius , 
king of Persia 
fjto-Tos polished 
£UJ>os, -cos, to sword 
|v\tvos of wood, wooden 
£v\ov, -ov piece of wood, stick, log; 
in pi. wood, timber 

£vpew, -fjo-w shave; in mid. and pass. 

shave oneself, be shaved 
£vo-t6v, -ov shaft of a spear 


0 

6, tj, to (1) dem. pron. this, that, he, 
she, it. 6 fxcv . . . 6 8e' the one . . . 
the other; ol jjl^v . . . ol 8« some 
. . . others; 6 8c and he; (2) def. 
art. the 
oySoos eighth 
oySwKovTd eighty 

88e, ijSc, ToSe dem. pron. this, indicat¬ 
ing someone or something present , or 
something immediately to follow. o8e 

irapeipi here I am. ci'peTO T&Se he 
asked the following question 
oSjifj, —tjs odor 

oSos, -ov, tj way, path, road, journey 
o8ovs, ■ ovtos, 6 tooth 
o06v rel. adv. whence, from which 
ol see ev 

ot8a perf. with meaning of pres. know. 

(For other forms, see Dial. 43) 
ol 5 ew, -fjcrw swell, become swollen; 

figuratively be troubled 
olka perf. with meaning of pres, be like, 
beseem, befit, seem likely; ottce im- 
pers. it is fitting, right, reasonable; 
so oIkos (eo-Ti) 

oIk€ttjs, -€w slave, servant; in pi. one's 
household, family, women and chil¬ 
dren 

oIk€w, -fjo-w inhabit, colonize, settle in; 

intr. dwell, live, be settled, be situated 
oIktjioojjlcu make one’s own, appropri¬ 
ate, claim as one’s own 
oIktjios belonging to one’s house, re¬ 
lated, one’s own, belonging to one’s 
country, civil 

ol'KTjpa, -aTos, to room, chamber, 
brothel 

otKrjTwp, -opos, 6 inhabitant 
oIkItj, -tjs house, family 
oIkl^w, otKi<ra, oIkio-0tjv found, settle 
oIkiov, -ov house, dwelling, palace 
usually in pi. in sense of sing. 
oIkoSojj^w, -fjo-w build a house, build; 
in mid. build oneself a house, have 
it built 





VOCABULARY 


365 


olKoSo|rq|ia, -aros, to building, struc¬ 
ture 

ottco86p.os, -ov builder, architect 
oTkos, -ov house, abode, property, 
family 

oIktos, -ov pity, compassion 
oIkcos, -via, -os ptc. of oltca like, re¬ 
sembling, likely, reasonable, natural, 
fitting 

otiiuyf), -fjs loud wailing, lamentation 
otvos, -ov wine 
otos alone; neut. as adv. 
olos rel. pron. of what sort, olos t« 
with inf. fit, able, ota like, as; with 
ptc. showing causal force since, inas¬ 
much as 

oio'tos, -ov arrow 
oiVco see c|>€pco 
OtTaios (Etsean, of (Eta 
OI'ttj, -t]s (Eta, a mountain south of 
Thermopylce 

ofyofiai regularly only in pres, and 
impf. with sense ofperf. ( andplupf') 
have gone, be gone usually with suppl. 
ptc. Hdt. has also olx«Ka 
okcXXco run a ship aground or on shore, 
ground 

okoOcv rel. adv. whence, from what 
place 

okoios rel. pron. of what sort 
okoo-os rel. pron. as great as, as many as 
okot€ adv. when, whenever, since 
oKorcpos indef. rel. pron. which, which¬ 
ever (of two ) 

okov adv. where, whereas, since, okov 
8f| somewhere or other 
oKTaKKT^CXioi eight thousand; also in 
sing. OKTaKurxi-XiT] dcrirCs eight 
thousand spearmen 
oktco indecl. eight 
OKTcoxaiScKa indecl. eighteen 
oko>s (i) rel. adv. how, in what man¬ 
ner, when, whenever; ( 2 ) conj. in¬ 
troducing final clause that, in order 
that 

o\pios happy, blest, prosperous 
o\(3os, -ov happiness, bliss, wealth 


oXldpios destructive 
oXedpos, -ov destruction 
oXiyos little, only a little; in pi. few, 
too few; oXl-yov as adv. little, a little 
oXiyoxpdvios, -ov short-lived 
oXxds, -aSos, rj merchantman, trans¬ 
port 

oXkos, -ov machine for hauling, wind¬ 
lass or, possibly, dry dock for repair 
of ships 

oXotTpoxos, -ov rolling stone, round 
stone 

oXos whole 

’ OXvp.mds, -aSos, rj the Olympic Games 
’OXvp.mos Olympian, Olympic. Td 
’OXvp.ma the Olympic Games 
’'OXvfjnros, -ov Olympus, a mountain in 
Mysia 

6p.aip.cov, -ov of the same blood, related 
by blood 

op.fjXi£, -iKOs, 6, rj of the same age; 

as subst. an equal in age, comrade 
"Op/ripos, -ov Homer 
op.r|pos, -ov hostage 

op.iXeco, -fjo-co associate with, be ac¬ 
quainted with 
op.iXos, -ov crowd, throng 
op.p.a, -aros, to eye 
opivvp .1 swear, affirm by oath 
6|xoioop.ai liken, compare 
op.oios like, equal, the same. op,oia as 
adv. equally, ev 6p.o(o> in like man¬ 
ner, equally 

op.oicos adv. alike, equally 
6p.oXoyeco, -fjo-co agree with, agree, 
admit 

op.oXoyfr], -t]S agreement, terms of 
surrender 

op-oiraTpios, -ov of the same father 
op.ov adv. together; with dat. together 
with 

op.ovp&o, -rjcrco border upon 
6p.o4>pov€<o, -rjcrco be of the same mind, 
agree 

op.6\J/r|c}>os, -ov having an equal vote 
with 

op.cj>aXos, -ov navel 





366 


VOCABULARY 


ojjlws conj. nevertheless 
6 v€i 8 C£<o reproach, cast in one's teeth 
ov€i 8 ia-p,a, -aTos, t 6 reproach, insult 
oveiSos, -cos, to reproach, rebuke, dis¬ 
grace 

dveipoiroXos, -ov interpreter of dreams 
ovcipos, -ov dream, vision 
ovivqpii, 6 vr| 0 -« profit, benefit, help 
ovop.d£«, -do-o) name, call by name 
ovop.acrTi adv . by name 
ovop.ao*Tos notable, renowned, famous 
ovos, -ov ass 

o|vs, - ea, -v sharp, keen, passionate 
oirio-Qe adv. and prep, with gen. behind 
ottCo-co adv. backwards, back, back 
again 

BirXa, -tov, tA arms, armor 
oirXi^a), co-irXio-a, cb-n-XurGriv arm, equip 
6 itX(tt]s, -£« heavy-armed soldier, 
hoplite 

oiroSairos indef. rel. pron. of what 
country 

’OirovvTtos Opuntian. AoKpol ’O-rrvv- 

tioi Opuntian Locrians, one of the 
three tribes into which the Locrians 
were divided 

oiTTaco, -tjora) roast 

opdb) (impf copwv), o\|/op,ai, ctSov, 
oirw-ira, w<|) 0 qv see, observe, see to, 
take heed, beware; mid. sometimes 
used like the act. 
op*y^|, -tjs anger, wrath 
op-yvir), -fjs fathom, i.e. about six feet 
op^yo) stretch out 
opcivos mountainous 
’Opco-TTis, -€« Orestes, son of Agamem¬ 
non. 

opGios upward, upright; of the voice 
high-pitched. opGios vop.os orthian 
strain, so high-pitched that few voices 
could reach it 

opGos right, straight. Kara to op 0 ov 
rightly 

op 06 co, -wo-w raise, erect, exalt, honor 
op 0 pios early, to opGpiov as adv. early 
in the morning 
op 0 a>s adv. rightly 


opKiov, -ov oath 

6 pp.d<o, —t) 0 "w set in motion; more 
commonly intr. rush, start, hasten; 
so also in mid. and pass.; in perj. 
mid. be eager 
6 pp.eo>, -t| 0 *w be at anchor 
6 pp.T|, -Tis attack, onset, impulse 
opvis, -i0os bird 

’Opo(TT|s, -€to Oroetes, satrap of Sardis 
opos, -cos, to mountain 
opo(f>f|, -qs roof 
opo4>os, -ov = opo<j)f) 

’Opo-£<J>avTOS, -ov Orsiphantus, father 
of two Spartans who won distinction 
at Thermopylce 

6pTd£a>, -acrw celebrate a festival 
opTT|, -t]s festival 

opvyp.a, - avos, to excavation, trench 
opvo-o-w, -£« dig 

opx£op.ai, -rjo-opiai dance, dance in 
dpxT]86v adv. in a row, one after an¬ 
other, each man 

’Opxopevos, -ov, -f] Orchomenus, a town 
in Arcadia 

os, q, to rel. pron. who, which, occa¬ 
sionally used as dem. pron. in the 
phrase ical os (i], oi, at) and he (she, 
they) 

oo-tos holy, sacred, pious, righteous 
oo-os indef. rel. pron. as great as, as 
much as; in pi. as many as. oo-ov 
how far, in so far. cir’ oo-ov as far as. 
oo-ov T 6 ( sometimes oo-ov) nearly, 
oo-w by as much, inasmuch 
oo"T€ov, -ov bone 

8o-tis, ^tis, o ti indef. rel. pron. 
whoever, whatever, o ti adv. why. 
oo-tis 8 i] ( without rel. force') some¬ 
one or other; so also oo-tis wv 
’OTavqs, -€ti) Otanes, father of Phoe- 
dymia , wife of the false Smerdis 
ot€ rel. adv. when, whereas, since. 
€0 "ti ot€ sometimes; so also ovk co-ti 
OT€ ov 

oti conj. that, because, oti p.r| except 
ov (ovk before vowels) neg. particle of 
statements of fact not. In contrast- 




VOCABULARY 


367 


ing clauses the particle is sometimes 
thrown to the end and written ov 
ovSapid adv. never, in no wise 
ov8apo0i adv. nowhere, in no place 
ov8ap.os no one, none. ovSap.fj no¬ 
where, in no way 
ovSap.u>s adv. in no wise 
ov 84 adv. and conj. not even, and not, 
not either 

ov8eis, ovSepia, ov84v no one, none, 
nothing, nought; ov84v as adv. not 
at all 

ovSeVcpos neither one (of two ) 
ovSos, -ov threshold 
ovk€ti adv. no longer, no more 
ovk see ov 
ovKto adv. not yet 
ovvopa, -aTos, to name 
ovpavos, -ov sky, heaven 
ovpeu, 4jo-<o, make water 
ovpos, -ov boundary 
ovs, o>t6s, to ear 
ovtis, ovti no one, nothing 
ovtoi adv. indeed not, surely not 
ovtos, avTTj, tovto dem. pron. this 
often referring to xvhat precedes , in 
distinction from o8e which refers to 
what follows. In distinction from 
€K€ivos (the former) it often means 
the latter. TavT-rj adv. there. 4v 
tovto) (XP° V 4 ) ) meanwhile, tovto 
|i€v . . . tovto 84 on the one hand 
... on the other. Kal TavTa and 
that too 

ovto) adv. in this way, so, thus. ovto> 
8f| (to introduce an apodosis , or main 
clause , summing up the subordinate 
clauses or preliminary participles') 
then indeed, so then 
6<J>€i\(d, 2 aor. o)<J>e\ov owe, be obliged, 
ought; with an inf. the pres, indi¬ 
cates a present or future obligation ; 
the impf. and aor. unfulfilled obliga¬ 
tion or an unfulfilled wish 
o<|> 0 aXp. 6 s, -ov eye. 4 fj o<j> 0 a\p.<ov out 
of sight 

o<J>0Tjvai see opato 


oyeo) frequentative of \ygss carry, bear 

ox^os, -ov hill 

o'xXos, -ov annoyance, trouble 
ovf/tyovos, -ov late-born 
o\}/i$, -tos, rj vision, apparition, sight, 
presence 

n 

'rrayt], -r\s trap, snare 

irdyos, -ov rocky hill. ’Apfpos irayos 

the Areopagus 

'ird , Yx v a dv. wholly, entirely, altogether, 
certainly 

Trd0T|, -t]5 experience, misfortune 
ird0os, -€0s, to experience, misfortune, 
calamity, death 

Ilaiavicvs, - 4 os of Pseania, an Attic 
deme 

iraiyviT], -tjs sport, play 
Traiyvifip-wv, -ov fond of joking 
iraiSa-ywyos, -ov attendant of a boy, 

name given to a slave that accompanied 
a boy to and from school 

iraiStov, -ov diminutive of -irais little 
child, young child 
Trait<i> play 

Ilaioves, -uv Pseonians, a Thracian 
tribe 

IIaiovtT|, — t|s Pseonia, a district of 
Macedonia 

Trats, iraiSos, 6 , tj child, boy, girl, son, 
daughter 

iraio) strike, smite 

IlaKTwXos, -ov Pactolus, a river of 
Lydia, famed for its golden sands 
iraXai adv. long ago, in olden times; 
as adj. ancient, of old. to -iraXai = 
irdXai 

TraXaios, comp. TraXaioTepos and TraXaC- 
Tepos ancient, old. to iraXaiov an¬ 
ciently, in olden times. 4k iraXaiov 
from of old 

TraXtXXo-yea), -f|0-w repeat 
TraXiv adv. back, again, once more 
iraXXaKTj, -fjs mistress, concubine 
IlaXXds, -aSos Pallas, an epithet of 
Athe?ia 



368 


VOCABULARY 


riaXXqvcvs, - 60 S of Pallene, an Attic 
deme 

7raXXop.ai quiver, quake 
irapnrotKiXos, -ov all embroidered, 
richly embroidered 

Trd|A<j>opos, -ov all-bearing, all-produc¬ 
tive 

Ilav, Ilavos Pan, god of flocks and 
shepherds 

IlavaCTios, -ov Pansetius, commander of 
a Tenian ship at Salamis 
irav8r|p.eC adv. with the whole people, 
in a body 

Travri'Yvpis, -ios, festal assembly, 
festival, festal assemblage 
irdvvvxos, -ov lasting all night 
iravoTrXCT], -q$ full armor of a hoplite, 
iravo'irXC'r) in full armor 
Travo-cXqvos, -ov at the full of the 
moon, iravo'eXqvos {sc. wpri) time 
of full moon, the full moon 
TravcTpanfi a dat. used as adv. with 
the whole army 

IlavTdyvwTOS, -ov Pantagnotus, a 

brother of Cambyses 
oravTax.fi adv. everywhere 
-iravraxoSev adv. from all sides, on all 
sides 

iravTtXctos adv. altogether, utterly 
‘Trdvrr) adv. on every side 
iravToSairos of every kind, manifold 
iravToGev adv. from every side 
iravrotos of all sorts 
iravTOttos adv. in all kinds of ways 
TravTws adv. altogether, absolutely 
TTavwXcGphq, -t]S utter destruction 
irapa prep, (i) with gen. from the side 
of, from; (2) with dat. by the side of, 
beside, with, at the house of, in the 
opinion of; (3) with acc. to a place 
beside, by, to, near, beyond, past, 
contrary to, in comparison with, 
irdpa = Trapco-n or irapd following 
its case 

■rrapapaiva) overstep, transgress 
TrapapdXXo) entrust to; in mid. de¬ 
ceive, betray 


irapa-y-ycXXu give the word, give orders, 
command 

irapayCvop-ai become with, come to, 
arrive 

‘Trapayu|Av6to lay bare, disclose 
irapayo) bring forward 
'rrapaS^Kop.ai receive from, succeed to 
‘irapaSCSwp.i give over, entrust, sur¬ 
render 

irapa0aXd<rtrios, -ov beside the sea. 
Td Trapa0aXdtrcria places along the 
coast 

irapaCvctris, -10s, tj advice, counsel 
'irapaiveto advise, exhort 
irapaiTCopai beg from, obtain leave 
from, move by entreaty, intercede with 
irapaKaCo) light beside; in pass, be 
kept lighted beside 
irapaKovto hear aside, hear by chance 
'irapaKptvop.ai be drawn up in line 
opposite 

'rrapaXap.pdvu receive from, seize, get 
possession of, undertake, ascertain, 
take to oneself, associate with one¬ 
self, invite 

‘rrdpaXos, -ov by the sea. ol irapaXoi 

the people of the coast-land 
irapaXtia) take off, detach, release or 
relieve from 

7rapap.cCP0p.at leave on one side, pass by 
iTapapLcXcto pay no heed, disregard 
Trapapivio stay beside, stand one's 
ground, remain alive, survive 
7 rapap.v 0 cop.ai console, comfort 
TrapaTrav adv. -altogether, absolutely; 

with neg. at all 
TrapaTriTTTw fall in one's way 
TrapaTrXTja-ios, -ov similar 
TrapaTTOicu) compose aside, introduce as 
an episode 

7rapapTcop.ai get ready, prepare 
Trapao-Kcvd^t*), -d<ra) get ready, prepare, 
contrive; in mid. make preparations, 
prepare or contrive for oneself 
Trapaa"K€vr|, -iis preparation 
Trapardo-trio draw up beside 
TrapaTiOqpii place beside 




VOCABULARY 


369 


-iraparpCPco, -\J/to rub alongside 
TrapaTvyxdvtt happen to be near or 
present 

irapavTiKa, adv. immediately, straight¬ 
way. es to “TrapavTiKa for the 
present 

irapa<|>cpa> bear or bring to, set before, 
bring forward 

'Trapa4>pove(o be beside oneself, be de¬ 
ranged 

‘irapaxpdopai misuse, disregard 
irdp€t|JLi {esse) be present, have come. 
irdpeo-Ti it is possible, is in one’s 
power 

irdpeiju {ire) go by, pass, go to or into, 
come forward 
Trapev0f|KTi, -tjs addition 
'irapefj adv. and prep, with the gen. be¬ 
side, except, outside of 
irapc^eipi go out beside, pass along by 
‘irapepxop.ai go by, pass, arrive at, pass 
in, come forward 

irapevpio'Kci) discover besides, invent 
< irap€X to> furnish, provide, present, offer, 
-rrape'xei impers. it is allowed, is in 
one’s power; in mid. supply with 
one’s own means, furnish, exhibit 
irapiyyop€0|j.cH exhort 
<irapTj£s, -£8os, tj cheek 
'rrapOevevop.ai be a maiden, remain un¬ 
married 

IlapGevtov opos Mt. Parthenius, be- 
■ tween Argolis and Laconia 
*irap0€vos, -ov, tj maiden 
irapi^opat sit beside 
irap£T]p.i pass by, pass over, disregard, 
permit, let pass, admit 
‘TrapurTT|[U causal in pres., impf., fut., 
i aor. act. and mid. make to stand 
beside, bring over, bring to terms; 
intr. in pass., 2 aor., perf. andplupf. 
act. stand beside, assist, come to 
terms, surrender, come over to the 
opinion of someone, occur 
Tldppvs, -vos Parmys, daughter of 
Cyrus, wife of the false Smerdis 
irapoixop- 111 be gone by, have past 


irapopacu notice, remark; rrapopdv r£ 
Tivi notice something in a person 
ndpos, -ov Paros, an island of the 
Cyclades 

irds, irdo-a, irdv all, the whole, every. 
to irdv, ra irdvTtt the whole, every¬ 
thing. iravTa in all, entirely. 81a 
iravTos forever, continually 
irao-ras, -a8os, tj colonnade, pillared 
corridor 

irao-x<»>, imo’opcu, eirttOov, -rreirovOa 

receive an impression, experience, 
suffer; often used as pass, of 7roi€a> 
TraTayos, -ov clashing, din 
irax^p, iraTpos, 6 father 
nan^eCOTjs, -eco Patizithes, a pay os who 
put the false Smerdis on the throne 
iraTp-rj, —tjs country, native land 
iraxpifi, -tjs pedigree, lineage, descent 
irctTpios of one’s father, ancestral, he¬ 
reditary 

ircn-pis, -£8os, tj fern, of iraTpios; as 
subst. = iraTpri 

TraTp60ev adv. from or after a father. 
it. ovopd£cov naming by the father’s 
name. dvaypac|>eiv iraTpcOcv to re¬ 
cord as the son of a father, i.e. with 
his father’s name 

irarpcoios of one’s father, hereditary 
ira.Tpa>s, -», o a father’s brother, uncle 
Ilavo-avujs, Pausanias, a Spartan 
general, commander of the allied 
forces at Platcea 

irav(o stop, check, depose; in mid. 

stop {intr.), cease, rest 
IIac(>\aycov, -ovos a Paphlagonian, in¬ 
habitant of Paphlagonia, a division 
of Asia Minor, bordering on the 
Euxine Sea 

iraxuvw make thick, harden 
iraxvs, -€a, v thick, stout, ol Trax«s 
men of substance, the wealthy 
ir&Tj, -tjs fetter 
ireSiov, -ov plain 

ir«£6s on land, on foot. 6 -rrs^os foot- 
soldiers, land forces; so also to ire^ov. 
on land 



370 


VOCABULARY 


iT€£0ct>, Tmtrw, €irei«ra win over, per¬ 
suade; in mid. and pass, be won 
over, listen to, obey, believe, trust in, 
be convinced 

Ileipaievs, -eos, 6 the Piraeus, the most 
important harbor of Athens 

-ircipdofjiat, -t|o-o|acu try, make trial of, 
test, make attempt upon, attack 
ircCp-q, -Tjs trial, experiment 
IIeurio-TpaT£8cH, -ecov Pisistratidae, sons 
of Pisistratus 

Il€urt<rTpaTos, -ov Pisistratus, tyrant 
of Athens 

irtXa'yos, -cos, to open sea, high sea 
‘ireXa^o), aor. eireXcura (lireXao-tra ep.) 

bring near to 
irlXas adv. near 
irtXcKvs, -cos, 6 axe, battle axe 
rEcXo-rrovv-ricros, -ov, r] the Pelopon¬ 
nesus, the southern part of Greece 
rUXox}/, -ottos Pelops, a Phrygian who 
migrated to Greece and for whom the 
Peloponnesus was named 
ttcXco poetic word — elpt 
ir€|J.TTTOS fifth 

irepira), -ir€p,\J/<o, €Trcp.\|/a, TT€Trop.<J)a, tri- 
ir€|x|i(u, cir€p,<|)0T|v send 
ir€p,\(/is, -i.os, t) sending 
irevT]s, -tjtos, 6 poor man; as adj. poor 
ir^vOos, -eos, to grief, mourning 
irevTciKoa-ioi five hundred 
ttcvtc indecl. five 
tt€ vTCKaiScKG indecl. fifteen 
ir€VT€TT|p£s, -£8os, t] a term of five 
years 

TrtvTTjKOVTa indecl. fifty 
TT€VTT]K6vT€pos, -ov ship of burden with 
fifty oars, penteconter 
tt€ttXos, -ov robe 

'jre'rrpwp.ai perf pass, has been fated. 

Tr€Trpa>|iivos as adj. fated, destined 
irep enclit. particle adding force to the 
word to which it is added, very, just, 
even, etc. eg. t<x ir€p the very things 
which; «v0a -irep just where; fjv -rrcp 
even if; r\ -irsp than even 
Trtpda), -f)(ra> pass 


TT^prjv adv. across, on the other side 
-rrepi prep, (i) with gen. about, on ac¬ 
count of, concerning; (2) with dat. 
about, for, on account of; (3) with 
acc. about, in, concerning, in regard 
to 

TTSpiayyeXXto send around orders 
Trepidyco lead about 

-irtpiaipeoi) take off; in mid. take off 
from oneself, strip off 
IlepiavSpos, -ov Periander, tyrant of 
Corinth 

TTEpijSdXXu) throw about, build about, 
surround, catch in a net; in mid. 
bring into one’s power, aim at 
TTtpiyfvojiai be superior to, prevail 
over, survive 

Tr€piypd(}>« draw about, circumscribe 
irepiSeTjs, -^s very fearful 
ir€pi€ip,i (esse) be superior, be left over, 
remain, survive 

-irtpieipi (ire) go or come around, 
come around to one (as by inherit¬ 
ance) 

irepieXavvw ride or drive around, 
harass 

irepUTro), -eo’irov treat, handle 

Trepiep-ycD encompass, surround 
Treptcpxopcu go or come around, come 
upon, pass to 

TT€pi€<rxciTa, -cov, Ta extremities all 
around, edges 

Trepie'xw encompass, surround; in mid. 
hold one’s hands around, hold fast 
to, cling to 

Trepi'qp.eKTew be much aggrieved,, chafe 
ir€puo-TTi|xi causal in pres., impf, fut., 
1 aor. act and ?nid. set around; intr. 
in pass, and 2 aor., perf. and plupf. 
act. stand around 
ir€piKaXXf|s, -«s very beautiful 
TT€piKdTT]p,ai sit beside 
ir€piKVKX6o|jiai surround, encircle 
-ircpiXap-Pavto surround, get possession 
of, catch 

TrepiXeTTco strip off all around 
Tr€pipf|KT|s, -€s very large 



VOCABULARY 


371 


TrepioSos, -ou, Tj going around, way 
around, circumference 
TrcpioiKeo) live about 
'ircpioiKoSop.ccD build about 
‘irepCoiKOs, -ov dwelling around, ol 
ircpCoiKoi neighbors 
Trepiopaa) overlook, allow 
Tr€pnr€|XTT&) send about 
TrcpiirC-irTco fall in with, encounter, be 
caught, befall 
'ircpt'irXea) sail about 
Trepnroieto keep safe, preserve 
irepippavTr|piov, -ov vessel for lustral 
water 

irepippew flow about, surround 
Tr€pio-irepx.op,ai be very much angered 
ircpio’o-os beyond the regular number 
or size, extraordinary, remarkable, 
beyond (with gen.') 

irtpio-TaSov adv. — irepio-TavTCS stand¬ 
ing round about 

irepio-Te Wcj protect, defend, maintain 
irepCorTvXos, -ov surrounded with a 
colonnade 

‘irepiTiO'qp.t put round about, bestow, 
confer 

‘irepiTpoirtp -fj$ turning about, change. 

4v irepiTpoTrfj by turns 
'ircpiv^p^o), perf. pass. -tiPpio-pai treat 
very ill, insult wantonly 
irepixapiris, -t's very much delighted 
IL'po-T,?, -ecu a Persian 
Ilepo-iKos Persian 

ILpcrls, -l5os, T| fem. of Ilepo-iKos 

Persian 

‘n”q8dXiov, -ov rudder 
n^Xovo-iov, -ov Pelusium, a town on 
the coast of Egypt. II^Xovo-iov 
o-TO|xa the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile 
irijp.a, -<xtos, to woe, calamity 
irr)xvatos a cubit long 
Trfjxvs, -60s, 6 length of the fore-arm, 
cubit 

IIt]v€i6s Peneus, the chief river of 
Thessaly 

iri^w, -4<ro), eirlco-a press, press hard, 
distress 


Uiepti], -Tjs Pieria, a district in the 
northern part of Thessaly 
irtGavos credible 

7ri0os, -ov large earthenware wine jar 
iriKpos sharp, bitter, severe, cruel 
Ti-tXos, -ov felt cap 
irip,TrXT||JU, irXf|o-a>, eirXrjo-a fill 
7riva£, -aKos, 6 map 
TTivw, 2 aor. eiriov drink, drink up 
Triirrw, TT€<r6'op.ai, eirecrov, ireirrcoKa 
fall, throw oneself, be thrown, be 
brought low 
mo-Tevto trust, believe 
irto-ns, -ios, rj faith, faithfulness, pledge 
intrTos faithful, trusted, believed, 
credible 

mo-vvos, -ov trusting in, relying upon 
irCcov, -ov rich, wealthy 
irXd£op.ai wander 

irXavaopai, -f|o-op.ai wander about, 
digress, beat about the bush 
TrXdvTi, -t|s wandering, traveling, travels 
irXdo-o-w, aor. en-Xao'a make up, fab¬ 
ricate 

irXao-Tds fabricated 

riXaTaia, —t|s Platsea, a town in Boeotia 
nXaTaites Plateeans 
irXc'Gpov, -ov plethrum, one hundred 
feet 

irXeiarTOs superl. of iroXvs most 
-n-Xcos full, filled 
tv Xcco, irXevo-opai sail 
irXewv, -ov comp, of iroXXos more, 
greater, longer, ol irXevvcs the 
greater part. irXeov as adv. more, 
farther; so iirl irXe'ov 
Tv\r\yr\, -rjs blow, stroke 
irXfjGos, -€os, to number, throng, 
crowd, size, extent, to TrXfjGos the 
greater part 

irXr|0<opT), -rjs fulness. <irXT]0wpTi dyopfjs 

• full market time, i.e. about ten o'clock 
7rXf|v prep, with gen. except; as conj • 
{for itXtiv oti) except that 
TrXf|pr]s, -6S full, complete 
irXrjpoa), -axra) fill, equip or man a ship 
irXf|p«o-is, -ios, tj filling, completion 



372 


VOCABULARY 


'ir\T)<ri6x<opos near a country, bordering 
upon, ol it. next neighbors 
irXfjo-o-w, irXij£tt, eirXTj|a, ireirXTj'yp.ai, 
tirXTjyTjv (4irXd‘yTjv) strike, smite; in 
pass, be stricken 
irX£v0ivos of brick 

irXoiov, -ov boat, transport. irXoia 
paKpa war-ships 

irXoos, -ov voyage, journey by sea 
irXov<rios, rich, wealthy 
irXovrto), -tjo-&> be rich 
irXovTOS, -ov wealth 
irXwa), -a-(t), tirXwo-a, tirXwv sail 
ITVtUi) blow 

irvtvp.a, -aros, to wind 
iroStwv, -<ovos, o neck or mouth of a 
wine-skin 

iro0os, -ov regret, mourning 
iroitw, -rjo-w make, do, act, cause, com¬ 
pose, do something to a person; tv 
iroittv benefit; kcikios iroittv injure. 
In mid. have made for oneself, make 
for oneself, bring about, consider, re¬ 
gard, esteem; Troieicr 0 cu irtpl iroXXov 
consider of great importance; iroiti- 
o- 0 cu Xoyov make of account; ir. 
Xo-yov take account of; it. o-irov8r|v 
make haste, be eager; ir. <juXa (tiv£) 
make friends with ( someone ) 
iroCij, —tjs grass 

iroirjTtos verbal adj. to be done, must 
be done 

itoikiXos many-colored, richly-wrought, 
intricate 

iroipz/jv, -tvos, 6 shepherd 
iro£p.vTj, -Tjs flock of sheep 
•nrnpviov, -ov = irotpvTj 
iroiv/j, -Tjs penalty 
iroXtp.apx€<*>? -t)o-&> be a polemarch 
iroXtpapxos, -ov polemarch, one of the 
nine archons at Athens who took the 
field as commander-in-chief 
iroXtptco, -if|<r(tf be at war, fight 
iroXtjnos hostile, war-like, ol tt. the 
enemy 

iroXtp.os, -ov war 

itoXi^ttjs, -€« citizen, fellow-citizen 


iroXiopKtw, i\o-o) besiege 
iroXiopKuj, -t|s siege 
iroXis, -ios, t) city 
TroXXdKis adv. often 
iroXXairXrjo-ios many times as much 
iroXXaxfj adv. many times, often 
iroXXos, -rj, -ov much, great, mighty; 
in pi. many. iroXXov as adv. greatly, 
much, far, by far. i-a iroXXa the 
greater part, irtpl iroXXov of great 
importance, irpo iroXXov long be¬ 
fore 

iroXv adv. far 

iroXvdpyvpos, -ov abounding in silver 
itoXvcvktos, -ov much prayed for 
iroXvKapiros, -ov rich in fruit, fruitful 
noXvKpdTTjs, -f« Polycrates, tyrant of 
Samos 

IIoXvKpiTos, -ov Polycritus, an PEgine- 
tan , said to have been the bravest man 
at Salamis. 

iroXvirpoPaTOS, -ov rich in flocks and 
herds 

iroXvTpoiriT], —tjs versatility, craft 
iroXv<j>poo-vvrj, -tjs great shrewdness, 
cleverness 

iropinj, -tjs sending, conduct 

irovos, -ov toil, labor 

itovtos, -ovsea; IIovtos the Euxine Sea 

iropcvopai, aor. tiroptv0ijv proceed 

irop0ta>, -^o-cd lay waste, ravage, despoil 

irop0p.€t>s, -tos, 6 boatman 

irop0|xos, -ov strait 

iropos, -ov means of passing, passage, 
pathway, strait, way of discovering, 
contrivance 

irop(f>vpcos purple or crimson 
Iloo-tiSfwv, -cjvos Poseidon, god of the 
sea 

irdo-is, -ios, Tj drinking, carousal 
iroo-<rCKpoTos, -ov struck with the foot 
irorapos, -ov river, stream 
iroTt epic for irpos 
itotov, -ov drink, wine 
irovs, iroSos, 6 foot, tv iroo-£ in the 
way. «s iroSwv tfx°v as quick as 
they could 




VOCABULARY 


373 


TrpccrPevw be the older or oldest 
irp€(r|3vT£pos, -vTa-ros older, oldest 
Trpea-fKrrqs, -too old man 
irpfl-ypa, -aTos, to thing, matter, affair, 
enterprise, duty. irpTj"yp.a eo-Tt it is 
necessary or expedient. tcL irpr|Y- 
paTa empire, power 
IIpTjfjdo-injs, -€to Prexaspes, a Persian 
who killed Smerdis, son of Cyrus, 
and betrayed the false Smerdis 
irprif-is, -ios, rj fortune, state, condition 
irpfjo-is, -ios, tj selling, sale 
irp-fjo-crw, irpT||oo, €Trpij|a, lirpfjxGTjv do, 
accomplish, be in a certain state, fare. 
€v irpf]cro’€iv to fare well, be success¬ 
ful or fortunate, kcikws irpijo-o-civ to 
fare ill; in mid. exact for oneself 
irpTjvvco soften, appease 
Ilptapos, -ov Priam, king of Troy 
irpfv (i) adv. before, sooner, formerly 
( 2 ) conj. before ( with inf.'), until 
{with finite verb) 

irpo prep, with gen. before, in front of, 
in defence of, in preference to 
irpocryopcva) tell before, predict, pro¬ 
pose, command, proclaim 
irpod-yoo lead forth, induce, persuade, 
move 

7rpoatSeop.ai be under obligations to 
irpoaKovoo hear beforehand 
TrpoaTroGvflo-Kw die before 
irpodtrTiov, -ov space in front of a 
town, suburb 

irpoPaCvw go forward, go on, proceed 
-irpoPdWw give up; with reflex, give 
oneself up for lost 
irpopoo-KOs, -ov assistant herdsman 
irpo-yCvopai be born before 
irpoyovos, -ov forefather, ancestor 
-jrpoSeiKvvpi show forth, show by ex¬ 
ample 

irpoS^KTwp, -opos, 6 foreshower 
irpoSiScop.t betray, desert 
irpoSpopos, -ov going in advance, ol 
it. advanced guard 
irpoeSpfij, -tjs privilege of front seats 
irpoetira 1 aor. = irpoetirov 


irpoeiirov 2 aor. of which irpoa'YQpevoo 

is used as pres, proclaimed, etc. 
Trpoelcmcrrapai start ahead of the 
signal 

n-poepeto, irposiprjpai serving as fut. and 
perf. of Trpoayopevw 
irpo€Totp.d£oo make ready before; in mid. 

make one’s preparations in advance 
irpoe'xw be before, surpass 
irpo0vp.6op.at be eager, desire ardently 
irpo0v|xuj, —tjs zeal, eagerness, desire 
irpoGvpos, -ov ready, eager, zealous 
irpo0vp.cos adv. of foregoing 
irpotTjpt send away, let go, give up, be¬ 
tray, deliver over 

irpo'C<rTTjp,i causal in pres., impfi, fut., 
1 aor. act. and mid. place before, put 
at head, choose as leader; intr. in 
pass., 2 aor., perf, and plupf. act. 
stand at the head, be set over 
irpo'Co-xojiai put forward, use as pretext, 
allege, propose 

irpoKaXe'opat call forth, invite, challenge 
TrpoK<XT€ adv. forthwith, straightway 
TrpOKciTi£a> sit in public, sit in state 
irpoK€tp.at lie before, be placed before, 
be proposed 

irpoKoirrco forward a work ; in pass, be 
forwarded, prosper 

irpoKpivco choose before, select, prefer 
before 

irpoXeY" say beforehand, foretell 
irpoXctirco forsake, abandon 
irpopavTijuj, -tjs right of consulting 
the oracle first 

TrpojxavTis, -ios, rj the Delphic priestess 
irpop.Tj06op.at take care beforehand, 
look out for 

irpop.Tj0irj, -tjs consideration 
irpovavpa^ew fight a naval battle for 
irpovrjtos, -ov hall or first room of a 
temple 

irpovoiTj, -tjs forethought, design 
irpoopaoo look before, see before, fore¬ 
see, look out for, have foresight, 
provide 

irpoirdcrxco suffer beforehand 





374 


VOCABULARY 


irpoircpirto send ahead, attend, escort 
irpo7rXw<o sail before 
TTpo-iroieco do beforehand, make before¬ 
hand, prepare 

irpoiruXaia, -wv, tci propylsea, gateway, 
entrance 

Trpo'rruvGdvop.ai learn or hear before¬ 
hand 

irpoppi^os, -ov root and branch 
irpos prep, (i) with gen. proceeding 
from, towards, on the side of, in the 
eyes of, in favor of, before or by (in 
prayers or oaths), from or by ( with 
passive verbs) ; (2) with dat. near, be¬ 
sides, in addition to; (3) with acc. 
to, towards, against, with reference 
to, in view of, in the presence of. As 
adv. besides, in addition 
iTpoa-d-yo) lead to, add to, apply; in 
mid. attach to oneself, win over 
irpocraiT€(0 importune, ask alms of 
Trpoo"avawrip,6co, -cocra) spend besides 
irpocra'iroXXvpi destroy in addition 
iTpoo-pcuva) mount, ascend 
irpo<r|3dXXw attack; in mid. contribute 
TTpoo-(3oXfj, -fjs attack, assault 
irpoo-yivopai come to, be added to 
irpotrScKopai receive, accept, admit to 
one , expect 

'irpotrSeopai beg, entreat 
TrpotrSca) attach 
irpoo-SoKaw expect 
Trpocr8<Map.os, -ov expected 
7rp6o-€i|At (esse) be beside, be added to 
irpoo-eipt (ire) approach, advance 
wpooreXavvo) ride towards 
'7rpoo-€'iriKTdo|ACU acquire in addition, 
add to 

irpo<r€pxop.ai come or go to, approach, 
come in (of revenue) 

'.rpo<r€TcupC£op,ai, -C(ro|iat take as asso¬ 
ciate 

Trpoo"€Ti adv. besides 
irpocr€vxo|icu offer prayers or vows, 
worship, adore 

irpoo-e'xw bring to or near, put in (sc. 

via) 


irpo<rif]K<«> belong to, be related to; 
impers. it belongs to, befits, concerns. 

ol irpoo-^KOVTCs relatives 
Trpoa-Tipcuvw foretell 
Trpo<r0€ adv. before 

‘irpoo-oip.t send toward; in mid. admit, 
approve, attach to oneself, attract, 
please 

irpocrio-Tapat pass, with intr. tenses of 
act., 2 aor., perf. and plupf stand 
near or by, occur to 
irpotrurxtt = irpoo-€x«) 

'irpoo-Kd.T'qp.ai sit near, besiege 
7rp6<rK€ip.cu lie or be placed upon, be 
attached to, apply oneself to, press 
upon, entreat, press hard, fall to, 
belong to, be adjacent 
(Trpoo-K€Trrop.ai) -crK€i}/op.ai, -ecrKC\j/d- 
jat|v see beforehand, weigh well 
Trpoo-KTdojxai acquire besides or in ad¬ 
dition, win over 

irpotrKvveco, prostrate oneself be¬ 

fore, worship, adore 

irpo(rp,i<ryw, aor. -c|A€i|a approach, join 
battle with 

iTpotrvav'jrTj-yeop.ai build ships in ad¬ 
dition 

irpocroSos, -ou, rj approach, attack, 
onset 

irpo(ropp.C£op.ai come to anchor at 
irpocroupos, -ov adjoining, bordering 
on 

irpotririTrTtt fall upon, run to, befall 
irpoo-iroi€op,at add or attach to oneself, 
win, gain over, pretend 
Trpoo-'iTTauo stumble, suffer defeat, be 
unsuccessful 

Trpoo"p€« stream to, assemble 
irpoo-Tao-o-G) post at a place , assign, 
command, order 

TTpoc-Tdriis, -to) chief, protector, guard, 
champion 

irpoo-TC0Tip.i put to, hand over, assign, 
impose upon; in mid. associate with 
oneself, take as ally, win over, add 
one’s opinion to (with or without 
■yvwp/qv), assent, agree 




VOCABULARY 


375 


irpoa-Tpe\<o run to or towards 
irpo<j”uvoiKCto live as wife with before 
irpoo-<J>aTOs, -ov lately slain 
irpo<r<j>€po> bring to or upon, employ, 
add, bring forward, propose; in 
pass, attack, go towards, deal with, 
come near to, resemble 
irpoo-<j>i\r|s, -c$ dear, beloved 
-rrpotr^opos, -ov serviceable, useful 
irp 6 <rxT]pa, -aTos, to show, ornament 
'jrpoo-xprp£<«> desire besides or in ad¬ 
dition 

7 rpoo-x«p€w accede, agree to 
irpoo'w adv. forward, far 
irpoo’WTrov, -ov face 
irpoo-toTepto comp, of irpoo-w farther 
irpoTcCvo) stretch forth, hold out, offer, 
propose; so also in mid. 

-irporcpcuos of the day before, rtj irpo- 
TcpcuT] (T]fxepxi) on the day before 
irpoTcpos former, earlier, before, irpo- 
T€pov, to irpoTtpov adv. before 
TrpoTC0T]p.i place before, propose, ex¬ 
pose, fix, set 

irpoTipao) honor before, prefer 
irpoTpeirco urge on, impel, rouse the 
curiosity of someone; so also in mid. 
<irpo(j>aiv(i> show forth, portend, declare 
•rrp6<j>ao-is, -tos, rj alleged cause, pre¬ 
text. irpo<j>ao-iv as adv. in pre¬ 
tence, ostensibly 

irpo^Epb) bring forward, display, de¬ 
clare, allege, cast in the teeth of 
someone , surpass 

irpox«p€«> go to meet, approach, accede 

to; impers. irpoxwpeti poi I suc¬ 
ceed 

-Trpvp.vT), -tjs stern of a boat 
TrpvTavT]iT|, -i^s chief command 
IIpcoTevs, -«os Proteus, a king of Egypt 
irpwTOS superl. first, foremost. irpwTOv, 
(tol) irpwTa adv. first 
irruxTpT], -t]s beggary 
ittuxos, -ov beggar 
irvycov, -ovos, 6 distance from the el¬ 
bow to the first joint of the finger, 
about fifteen inches 


Ilvdcppos, -Ov Pythermus, a Phoccean 
sent as envoy to Sparta 
IIvGtT], -tjs the Yy’Coxz., priestess of Apollo 
at Delphi 

live*, -ovs, rj Pytho, old name of Delphi 
‘ITvkvos close together, frequent, shrewd, 
sagacious, wise 

ttv\t], -tjs gate; in pi. gates, pass. 
IIv\ai Pylse, common name for 
Thermopylae, 

irvXovpos, -ov gatekeeper, porter 
irvv0dvo|jtat, irevo-ofiai, €irv0dp,T]v learn, 
hear, inquire 
irvp, irvpos, to fire 
irvpap.is, -£8os, rj pyramid 
irvp-yos, -ov tower 
irvp-ya)|xa, -aTos, to fenced city. 
irvpT| -ijs pyre 
irvpow, -wo-a) burn, fire 
irvpiroXea> waste with fire; in mid. cause 
to be wasted with fire 

P 

paxos, -eos, to rag 

'Pap\j/CviTos, -ov Rhampsinitus, a king 
t of Egypt 

pairi£a>, -io-co strike with a stick, thrash 
pax is, -tos rj back, ridge 
p€£o>, p&jw, epptfja do, perform 
p€ira), pev|/w properly of the scale go 
down, incline; hence preponderate, 
prevail 

pew flow, run, stream 
prj-yvvfjii, prj^w, eppr^a, tppdyrjv break, 
rend, let loose 
pr]0eis see ep€a> 
prjiSiws adv. easily 
pi]p.a, -aTos, to word 
'P-qvafq, -r]s Rhensea, an island near 
Delos 

ptjo-is, -tos, rj saying, speaking, speech, 
resolution, declaration 
p-qo-Ttovi], -iis easiness, ease, kindness, 
good-nature 
jyqXds, -ov wall 

pi£6c«>, -wo-cd make to strike root, plant, 
make solid or firm; in mid. take root 



376 


VOCABULARY 


piirrcw = piirTW 

piTTTw, pt\J/co, eppi\|/a, tppippai throw, 
cast, hurl 

'PoSos, -ov, q Rhodes, an island south¬ 
west of Asia Minor 
pvopxu, putropai save, rescue, protect 
p«p.q, -qs strength, might 
pwvvvpu, poooro), eppoxra, eppcopat 
strengthen; inperf. pass, be strong 

2 

<ra0pos unsound 

Ecus, - 10 s, q Sals, a city of Egypt 
Eo,'£tt|s, -£w, 6 a Saite, or dweller in 
Sals; as adj. Saite, of Sals 
EcLkcu, -etov Sacse, a Scythian tribe 
(t&kos, -cos, to shield 
2aX.ap.is, -ivos, q Salamis, an island 
opposite Athens 
2dp.ios Samian, of Samos 
2ap.o0p^iK€s, -cov Samothracians, dwell¬ 
ers in Samothrace , an island south of 
Thrace 

EapioOpqiKios of Samothrace 
2dp.cs, -ov, q Samos, an island in the 
Aigean opposite Ephesus 
EdpSies, -itov, at Sardis, capital of 
Lydia 

Eacircipcs, -cov Saspires or Saspirians, 
a race living north of Media 

o’dcrcrop.ai, aor. 4cra£dp.qv fill full, load 
heavily 

<rd<j>a adv. clearly, plainly, distinctly 

o-atfje'ws = o-at}>a 
cacjjqve'cos = o'acjjews 

o-(3evvvp.i, o-peVto, to-fitcra, 4crp€<r0nv 

quench, put out 
o-e'|3op.ai revere 
o-€io-p.6s shaking, shock 
<r€tu>, cr€t<roo, €o-€icra, eareicrOqv shake; 

in pass, be shaken, heave, quake 
o-eXqvq moon 

cep.vos solemn, stately, august, dignified 
crep-voo), -«<rc» exalt, magnify, embel¬ 
lish 

C6WUTOV, -qs ref. pron. of 2 pers. sing. 
of thyself, yourself 


<rqp.a, -aTos, to grave, tomb 
o-qpatvw, o-qp.ave«, €o-qp.qva, a-ecrqp.a- 
crp.at show, point out, indicate, give a 
sign to, order 
<rqp.avTpov, -ov seal 
<rqp.€pov adv. to-day 
(rqTrw, <rq\J/co, 2 aor. pass, ecrdirqv 
make decay; in pass, decay, rot 
Eqo-Tos, -ov, q Sestus, a town on the 
Thracian Chersonese opposite Abydos 
<r04vos, -eos, to strength, might 
o-iyaa), -qcrop.ai be silent, keep silence, 
keep secret 

cri-yq, -qs silence, o-fyfj in silence, in 
an undertone, o-iyqv c'xciv to keep 
silence 

triSqpeos of iron, iron 
trtSqpiov, -ov implement of iron. criSq- 
pta 0epp.a hot irons 
o-tSqpos, -ov iron 
2t8ov£q0ev from Sidon 
EtSovtos Sidonian, of Sidon 
EiScuv, -tovos, q Sidon, a city of Phx- 
nicia 

EiKeXtq, -qs Sicily 

Eikivvos, -ov Sicinnus, a slave of The- 
mistocles entrusted with a message to 
Xerxes at Salamis 

2ip.<ovC8qs, -ecu Simonides, a famous 
lyric poet 

o-ivap.wpe'w lay waste or destroy wan¬ 
tonly 

0 -ivop.ai harm, hurt 

ElovcJ) Siouph, name of an Egyptian 
city 

Etpis Siris, the name of a place in Italy 
and one in Pceonia 

triTeopiai eat 

o-iTia, -cuv, Ta provisions, food 
criTOs, -ov corn, grain; pi. toI o-tra 
provisions 
cruoiraw be silent 

crK€8dvvvp.t, crKe8«, ecrK6Saorp.ai, eo-KeSd- 
<r0qv scatter; in pass, be scattered, 
disperse 

(o'Keirrop.ai), o-Ke'\|/op.at, 4o-K€\}/dp.qv 

look carefully, view, examine 





VOCABULARY 


377 


cxevd£a>, Icxevaca, ecx€vacp.ai pre¬ 
pare, make ready, furnish, supply, 
dress up; in mid. prepare for one¬ 
self, contrive, bring about 
cx€vfj, -f]s dress, equipment 
cxf|irrop.ai allege by way of excuse 
o-Kfpj/is, -tos, r] excuse, pretext 
cxi8vqp,i spread, scatter 
o-Kif|, -fjs shadow 

cxuirpo^e'o) wear a shade, cover one’s 
head 

Ekitcov Sciton, a slave of Darius 
cxoireco only in pres . and impp {see 
(rKeirTopai) look at, consider, ex¬ 
amine 

cxopoSa, -cov, to, garlic 
cxotos, -cos, to darkness 
2xv0tjs, -€<o a Scythian 
2xv0ix6s Scythian 

Exv\a£, -axos Scylax, commander of a 
Myndian ship 
cxvraXov, -ov club, cudgel 
o-kwittw, -\J/a> scoff, jeer at 
cpapaySos, -ov, rj smaragdus, a precious 
or semi-precious stone of light green 
color t perhaps emerald or aquama¬ 
rine 

EpcpSis, - 10 s Smerdis (i) son of Cyrus ; 

(2) a pretender to the Persian throne 
o-pixpos (pixpos) small, little, trivial 
EoXcov, -covos Solon, an Athenian law¬ 
giver 

coos safe, sound, secure, intact, pre¬ 
served 

copos, -ov, rj coffin 

cos possessive adj. of 2 pers. sing, thy, 
your 

Eovviov, -ov Sunium, southernmost point 
of Attica 

Sovca, —(ov, ra Susa, the winter resi¬ 
dence of the Persian kings 
coc{>Ct], -tjs wisdom, skill, prudence, 
shrewdness, craft, cleverness 
co<{uc|xa, -aTOs, to clever device, 
artifice 

co<|>icTfjs, -€« wise man 
co<j>os wise, clever, shrewd 


Eiraxco Spaco, a Median na?ne for 
Cyno,foster-mother of Cyrus 

ciraf;, CTraxos Median word for xvtov 
EirdpT-q, --qs Sparta 
2 irapTiTjTT]s, -ew a Spartan 
cirato, ciracw, eciraca, eciracpai 

draw; also in mid. 

cirevSw, cTreicco, ccimca pour or 
make a drink-offering 
Eirepxetos, -ov Spercheus, a river in 
Thessaly 

C'Trepx.op.ai, aor. Icire'pxOilv hasten, be 
hasty, be angry 

ctt€v8w, cttcvcco, ecirtvca hasten, pro¬ 
mote, further, urge; intr. press on, 
be eager 

ciroSos, -ov, tj ashes 
c 7 rov 8 f|, -t\s drink-offering, libation 
cirovSaios, comp. cTrovSaiecTtpos seri¬ 
ous, important, good, excellent 
cirovSfj, -fjs haste, zeal, attention, 
regard 

CTaSiov, -ov pi. cTaSia and ctclSioi 

stade, a measure of length, about one- 
eighth of a mile 

CTa 0 p.dop.ai, -f|cop.ai calculate, estimate 
CTa 0 p. 6 op.at, -cocop.ai form an estimate, 
judge, conclude 
cTa 0 p.os, -ov balance, weight 
cTactd^to, -dew form a faction, be at 
odds, quarrel 

cTacis, -10s, tj faction, party, discord 
CTacuoT^s, -€cd member of a faction, 
partisan 

CTaTTjp, -ijpos, 6 stater, a Persian 
coin — of a talent or two 

drachma 

cTeyrp -rjs roof, roofed place, room 
CTCivoiropos, -ov with a narrow outlet, 
ra cT€ivoTropa the narrow pass, ev 
cTCivoiropcp in a narrow place 
ct£ivo9 narrow, cramped, confined, 
rd cT€iva the narrows of a pass or 
straits 

cTcXexos, -cos, to stump 

ctcWci), cTcXe'd), €CT6i\a, €CTa\pat 

equip, make ready, dress 



378 


VOCABULARY 


o-Tcp-yco love, like, acquiesce in 
(crTcpcopai), €<rT€pTjp.at, 4arT£pr|0iiv be 

deprived, robbed, bereaved 
<rT€p€os hard, solid 

<rT€<j>avT]<|>6pos, -ov wearing a crown, 
a-ywv o\ contest in which the prize is 
a crown 

cTccJjavow, -wo-co crown, wreathe 
<ttt|\t|, -tjs slab bearing an inscription, 
monument 

2TT|(ra"y6p'qs, -£« Stasagoras, father of 
Cimon 

2n]<riX€u)s, -« Stesilaus, an Athenian 
general who fell at Marathon 
cttiPos, -ov trodden way, path, track, 
trail 

o-riyfvs, -cos, 6 one who brands or 
tattoos 

o-Ttypa, -aros, to mark, brand 
o-ti£o>, CTifjttf, co-Tiyjiai brand 

with a mark 

O’TIXW go 

(ttoixos, -ov row 
cttoXos, -ov expedition, force 
o-TO}ia, -aros, to mouth 
(rTopwp .1 strew or spread with 
o"Tpo.T£vpa, -citos, to army, expedition 
<TTpaT€vop.at make an expedition 
o-TpaTT)y4u>, -‘qo’w command as general, 
lead an army 

c-TpanyyiT], --qs office of general, com¬ 
mand 

crrpaTiyyos, -ov general, commander of 
an army 

cTpciTii Ct|, -t]s expedition, campaign 
o-xpcmiXao-ui, -t]s expedition, army 
c"TpaTT|Xci.T€(i), -T\<r<a make an expedition 
o-TpaTif|, -fjs army 

^TpaTo-n-fiSa, Ta the name of a quarter 
of Egypt ' 

o-TpaToireScvopai encamp 
cTpaToirfSov, -ov camp, army, quarter 
crTpaTos, -ov army 
orrpfiPXottf, -< 00 - 0 ) twist, wrench 
o-Tp4<J>tt, o r Tp€\}/c»), €<TTp£\J/a, €o-Tpappai, 
€ 0 "Tp<i<|)T|v twist, sprain; in pass. 
sprain ( intr .) 


STpvjuov, -ovos Strymon, an important 
river in Macedonia 

orTvirjmov, -ov coarse fibre of flax or 
hemp, tow, oakum 

<rv, o-£v (o-£o), <roL (toi), <t£ (o-£) per¬ 
sonal pron. of the 2 pers. sing, thou, 
thee, you 

o-vyy£vf|S, -£S akin 
o-vyyqpao-Kco grow old with 
o-vyyivopai associate with, have inter¬ 
course with 

o'vyyivwo’Ko), -■yvoxropai agree with, 
sympathize with, pardon; o-vyyiv»- 
o"K€iv (uvtu or o-v"yyivw(TK€o-0ai be 

conscious 

o-vyyvcopT], -t]S sympathy, pardon 
o-vyypappa, -aTOs, to writing, written 
paper 

<rvyypd<|>a> write down; in ?nid. to 
have written down for one 
o-vyscaX ew call together 
o-vyKaTfipyatopai assist in accomplishing 
o-vyKdTt]p.at be seated with or beside 
o-vyK€i|Aai be agreed, arranged, ap¬ 
pointed 

<rv*yK€VT€o) pierce or stab together 
o-vyKoijj.dofji.ai sleep with, lie with 
a-vyKopC£a> bring together, collect 
o-vyKOTTTft) cut up, break up into bits 
o-vyKvp€a> happen 
crvyx,€w confound, trouble 
o-vyxoco, -too-ti), a heap with earth, 

cover up, demolish 
o-vyxwpfico agree, assent to 
o-vXato, -rjo-w strip, rob, pillage 
0 -vXXap.pdvw collect, rally, arrest, under¬ 
stand, comprehend 

o-vXX4yw collect, assemble; in mid. 
come together 

o-vXXoyfj, -r\<s gathering, assembly, con¬ 
ference 

o-vXXo-yitofjiai compute fully, sum up 
o-vXXo-yos, -ov conference, assembly 
SuXoo-wv, -wvtos Syloson, brother of 
Cambyses 

o-vpPaivw come to terms, agree, come 
to pass, happen 



VOCABULARY 


379 


<ru|iP<x\\co bring together, come to¬ 
gether, engage with, compare; in 
mid. conclude, conjecture, contribute, 
comprehend 

(rv|j,po\if], -fjs encounter, attack 
<rv|A(3ovX.€V(o advise, counsel 
o-vp,(3ovX.f|, -t]s advice 
<rv[iPou\iT| = <rv|JiPov\rj 
<rvp.pov\os, -ov adviser 
<rv|j.(xaxi‘n, -t|s alliance 
<rv|xjjiaxos, -ov allied. As subst. ally 
0-vp.p.eiKTOs, -ov commingled, promis¬ 
cuous 

o-vfifjLto-yw mix together, communicate 
to a person (tiv£) ; intr. associate 
with, join battle with, talk with 
crv|Aircu£(o play with 

o-vjJtTras, -iratra, -irav all together, 
whole, to o-v(xirav as adv. in general 
o-ufiir^iATTco send with 
cr\j(xirivco drink with < 

o-ujAiri-n-Tw fall together, come together 
{in conflict ); impers. it happens, falls 
out, comes to pass 

trv|jnr\€K«, aor. pass. -c-n-Xcioiv en¬ 
twine 

o-v|X"ir\oos, -ov sailing with; as subst. 

shipmate, fellow voyager 
o’VfjLiroTTis, —€<o fellow drinker, boon 
companion 

crv|i<j)€pta bring together, be useful, 
profit, befall; in pass, happen, occur, 
turn out 

o-t>|x<}>opfj, -rjs chance, misfortune 
crup.4>opos, -ov useful, profitable, con¬ 
venient, advantageous 
<rvv prep, with dat. with, along with, 
together with, by aid or favor of 
o-vvayeipo) gather, collect 
o-wdyw lead or bring together, collect 
<rvva\C£a> collect; in pass, assemble 
crvvdiras = cvp/iras 
cwawfo-Tapat join in revolt with 
crvvaTroQvrprKw die with 
crwairTO) join together. p ,< *X t l v <rvv_ 
ttTTT€iv join battle 
cuvav£o|iai increase along with 


<tvv8ovXt], -t]s fellow slave 
cvvcSpiov, -ov council, congress 
crvveipi come together, gather 
o-vv€k8vo|«u put off together 
<rvv€Kinirr« come out in agreement, 
agree 

o-vv€^aip€<o assist in removing 
crvvtiraivos, -ov joining in approval. 

cwsircuvov ctvai consent, approve 
o-vveiravio-Tapai and intr. tenses of 
active , 2 aor., perf and plupf. join in 
revolt 

<rvv€pxop.cH come together 
a-vvca-rrfjrTw rush in along with someone 
o-vv€tos intelligent, wise, sagacious 
<rvv€v8a> sleep or lie with 
o-w«x^«S adv. continuously 
<rvv€x^s, -4s, continuous, in succession 
0 -vvexop.ai be afflicted, oppressed 
orvvT]p€<{>f|S, -4s thickly shaded 
o-vv0€tos, -ov agreed upon, concerted. 

4k o-vv04tov by agreement 
o-vvt'qp.t hear, observe, understand 
cruvia-TT||Ai causal in pres., impf ., fut., 
1 aor. act. and mid. set together, 
compose, frame, contrive; intr. in 
pass., 2 aor., perf. and plupf. act. 
stand together, be engaged with, be 
involved in, be at variance, exist, be, 
arise, take place 

o-uvvdo-crco, -£« pack tight together 
o-vvv4o>, -fjo-co heap together 
o-vvoSos, -ov, fj coming together, meet¬ 
ing, income, revenue 
o-vvoi8a share in knowledge, be con¬ 
scious, be cognizant 
o-vvoiKeto live with, be married to 
o-vvoik££» make to live with, marry to, 
give in marriage to 

o-vvTapdo-o-a), -£to, -£a, TCTapa-ypai 

throw into confusion; disturb; in 
pass, be greatly distressed 
o-vvTaxvvw hurry on, hasten ( trans. and 
intr .) 

o-vvTi0Tjp,i put together; in mid. agree 
upon, conclude 
(tvvto pos, -ov cut short, short 



380 


VOCABULARY 


o-vvTpe'xo) run together, concur, as¬ 
semble, gather 

<rwTvy\ 6 iV(a meet with, happen upon, 
6 <rvvTux.“ v the first that meets one, 
common, mean 

o-vvtuxCt], -qs chance, good fortune, 
misfortune 

o-vvvcj>atvco, -aveco, -v<|>qva, -vcj>av0qv, 

weave together, devise cunningly 
2 vpT)KO(rioi Syracusans 
2 vpfq, -qs Syria 
2 upiipyevf|s, -ss Syrian-born 
2 vpioi, -cov Syrians 
crvpp,aCq, -t|s radish 
crvppeco flow together, stream together 
o-vcrcriTos, -ov fellow diner, guest at 
one’s table 

tru(TTpaT6vo|j,ai make an expedition 
with 

<rv(TTp€<j>a) unite; in pass, rally 
<ru<TTpoc|jf|, -qs gathering 
trv\vos long; in pi. many 
o-tjxxyiov, -ov victim, offering 

o-c|>d£co. c-<|>d£co slay 

<r<j>aK€Xi£co, aor. €<r 4 »aKe\i(ra mortify 

(of a wound') 

crcfmXXco, aor. pass. €o-cf>dXqv cause to 
fall, overthrow, trip up, baffle, de¬ 
feat; in pass, be foiled, fail 
<r4>ets, or<j>ecov, crcjn, o-<jucri (ref.), <r<|>eas, 
<r(})ea (neut.) pers. pron. of j pers. pi. 
they, them. 

cr<j>€T6posyV. their, their own 
<r<|)prj'yCs, -t8os, q seal, seal ring 
cr<|>vpa, -qs hammer 
crxsSCq, -qs raft, boat, bridge of boats 
trxeSov adv. nearly, almost 
ctxctXios cruel, wretched, unhappy 
o-xq^a, -aTos, to form, appearance, 
chow 

cx^w, o-xfirw, eo-xio-a split, divide 
cxoivos, -ou rush, rush-rope, cord 
o-xoX^, -qs leisure. o-xoXqv ayciv to 
be at leisure 
crw£w, (tcoctco save 

o-wjxa, -aTos, to body, living body, life, 
dead body 


o*ws, 6, tj safe 

2coo-ip.€vqs, -sos Sosimenes, a Tenian 
o-wtrTpa, -cov, ra thank-offering for de¬ 
liverance from danger 
o-coT-qp, -qpos, 6 savior, deliverer 
o-cocjjpoveco, -qcrco be sound of mind, 
temperate, self-controlled 
o-coc|>p(ov, -ov of sound mind, temperate, 
wise, prudent 

T 

Taivapov, -ov Tsenarum, southernmost 
promontory of Laconia 
TaXavrov, -ov talent, a measure of 
weight — ca. 57 f founds 

rapaqs, -sco keeper, steward 
rdpivco, Tap, 4 co, eTapov, T€Tp.qp,ai cut 
Tapvvai, -scov Tamynae, a town in 
Eubcea 

ra£is, - 10 s, q line, rank, post, com¬ 
pany 

Tcumvos humble, submissive 
TapavTivoi, -cov Tarentines, inhabi¬ 
tants of Taras 

Tdpas, -avTOS Taras or Tarentum, a 
town in Magna Gracia (southern 
Italy) 

TapaxwSqs, -cs troublesome, uncertain, 
baffling 

Tapix^tai, -scov Salting places 
rapcx^vw embalm 

rao-o-co, Ta£co, eVa^a, TSTaypai, €Tax0qv 

draw up, station, order, appoint 
TavTa, TavTTj see ovtos 
T a<j>q, -fjs burial; in pi. burial place 
Ta<|>os, -ov grave, tomb 
Tac|>pos, -ov, q trench 
Tax^cos adv. swiftly 

Taxto-Tos superl. of Taxvs quickest. 
Tqv TaxicrTqv (oSov) the quickest 
way, most quickly, raxicrra as adv. 
quickly; cos Taxurra as quickly as 
possible, as soon as 

Taxes, -sos, to swiftness, speed. KaTa 
Taxos swiftly 

Taxvs, -&t, -v swift, quick. Taxv as 
adv. quickly 



VOCABULARY 


381 


tc enclit. particle and, both, tc . . . 
T€, T6 . . . kcU both . . . and. ovre 
. . . tc not . . . but. T€ is often 
joined to rel. pronouns without chang¬ 
ing the meaning. This is due to the 
fact that relatives were originally de¬ 
monstratives 

Teyet], -Tjs Tegea, a place in Arcadia 
TeyeTyrai, -e'wv Tegeates, inhabitants of 
Tegea 

T€0vavai, T€0v€cos, T€0vqKas see OvtjVkw 
tcivw, t€V6w, eTeiva, TeVapat extend, 
tend, refer, belong to 
Tetomjs, -cos Teispes, son of Achozmenes 
Teixcw, wall, fortify 

Tetxos, - 60 s, to wall, walled town, 
fortress 

T6KV0V, -ov child 

tckvottoios child-bearing 
TeXajitov, -wvos Telamon, brother of 
Peleus and father of Ajax 
TcXcOw poet, verb be 
TeXeos complete, perfect 
TeXeow, -wo-w complete, accomplish, 
bring to consummation or fulfillment 
reXevTcuos last, to TeXevTCuov as adv. 
at last, finally 

reXevTaw, -f|o-a> bring to an end, end, 
die (sc. |3£ov), 

TcXevTT], -tjs end 

TeXe'w, reXe'o-w (reXe'w), eTe'Xeo-a, T€T6- 
X6<rp.ai, CTeXeo-Oqv complete, accom¬ 
plish; in pass, be paid, expended 
TeXXos, -ov Tellus, an Athenian 
counted by Solon mostfortunate of men 
tcXos, - 60 s, to fulfillment, completion, 
end, issue, division (of soldiers') ; as 
adv. finally 

Te'pevos, - 60 s, to royal park, sacred plot 
of land, domain 

Tevdyea, -cov, ra shoals, shallows 
reds Ep. for <ros 

Te'pas, -aros, to portent, wonder, marvel 
T4pp.a, -aTOS, t 6 limit, bound 
T€ 0 ’o‘€pdK 0 vra indecl. forty 
T€o-<r€paKOVTopymos, -ov of forty 
fathoms 


T&nrepes, -a four 
Teo-o-epeo-KaCSeKa indecl. fourteen 
Tea-crepeo-KcuSe' kotos fourteenth 
TcrapTOS fourth 
TCTopes, -a Doric for Teo-o-epes 
TeTpdywvos, -ov square 
T€TpdKis adv. four times 
TCTpciKocioi, -at, -a four hundred 
TeuKpCs, -180s, r) adj. fern, of TevKpos 
TevKpos, of Teucer (TevKpos), Teu- 
crian, Trojan 

T€)(vd£w, -ao-to employ art, use cunning 
or subterfuge, contrive; so in mid. 
T€ X VT I> -T I S art, shill, craft, manner, way 
tccos adv. so long, meanwhile, for a 
while, hitherto 

Te'ws, -w, f| Teos, a city of Lydia 
Tfj dat. fem. of the art. (see 6, t|, to) as 
adv. where, how 
Tf|ios of Teos 

TTiXeKXe'-qs, -e'os Telecles, father of 
Theodorus of Samos 
TTjviKavTa adv. then, at that time 
Trjvios, of Tenos, Tenian 
Tfjvos, -ov, tj Tenos, an island of the 
Cyclades 

TidpT|, -t]s tiara, turban 
t£0t]|w, 0f|(rw, e0r|Ka, e0ep.6v, 6T60qv put, 
place, put in a condition, mak^, 
cause; in mid. make, establish, give 
(a name) 

tiktw, t4£w, excKOv, TCTOKa give birth 
to, bear, bring forth 

tiXXw, TiXe'w, enXa pluck or pull out 

hair 

xifiaw, -f|o-w honor 
Tip.fj, -fjs honor, dignity, office, task 
rifuos precious, valuable 
TCpwv, -wvos Timon, a citizen of 
Delphi 

Tip.wp6w, -f|(rw assist, avenge; in mid. 

take revenge upon, punish 
Ti|xwpiT|, -qs aid, help, vengeance, 
revenge, punishment 
Tifiwpos aiding, avenging, for revenge 
rivw, re£crw, eveio-a pay a price, pay; 
in mid. make another pay, punish 




382 


VOCABULARY 


tis, n (for decl. see Dial. 37 ) indef 
pron. enclitic in all forms some, 
any, someone, something, anyone, 
anything, many a one, they {indef') 
t£s, t£ {for decl. see Dial. 36 ) inter- 
rog. pron. who, what 
tC<tis, -10s, tj punishment, penalty, 
vengeance. Sovvai ritriv pay the 
penalty, be punished 
(r\do)) only i?i 2 aor. erXrjv bring one¬ 
self to, bear, endure 

TpwXos, -ov, 6 Tmolus, the name of a 
river and mountain in Lydia 
toi enclitic particle serving to express 
belief in an assertion surely, in truth 

toi see <rv 

xoiyap inferential particle therefore, 
accordingly 

roLvvv like TOiyap but always post¬ 
positive 

TOiotrSc, -rjSe, -ovSs such, such as follows 
toiovtos, -avTtj, -ovto such, such as 
aforesaid, of this kind {determined 
by the context) 

roiovTOTpoiros, -ov of such kind or 
fashion 

toi\os, -on wall of a room or house 
tokos, -ov child-birth, delivery 
roXpdo), -tjctm have courage or hardi¬ 
hood, bring oneself, dare 
TdXprj, -tjs courage 
to vos, -ov measure {of verse) 

To|evp,a, -aTQS, to arrow 
to|€vw shoot an arrow, use a bow 
to|ov, -ov bow commonly in the pi. 
to£ottjs, -€« bowman, archer 
TOowSe, -fjSe, -ovSe so great, so much, 
so many (so few) 

too-qvtos, -avTTj, -ovto so great, so 
much, so many (so few) 
tot€ adv. at that time, then, formerly 
Tpd-n-e^a, -tjs table 
Tpcis, Tpia three 

Tp€TTco, Tpex|/w, €rp€\|/a and erpairov, 
TeVpappai, cTpd-irT]v turn, rout, de¬ 
feat; in mid. turn oneself, betake 
oneself 


Tp€<j>«, bring up, maintain, support; 
Tpec}>o|xai, aor. €Tpd4>Tjv be brought 
up 

Tpt'xw, 2 aor. eSpapov run, move 
quickly, hasten 
TpqX^ws adv. of Tprix^S 
TprjxivtTi, -tjs Trachinia, a division of 
Central Greece 

Tp-qxivios Trachinian, of Trachinia or 
Trachis 

Tprjxfe, -ivos, rj Trachis, a city near 
Thermopylcz. Sometimes used for 

TpTiXivCri 

Tp^X^s, -ea, -v rough 
TpCPw, -\|/ta wear away, wear out, op¬ 
press; in pass, be engrossed or 
occupied 

TptfjKovTd indecl. thirty 
TpiTjKoo"ioi, -cu, -a three hundred 
Tpnrjpapxos, -ov commander of a tri¬ 
reme, trierarch 

Tpifjpqs, —cos, tj trireme, ship with three 
banks of oars 

Tpip-rjvos, -ov, tj period of three months 
Tpiirrjxvs, -v gen. -eos three cubits tall 
or long 

Tpnrovs, -ttoSos, o tripod 
Tpis adv. thrice, three times 
vpicrx^Xioi, -ai, -a three thousand 
TpiTatos on the third day 
TpiToyevfjs, -e'os, tj Trito- {perhaps Tri- 
tonis-) born, an epithet of Athena 
tpCtos third, to TpiTOv adv. for the 
third time 

Tpi<J>do-ios threefold, three 
TpCxes see 0p££ 

Tpix'O a dv. i n three parts, threefold 
Tpoirri, -fjs turning, rout 
Tpoiros, -ov manner, habit, disposition 
Tpoirov adv. in the manner, after 
the fashion 

Tpo<j>Tj, -tjs nurture, rearing, nourish¬ 
ment 

Tpo<|>wvios, -ov Trophonius, a hero wor¬ 
shipped as a god and possessing an 
Oracle near Lebadea in Bceotia 
TpoxociSfjs, -6s wheel-shaped, circular 



VOCABULARY 


383 


Tpuco wear down, afflict 
TpwiKos Trojan, ra TpwiKa Trojan 
times, Trojan War 

rpwpa, -aTos, to wound, heavy blow, 
defeat 

Tpcopari^o), 6Tp(op.aTiora, TeTpcopdri- 
o-pai, €Tp«|iaTio‘0T]v wound 
rp(op.aTtT|s, -€« a wounded man 
Tvy\avoi 1 rev^opai, ctuxov, Tercuxa- 

hit, hit upon, obtain, meet, gain; with 
ptc. happen 

rvp,|Bos, -ou tomb 

Tuv8dp€«s, -« Tyndareus, father of 
Helen 

tuttos, -ou blow, mark of a blow, im¬ 
pression, figure, statue 
tvttto), (tviJ/w), €Tuv|/a, TtTuppcu strike, 
smite 

Tvpavvcvco, be a tyrant or despotic ruler 
Tupavvis, -CSos, t] tyranny, despotic rule 
Tvpavvos, -ou tyrant, absolute ruler 
Tupios Tyrian, of Tyre 
Tvpos, -ou, tj Tyre, a city of Phoenicia 
tuxi], fortune, chance good luck 
twuto, twutu, crasis for to auTo, tw 
auTw 

Y 

uPpis, -ios, tj wantonness, insolence 
uyicuvw be healthy, sound, sane 
u-yif|S, -e's sound, healthy, sane 
'YSdpvrjs, -eos Hydarnes, (i) one of the 
seven conspirators against the false 
Smerdis; ( 2 ) a Persian general in 
command of the Immortals 
uSpfpov, -ou water pitcher 
uSpo<f>opos, o, tj water carrier 
u8«p, uSqtos, to water 
ulos, -ou son 

ujxets, u|X€tov, upiv, upeas pers. fron. of 
the 2 fers. pi. you 

upeVepos poss. pron. of the 2 pers. pi. 
of you, your 

uircupe'co take away secretly or under- 
handedly, make away with 
uirapird£a> snatch away from under. 

uirapird£€iv rov Xoyov take the word 
out of one’s mouth 


uirdpxos, -ou subordinate commander, 
viceroy 

uirdpxw begin, make a beginning of, 
come into being, be in existence, be 
ready, be, belong to, fall to 
urmpi be under, remain, be at com¬ 
mand 

uwcKSuop.ai with 2 aor. act. -e'8uv slip 
out from behind 

uir€KK€ip.ai be carried to a place of 
safety, be stored safely away 
uTT€|aip€o) put aside, remove from under, 
exclude 

uir^eifu withdraw gradually, give way 
virt^ipuco draw out from under 
uirep prep, with gen. on behalf of, in¬ 
stead of 

uTr€paia>p€ 0 |Aai, aor. -auop^0r]v lie off 

(of a boat) 

u-rrepaKpios, -ov upon the heights, ol 
u. highlanders 

uirepaXyeo) suffer excessively 
'YircpdvO'qs Hyperanthes, son of Darius, 
who fell at Thermopylce 
uircpappcoSew be afraid of 
uircpPdMtt go beyond, exceed, outbid, 
overflow; in mid. surpass, conquer, 
delay, linger 

uircpeircuvew praise above measure 
uTT€p€x« be above, overtop 
u7T€pT|8oji,ai be greatly delighted 
uTrcpio-Tapai with intr. tenses of act., 2 
aor., perf andplupf. stand above 
uir€pXvTreop.ai be distressed beyond 
measure 

uir€pp.e-ya0rjs, -e$ immensely great 
uirepp,€0uo*Kopai, aor. -€|A€0v<r0ijv get 

excessively drunk 
uircpirCirTw pass, go by 
u'ircpTfOqp.i hand over or communicate 
a thing to another; so in mid. 
especially to ask advice 
uir€p<j>ur)s, -e's overgrown, enormous 
utt€xw hold a cup under, hold out to 
receive, undergo, be subject to. 8 ikg,s 
uire'xeiv have to give an account of 
umrjKOos, -ov subject, obedient 





384 


VOCABULARY 


\jTTT|p€T€ti) serve, minister to; in pass. 

be done a service 
virqpiTTjs, -6(o servant 
virCrjixai give in, give over, cease from; 
so in mid. 

viricrTapai and intr. tenses of act ., 2 
aor., perf,and plupf. stand under 
(as support ), resist, withstand 
\)iriirx.v€'op,ai promise, undertake 
vTTvoopai, -(oo-op.cu, sleep, be asleep 
vttvos, -ov sleep 

v»tt6 prep. ( 1 ) with gen., denoting cause 
and agency because of, by; (2) with 
dat. under (of position ), in subjection 
to; (3) with acc. under (with idea 
of motion ), under shelter of, behind, 
of time at, near, during 
viroPaivo) go under or below 
•uiroyaios, -ov underground 
\nro 5 e€'o-T€pos comp, inferior 
\MTo8eCKvv|ii give a glimpse 
xiTroSeKopai receive hospitably, promise, 
admit, come next to, border upon. 
ovk vir. deny 

{nro86'|X(o, aor. -iSeipa lay as foundation 
viro 8 vva>, viro 8 vop.ak, with 2 aor. act. 

vnrc'Suv undergo, go under 
{nro£v-yiov, -ov yoke-animal, beast of 
burden 

viroQqicq, —t|§ suggestion 
viroBw-irevco flatter 

{nroK€ipai lie under, be placed under, 
be assumed or suggested 
{nroKpCvo|icu reply, answer 
vnroKpio-is, -10s, r] answer, response 
tnroKvirrw stoop under a yoke, bow to 
{nro\ap.( 3 dvco take up, reply 
viroXcC-iro) leave behind, leave remain¬ 
ing 

viropivw stay behind, await 
{nroirretia) suspect 

viroo-Topvvpai (only in perf {nria-Tpw- 
pai) be spread under, lie under 
{nroo-Tpe'<j)(o turn around, return 
{nr 6 <rx€<ris, -10s, t) promise 
uiroriSepai suggest, advise 
{nroTVTTTW dip down 


virox^opat perj. -Ke'xvp.ai be poured 
over, be spread under; metaphori- 
cally steal over, well up from un¬ 
der 

vnrox«p^“ withdraw 
vtttios on one’s back 
xnrwpeai, -iwv foot of a mountain, skirts 
of a mountain range 
'Ypoid 8 r|s Hyroeades, a Mardian who 
found the way to enter the citadel of 
Sardis 

vs, vos, 6 boar 

'Yo-rdo-irris, -cos Hystaspes, father of 
Darius 

vo-TaTOS last, r) vo-TaTn (sc. rjixe'pn) 
the last day 

vo-Tepatos later, tt) vcrrepcuT] on the 
next day; so also is tt|v vo-repaCiiv 
vtTT€pos later, latter; vo-T 6 pov as adv. 

later, afterwards 
vxjrqXos high, steep 
v\|/os, “60s, t 6 height 
v», v«ro), v<ra, va-Q-qv rain; in pass, be 
rained upon 

# 

^>ai8vp.C-q, -T|s Phsedymia, daughter of 
Otanes and wife of the false Smerdis 
<t>a(vo>, <j>av 6 'fti, 6 <|)qva, i<j>avqv show, 
reveal, explain, set forth; in mid. and 
pass, appear, seem, be shown 
<j>a\aKp 6 op.cu be bald 
<j>a\aKpos bald 

4 > d\qpov, -ov Phalerum, one of the har¬ 
bors of Athens 

4>avepos visible, manifest, evident 
<j>avTd£o|Jiai show oneself, become visi¬ 
ble, make a show, exalt oneself 
4>apvd<r , irqs, -ea> Pharnaspes, father of 
Cassandane , wife of Cyrus 
‘Mo-qX.is, -tos, n Phaselis, a Dorian 
city on the coast of Lycia 
Souris, - 10 s Phasis, a river in Colchis 
4>d(T|Aa, -aTOs, to apparition, portent 
<j>dns, -tos, tj saying, story, rumor 
4>av\os bad, trivial, insignificant 
(jjepiyyvos, -ov capable 




VOCABULARY 


385 


<t>epa), ol'crw, tjveiKa, t|V6ix0tjv bear, bear 
down ( intr .), carry, carry off, lead 
{of a road), refer to, incline to; 
impers. <j>ep€i it is to one’s interest, is 
conducive to; in mid. carry off for 
oneself, gain, win; in pass, be borne, 
be swept, rush 

(^ev-yo), <|>€il)£o}a(u, e^v-yov, ir6<|>evya flee, 
escape, be in exile, be banished 
<f>fjp.ij, -tjs a saying, utterance, report, 
augury or omen, fame 
<|>t||ju say, affirm, assert, say yes; ov 
deny, refuse; occasionally the 
mid. is used in the sense of the act. 
<j>0dvo), aor. e<f>0acra, e<f>0ijv do first, 
anticipate 

4>0eyyo|iai, <|)0e'*y£op.cu, 4<|>0£-y^dp,Tiv utter 
a sound, speak 

<|>06ipa), <j>0€peio, 6<f>06ipa, e'4>0appai, 
e(f>0dpT]v destroy, ruin 
4>0ov€pos jealous, envious, grudging 
<j>0ov€co, -Tj<ro> begrudge, envy 
<j)0ovos envy, jealousy 
<J>0opr|, -ijs destruction, ruin 
<j>idXij, -Tjs bowl 

^iXaypos, -ov Philagrus, an Eretrian 
who betrayed the city to the Persians 

<{hX^XXtjv, —tjvo$, 6, t] fond of the 
Hellenes 

<{>iXeb>, love, like, be fond of, be 

accustomed to 
4 >£Xios friendly 

^iXi'TnriSrjs, -€« Philippides, an Athe¬ 
nian who ran from Athens to Sparta 
to ask aid before the Battle of Mara¬ 
thon 

4»iXiti$, -to$ Philitis, an Egyptian shep¬ 
herd, for whom a pyramid was named 

(juXoiroT-qs, -€s fond of drinking 
4>tXos friendly, dear; as subst. friend 
4>iXoo-Kwpp.ft)v, -ov fond of joking 
<jnXoo-o<{>&i), -fjo-ft) love ^pursue knowl¬ 
edge 

<j>iXo<f>povft)s adv. kindly, hospitably 
4>Xavpo$ petty, trivial, indifferent, bad 
<j>Xavpft>s adv. of foregoing. <|>Xavpft)s 
aKoveiv to be ill spoken of 


$X6iovs, -ouvtos Phlius, a town of Phli- 
asia, a small district in the Pelo- 
ponnese 

4 >Xoio$, -ov bark of trees 
4 >op6'op.ai, ec|>oPr|0r|v fear, be alarmed 
<j>op€pos fearful, frightful, terrifying 
4 >o| 3 os, -ov fear, terror, panic fear 
<£oivikt], —tjs Phoenicia, a strip of coast- 
land in Syria 

^oiviktjios Phoenician, of Phoenicia 
4>oivi|, -ikos, 6 (i) a Phoenician; 

( 2 ) Phoenix, a river near Ther- 
??iopylce 

4>oiTdco (- eto) a frequent, verb go back 
and forth, keep going, visit 
<|>ov€vs, -e'o$, 6 slayer, murderer 
<f>ov€Vft> slay, kill 
4>6vos, -ov bloodshed, murder 
(j)op€ft), -fjo-ft) frequent, of <t>£'po> keep 
carrying, wear, have 
<j>opos, -ov tribute 
<f>opTiov, -ov freight 
4>opTo$, -ov load, freight 
<|>pdy|Aa, -aros, to fence, breastwork 
<j>pd£o), -ao-ft), €(j>pao-a, 6<j>pdo-0rjv point 
out, show, make known, tell, de¬ 
clare; in pass, ponder, consider 
^paopTtjs, - 60 ) Phraortes, name of the 
father and the son of Deioces, tyrant 
of the Medes 

<j>pdo-o'ft>, <j>pd£o>, 64>pa£a, ir6<|>pcryp.ai, 
6<j>pax0Tjv fortify, defend, protect; 
so in mid. 

^parayovvrj, -rjs Phratagune, a wife of 
Darius 

<j>p£'ap, -aros, to well 
<j>p6vf)pij$, -6$ sound of mind 
<{>p£vof 3 Xaf 3 f)S, -& deranged, crazy 
4 >pfjv, <j>p6vos, rj heart, mind; also 
in pi. 

<j>pov6o>, -fjo-ft> think, be minded, pur¬ 
pose, be on the side of someone , side 
with. 6 v (|>pov£iv be wise. p^ya 
<j>povetv have high thoughts, be pre¬ 
sumptuous, boast 

<|>p6vTj|ia, -aTO$, to mind, spirit, pur¬ 
pose, pride 



386 


VOCABULARY 


<j>povTit« consider, ponder, take 
thought, think upon 
<j>povTt$, -CSos, T] thought, attention, 
care, concern. cv <|>povtC8i ctvai to 
think 

<}>povp£<o, -tjo-o) guard, watch 
^pv'yCrj, -tis Phrygia, a district of Asia 
Minor 

4>pvfj, ^pvyos, 6 a Phrygian 
4>vyas, -a8os, 6, tj exile 
4>uyt|, -r\s flight, exile 
<|>vt|, -Tjs Phya, a woman whom Pisis- 
tratus dressed up to represent Athena 
<f>v\a,KT|, --ns guarding, guard. <|>vXa- 
KT]V (CV <j>v\aK , q) €X €tv to g uard > be 
on the watch; cv <f>vXaKrj ctvai be 
guarded 

4>vXaxos, -ov = 4>vXa£ 

<j>vXa|, -axos, 6 guard, guardian 
<j>i>\d<r<r», cj>v\d|o) guard, protect, de¬ 
fend, watch for; in mid. be on guard 
against, beware of; occasionally the 
act. is used with this meaning 
<j>vX”q, —rjs tribe 
<j>vXXov, -ov leaf 
4>3p.a, -aTOS, to growth, tumor 
<f>3(rai, -cwv pair of bellows 
<j>vo-C£oos, -ov life-producing, life-giving 
<j)v<ris, -tos, t] nature, natural quality, 
origin, birth 

(j>v»w, <|>vo-«, e4>v(ra trans. make to 
grow, produce, bring forth. e<j>vv 
(2 aor.), irc^vxa, and pass., intr. 
come into being, grow 
<i>«xaia, -tjs Phocsea, a town in Lydia 
^>caKai€vs, -cos, o a Phocsean 
^wxcvs, -cos, o a Phocian 
<J>wv€u>, -iyr<a utter a sound, speak, cry 
out 

<J>covf|, -rjs sound, voice, speech 
<j>«p, tjxopos, o thief 
<|>«s, -«t6s to, light 

X 

Xaipw, x ai P 1 ^ crt0 7 K«xdpqKa, cxdpqv 

rejoice, be pleased, take leave, be 
done with ( in imv. xcupeTw). x a ^P wv 


(with another verb ) safe, with impu¬ 
nity. The mid. and pass, are used 
in the same sense as the act. 

XaXeiros hard, difficult, harsh, cruel 
XaXeirws adv. of foregoing 
XdXxeos of bronze 
XaXxevs, -cos, o smith 
XaXxfjtov, -ou smithy, forge 
XuXkos, -ov bronze, a vessel made of 
bronze 

Xapddcv adv. from the ground 
XapaKTTjp, -fjpos, o mark, distinctive 
mark, character, features (of a face) 
Xapaoro-ft), make sharp, exasperate; 

in pass, be exasperated 
Xapi£op.cu, -icopai, cxapio-dpqv, wxd- 
pia-pat please, gratify, be pleasing. 
xcxa.purp.4vos pleasing, agreeable, 
acceptable 

Xapis, -itos, acc. xd>P lTa an d X°P lv > 
favor, thanks, gratitude. X° , P lv € ^c- 
vat or c'x^iv be grateful 
Xapoirivos, -ov Charopinus, brother of 
Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus 
X«iXos, -cos, to lip, edge, rim 
X«tjicpi£a), aor ' «X€ip.cpio-a pass the 
winter, winter 

X«ip.«v, -wvos, o winter, storm 
Xc£p, x ei P°Sj hand, arm, body of men, 
force 

Xeipoojiai, -«o-op.at get in hand, subdue 
X«£pwv, -ov irreg. comp, of xaxos worse 
XcXwv-q, -t]s tortoise 
X4o\|r, -ottos Cheops, a king of Egypt 
Xcpo"6vqoros, -ov, tj the Chersonese, a 
peninsula of Thrace along the Helles¬ 
pont 

Xtvpa-, -aros, to bowl 
Xc<|>pT|v, -fjvos Chefren, a king of Egypt 
X€«, ex €a > Kcxvpai, cxvGqv pour, 
scatter 

X0itds of yesterday 
XtXias, -aSos, t] a thousand 
xCXiot, -at, -a a thousand 
XtXtov, -wvos Chilon, a Spartan 
Xtos, -ov, r) Chios, an island in the 
PEgean 



VOCABULARY 


387 


Xod<nrT]s, -tw, 6 Choaspes, a river of 
Susiana 

Xoipe'ai, -e'wv Choerese, a town in Euboea 
XoXos, -ov anger, rage 
Xpaw, -fjo-w, exP'no'O' of a god or oracle 
declare, proclaim, direct, respond; 
in mid. seek oracle, consult or use 
an oracle, use, enjoy, experience; in 
pass, be declared or proclaimed by 
oracle, be used 

XP«ov indecl. adj. (strictly neut. ptc. of 
Xpaw) need, necessity, fate; usually 
in phrase XP 6 ° V «<tti it is necessary, 
fated, expedient or right 
XPtj properly indecl. subst. necessity, 
right, fate. XPT ( sc > * 0 "t£) it is right, 
fated, one must. XP^ V (f or XP*1 *i v ) 
it was fated or necessary, one ought 
(of unfulfilled obligation') 

XpTp£«, -o-w, IxP'H^o- ask, desire, 
beg 

XP%a, -aTos, to thing, matter; in pi. 

possessions, wealth, money 
XP^oripios, -ov useful, serviceable, used 
XP”no-(xo\6-yos, -ov expounder of oracles 
XP^tTpos, -ov oracle, oracular response 
XP'no-TTiptd^op.ai consult an oracle 
XpilcrTf|ptov, -ov oracle, seat of an 
oracle, response of an oracle 
XP^cttos good, useful, serviceable. t& 
XpT)o-Ta benefits, kindnesses 
Xpif> anoint 
Xpov££w spend time 

Xpovos, -ov time. Xpo^ i n time, cs 
Xpovov hereafter. e-rrl XP° V0V for a 
time 

Xpva-eos of gold, golden 
Xpvo"68€To$, -ov set in gold 
Xpvtros, -ov gold 

Xvrpoi, —(ov properly pots for boiling 
a name given to the hot baths at 
Thermopylae 

X^opt'co, -^<r<o (i) go forward, come on, 
advance, continue, come out, suc¬ 
ceed; ( 2 ) contain, hold 
Xwpii, -tjs land, country, place, position. 
Kcu-a X"P'H V i* 1 place 


X«p£$o|icH, K£xwpwrp,ai, cx<0p(cr0T]v be 

separated, be different 
X«p£ov, -ov place 

X«p£s ( 1 ) adv. separately, apart, be¬ 
sides, except; ( 2 ) prep . with gen. 
apart from, besides 
X»pos, -ov space, place, land, country 

i|/aKas, -a8o$, rj small drop, drizzling 
rain 

NE'afififjviTos, -ov Psammenitus, a king 
of Egypt 

■'Pa|ijirjTtxos, -ov Psammetichus, a king 
of Egypt 

\|/d|xp.os, -ov, rj sand 
\|/avo> touch 

tJ/evSfjs, -«s false, untrue 
\[r€v8co, -o-(o cheat, balk, disappoint; 
in mid. be false, speak falsely; in 
pass, be cheated, disappointed 
x|/£v<ttt|s, -€(o liar, cheat 
v|/fjyp,a, -aTos, to shavings, scrapings. 

\|/. xp^o-ov gold-dust 
\|/T}<fnSo<{>6pos, -ov giving one’s vote 
x|/T]<j>f£opcu, aor. i\|/T]<|>urd|AT]v vote, cast 
a vote, resolve 
\|sfj<j>os, -ov, rj pebble, vote 
\|/i\6b>, -«o-w strip bare, rob 
\|/o<f>os, -ov, 6 an inarticulate sound, 
rustling 

'PvTTdXeia, -t]s Psyttaleia, a small 
island near Salamis 
\J/vxrj, -rjs life, spirit, soul 
\|/vxpos cold 

ft 

« a mere sign of the vocative , usually 
not to be translated 
cuSe adv. thus, in this way, as follows 
(o0€(i>, <w<r&>, wo - a push, thrust; in mid. 
thrust back from oneself, force one’s 
way 

d>0££&>, -£o-(o = a>0€co; in mid. wrangle 
a>0io-|xos, -ov jostling, struggling, (of 
words ) hot dispute 




388 


VOCABULARY 


’'fiKirros, -ov Ocytus, father of Adiman- 
tus , the Corinthian 
u\\oi crasisfor ol a\Xoi 
wpos, -ov shoulder 

wv (ovv) adv. therefore, now, at any rate 
(ovlojicu buy, purchase; in pres, and 
impf. offer to buy, bargain for 
«vf|, -tjs buying, purchase 
wpcuos timely, ripe, mature 
wpTj, -tjs regard 

«pT], -tjs time, season, proper time 
«S adv. so, thus, kcu us even so, 
nevertheless. ov»8’ (jjltjS’) us not 
even so 


us (i) rel. adv. as; (2) conj. that 
( = oti), in order that (= I'va, okus), 
when, how; ( 3 ) prep, to; ( 4 ) with 
ptc. as, as if; ( 5 ) with numerals , 
about, nearly 

ucravTus adv. in like manner, just so 
ucrirep strengthened us rel. adv. as if, 
just as 

wo-tc (1) conj. so that; ( 2 ) with ptc. 
showing causal force, since, inasmuch 
as ( like are, ola) 
ura see ovs 

u<J>e\tTj, -tjs aid, help, advantage 
«4>0tjv see opau 


























































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